Gregor Schlierenzauer

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Gregor Schlierenzauer
Ski Flying titles
3 (2009, 2011, 2013)
Nordic titles2 (2008, 2009)
Updated on 21 September 2021.

Gregor Schlierenzauer (pronounced

Winter Olympics, twelve at the Ski Jumping World Championships, and five at the Ski Flying World Championships
.

During his victorious 2008–09 World Cup season, Schlierenzauer set a number of ski jumping records, including surpassing Janne Ahonen's record of twelve individual World Cup wins in a season with thirteen; and also tying Ahonen, Matti Hautamäki, and Thomas Morgenstern's record of six consecutive individual wins in a single season. On 26 January 2013, Schlierenzauer equalled Matti Nykänen's long-standing record of 46 individual World Cup wins; he would go on to achieve a total of 53 wins, the most of any male ski jumper.[3]

On 21 September 2021, he announced the end of his athletic career on his website.[4]

Early and personal life

Gregor Schlierenzauer was born on 7 January 1990 in

Fischer Skis in 2001 and a few years later with Red Bull. Schlierenzauer has been deaf in his left ear since birth.[5] He is also the cousin of luger Hannah Prock.[6]

At age eight, Schlierenzauer began training in ski jumping at SV Innsbruck–Bergisel club. He attended an ordinary Austrian grammar school, however, due to tight schedules in both sport and school, he had problems keeping up with his class work. Schlierenzauer then enrolled at Skigymnasium Stams in Austria, the world's oldest ski-sport training center and boarding secondary school. He currently resides in Fulpmes, Tyrol.[5]

Schlierenzauer began competing professionally in the 2005/06 season in the

World Cup. Schlierenzauer debuted in the World Cup finishing in 24th place at the Holmenkollen Ski Festival on 12 March 2006.[7]

Ski jumping career

2006/07 World Cup

On 3 December 2006, Schlierenzauer took his first

Four Hills Tournament 2006/07. During the Four Hills Tournament, Finnish newspapers claimed that Schlierenzauer was extremely underweight, however, no evidence has ever been found to substantiate this accusation. He won the fourth competition, in Bischofshofen, Austria, on his 17th birthday, but finished the tournament in second place, behind Anders Jacobsen (Norway), and in front of Simon Ammann
(Switzerland).

Schlierenzauer took fourth place in

World Cup 2006/07. He was second, but Adam Małysz from Poland ended up taking the first-place position from Anders Jacobsen, so Schlierenzauer finished third. His coach deemed the event in Planica too demanding for 17-year-old Schlierenzauer, so he did not compete there and ended finishing fourth, behind Adam Małysz, Anders Jacobsen
and Simon Ammann.

2007/08 World Cup

At the beginning of the

, Germany. He took 8th place at the competition in Bischofshofen which was originally to be held in Innsbruck but was moved due to strong winds. He was one of the favorites for the tournament, but, due to variable weather conditions, arrived only in 42nd position in the first series and did not enter the second series. At the end of the Four Hills Tournament, he ended up in 12th place.

He skipped the competitions in Predazzo, where Tom Hilde from Norway took his first World Cup victory, and in Harrachov. On 25 January 2008, Schlierenzauer took his second World Cup victory in Zakopane, Poland. He also skipped the competition in Sapporo, ruining his chance to take the first-place position from his Austrian teammate Thomas Morgenstern.

After two-second-place finishes in Liberec and an eighth-place finish in Willingen, he took part in the FIS Ski Flying World Championships in Oberstdorf in 2008. After four series of competing, he won the gold medal, on 23 February 2008. The next day, on 24 February, the Austrian team, composed of (Schlierenzauer-Thomas Morgenstern-Koch-Kofler) won gold in the team competition.

He also took part in the 2008 Nordic Tournament. He took the second and fourth place at the two competitions in Kuopio and in Lahti which was moved to Kuopio because of bad weather). Winning at the competitions in Lillehammer and Oslo, he won the 2008 Nordic Tournament.

After consecutively winning the last four individual competitions of the season, Schlierenzauer ranked second overall in the 2007/08 World Cup, 233 points behind his teammate Thomas Morgenstern. In March 2008, he improved the Austrian national record on flying hills to 233.5 meters, which was also the longest jump of Planica 2008 ski jumping events.

2008/09 World Cup

On 11 February 2009, Schlierenzauer became only the fourth jumper to win 6 consecutive World Cup events, tying the record held by Austrian teammate Thomas Morgenstern and Finns Janne Ahonen and Matti Hautamäki. The run of victories came to an end in Oberstdorf during the ski flying event on 14 February, when Schlierenzauer arrived in 8th position.

Gregor Schlierenzauer (left) & Wolfgang Loitzl (right) at Zakopane 2009.

On 21 February he won silver in the individual normal hill event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec behind fellow Austrian and Four Hills winner Wolfgang Loitzl. One week later, Schlierenzauer won gold in the team large hill event.

He returned to winning ways in individual competition on 8 March at Lahti, Finland, taking his number of wins to 11 for that season, one victory shy of Janne Ahonen's record of 12 wins in one season.

On 20 March he won the ski flying event at Planica, taking his number of wins to 13 for the season record, record of 20 podiums in a season and clinching the 2008/09 world cup title with two flying events left to run. He also achieved a record of 2083 points in the World Cup over a single season, becoming the first person to obtain more than 2000 points. The current records of wins, podiums and points in a single world cup season is held by Peter Prevc.

2009/10 World Cup

Schlierenzauer won three medals at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

In the 2009/10 World Cup, Schlierenzauer finished second behind Simon Ammann. He celebrated 8 World Cup victories including wins in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Innsbruck during the Four Hills Tournament. One of the season highlights for Schlierenzauer was the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. He was only 7th after the first round in the Normal Hill competition, but jumping 106.5 meters in the final round, moved him up to 3rd position. The Normal Hill event was won by Simon Ammann while Adam Malysz was second. A week later, Schlierenzauer was 5th after the first round in the Large Hill competition, but moved to 3rd place again in the final round. The competition was once again won by Simon Ammann while Adam Malysz finished second.

Two days later he won the Team Event with Wolfgang Loitzl, Andreas Kofler and Thomas Morgenstern, earning Schlierenzauer his first ever Olympic Gold Medal.

At the Ski Flying World Championships in Planica, he was beaten only by Simon Ammann and won silver. With the team he won the gold medal again.

2010/11 World Cup

At the beginning of the 2010/11 World Cup, Schlierenzauer suffered an injury and missed the first two events of the Four Hills Tournament. Even though he was recovering from injury, he managed to take two victories at the Vikersund ski flying hill and also set a new Personal Best in Vikersund by jumping 243.5 meters.

Later in the season, he won three gold medals at FIS Nordic World Ski Championships at Holmenkollen in Oslo. In the competition on the large hill, he won his first and only individual gold medal at the Nordic World Championships, only 0.3 points ahead of his teammate Thomas Morgenstern.

With a victory in Planica at the end of the season, he was able to win the ski flying classification for the second time.

2011/12 World Cup

Schlierenzauer celebrated his first victory of the 2011/12 season in Harrachov on 9 December 2011. On 6 January 2012, Schlierenzauer won the Four Hills Tournament for the first time.

On 15 January 2012, at the second ski flying competition on the Kulm, Schlierenzauer's jump suit tore just before his jump and could not be repaired, but Schlierenzauer still jumped to victory with a superior jump, but was disqualified due to the suit. This disqualification ultimately cost him the overall World Cup.

As of 5 February 2012, Schlierenzauer has 40 World Cup victories, overtaking

Adam Malysz. At the end of the season he finished second in the overall World Cup, behind Norwegian Anders Bardal
.

2012/13 World Cup

Schlierenzauer dominated the 2012/13 season, winning the Four Hills Tournament for the second time and the ski flying classification for the third time.

At the first Individual Competition in Vikersund, on the 26th January 2013, Schlierenzauer equaled Nykänen's long-standing record of 46 World Cup wins, and at Harrachov, on the 3rd February, he superseded Nykänen's record by winning again.

At the

Val di Fiemme
, Schlierenzauer won gold with the team, silver with the mixed-team and also silver on the normal hill.

At the end of the season he won the overall World Cup by a wide margin and at that point already had 50 World Cup wins.

2013/14 World Cup

The 2013/14 season initially went well for Schlierenzauer, and after not competing in Klingenthal he was able to win his first two competitions of the season in Kuusamo and Lillehammer. He finished 8th at the Four Hills Tournament and also took two podium finishes at the Kulm ski-flying events.

However, he could not build on his past dominance in the World Cup and so the Olympic Winter Games in Sochi were disappointing for him. He finished 11th on the normal hill and 7th on the large hill. With the team it was enough for a silver medal.

At the end of the season he finished 6th overall.

2014/15 World Cup

The 2014/15 season was also difficult for Schlierenzauer. After poor performances at the beginning of the season, he managed to win the first competition in Lillehammer, it was his 53 and last World Cup victory. The next weekend he took second place in the first competition at Nizhny Tagil, his 88 and also last world cup podium.

In the Four Hills Tournament he finished 7th. As the season progressed, Schlierenzauer fought for his form and was able to win the silver medal on the large hill event at the Nordic World Ski Championships in Falun, he only had to admit defeat to the German Severin Freund. With the team it was also enough for a silver medal.

The 2014/15 season was Schlierenzauer's last at the top of the world.

2015/16 to 2020/21

After poor performances early in the 2015/16 season, Schlierenauer took a break and returned to the Four Hills Tournament, but failed to impress there either, and ended the season as a result. In March 2016 he tore his cruciate ligament while skiing in Canada and had to postpone his comeback to 2017.

At the Nordic World Ski Championships 2017 in Lahti it was enough for Schlierenzauer to win a bronze medal with the team.

His best result of the season 2017/18 was 13th at

Oberstdorf in the Four Hills Tournament. At the season Final in Planica, Schlierenzauer jumped 253.5 meters in the Qualification but touched the ground with his hands.[8] It was the same length as Stefan Kraft
's world record, however it did not count as he touched the ground with his hands. Schlierenzauer finished the season 35th overall with 77 points.

At the

Pyeongchang
, he finished 22nd on the normal hill. He was not set up on the large hill and missed a medal as fourth with the team.

Schlierenzauer disappointed in the season 2018/19 opener at

Wisla
, but was 12th in the difficult wind conditions at Kuusamo, a week later.

The 2019/20 season was his best since 2014/15. Schlierenzauer was able to achieve four top ten results, including a fourth place in Nizhny Tagil. In the end he finished 20th overall.

On 21 September 2021, he announced the end of his athletic career on his website.

Olympic Games

Event Normal Hill Large Hill Team
Representing  Austria
Canada 2010 Vancouver Bronze[1] Bronze Gold
Russia 2014 Sochi 11th 7th Silver
South Korea 2018 Pyeongchang 22nd 4th

World Championships

Event Normal Hill Large Hill Team Normal Hill Team Large Hill Mixed Team
Representing  Austria
Japan 2007 Sapporo 8th 10th N/A Gold N/A
Czech Republic 2009 Liberec Silver 4th N/A Gold N/A
Norway 2011 Oslo 8th Gold Gold Gold N/A
Italy 2013 Val di Fiemme Silver 8th N/A Gold Silver
Sweden 2015 Falun 22nd Silver N/A Silver
Finland 2017 Lahti 24th N/A Bronze

Ski Flying World Championships

Event Individual Team
Representing  Austria
Germany 2008 Oberstdorf Gold Gold
Slovenia 2010 Planica Silver Gold
Norway 2012 Vikersund 18th Gold
Czech Republic 2014 Harrachov 24th
Slovenia 2020 Planica 26th 6th

World Cup

Standings

 Season  Overall 4H SF RA W6 T5 P7 NT
2005/06 73 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 50
2006/07 4 2nd place, silver medalist(s) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 24
2007/08 2nd place, silver medalist(s) 12 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1st place, gold medalist(s)
2008/09 1st place, gold medalist(s) 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) 1st place, gold medalist(s) N/A N/A N/A N/A 1st place, gold medalist(s)
2009/10 2nd place, silver medalist(s) 4 2nd place, silver medalist(s) N/A N/A N/A N/A 4
2010/11 9 36 1st place, gold medalist(s) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2011/12 2nd place, silver medalist(s) 1st place, gold medalist(s) 8 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2012/13 1st place, gold medalist(s) 1st place, gold medalist(s) 1st place, gold medalist(s) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2013/14 6 8 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2014/15 10 7 18 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2015/16 43 33 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2016/17 34 34 28 N/A N/A N/A N/A
2017/18 35 26 46 29 N/A 23 N/A
2018/19 46 47 N/A N/A
2019/20 20 28 11 8 18 N/A N/A
2020/21 65 60 N/A N/A N/A

Individual starts (275)

Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Points
2005/06 7
24
2006/07 956
4 1 1 3 1 4 11 1 9 4 10 8 2 1 17 38 9 19 41
2007/08 1561
4 2 9 3 2 4 2 2 1 5 42 18 6 1 8 2 2 8 2 4 1 1 1 1
2008/09 2083
3 1 3 2 4 3 1 4 4 2 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 10 3 1 1 5
2009/10 1368
19 1 4 2 1 6 9 1 1 6 5 1 1 1 7 3 1 4 11 2 12
2010/11 761
14 16 14 20 18 23 5 13 6 9 19 5 5 3 1 1 8 1 4
2011/12 1267
2 6 4 1 8 11 4 1 1 2 3 7 30 18 1 1 2 18 7 6 12 16 5 4
2012/13 1620
8 1 4 1 25 3 1 2 2 1 1 DNS 8 1 3 1 1 3 3 15 5 16 1 1 11
2013/14 943
DNS 1 1 15 4 8 27 4 9 8 4 18 3 2 8 12 18 8 3 10 13 5 5 8
2014/15 739
15 24 12 1 13 2 4 23 11 17 4 5 7 24 38 15 13 20 7 10 7 27 8 17 17 12 9
2015/16 53
17 14 20 31 21 33
2016/17 94
31 8 33 7 19 20 28
2017/18 77
22 46 34 13 19 37 33 38 40 19 17 25 q 38 27
2018/19 Wisła Kuusamo Kuusamo Nizhny Tagil Nizhny Tagil Engelberg Engelberg Oberstdorf Garmisch-Partenkirchen Innsbruck Bischofshofen Val di Fiemme Val di Fiemme Zakopane Sapporo Sapporo Oberstdorf Oberstdorf Oberstdorf Lahti Willingen Willingen Oslo Lillehammer Trondheim Vikersund Planica Planica 23
48 12 q 34 45 30 42 DQ
2019/20 Wisła Kuusamo Nizhny Tagil Nizhny Tagil Klingenthal Engelberg Engelberg Oberstdorf Garmisch-Partenkirchen Innsbruck Bischofshofen Val di Fiemme Val di Fiemme Titisee-Neustadt Titisee-Neustadt Zakopane Sapporo Sapporo Willingen Tauplitz Tauplitz Râșnov Râșnov Lahti Lahti Oslo Lillehammer 356
30 14 4 44 12 37 15 31 35 6 17 20 17 15 14 32 33 37 7 40 q 17 12 26 13 10 18
2020/21 Wisła Ruka Ruka Nizhny Tagil Nizhny Tagil Engelberg Engelberg Oberstdorf Garmisch-Partenkirchen Innsbruck Bischofshofen Titisee-Neustadt Titisee-Neustadt Zakopane Lahti Willingen Willingen Klingenthal Klingenthal Szczyrk Szczyrk Râșnov Planica Planica Planica 8
44 30 24 32 DQ 38

Podiums

Season Podiums
Medals Total
1st place, gold medalist(s) 2nd place, silver medalist(s) 3rd place, bronze medalist(s)
2006/07 5 1 1 7
2007/08 6 7 1 14
2008/09 13 3 4 20
2009/10 8 2 1 11
2010/11 3 - 1 4
2011/12 5 3 1 9
2012/13 10 2 4 16
2013/14 2 1 2 5
2014/15 1 1 - 2
Total 53 20 15 88

Wins

No. Season Date Location Hill Size
1 2006/07 3 December 2006   Norway Lillehammer Lysgårdsbakken HS138 LH
2 16 December 2006   Switzerland Engelberg Gross-Titlis-Schanze HS137 LH
3 30 December 2006   Germany Oberstdorf
Schattenbergschanze
HS137 (night)
LH
4 7 January 2007   Austria Bischofshofen Paul-Ausserleitner-Schanze HS140 (night) LH
5 7 February 2007   Germany Klingenthal
Vogtland Arena
HS140 (night)
LH
6 2007/08 1 January 2008   Germany Garmisch-Partenkirchen Große Olympiaschanze HS140 LH
7 25 January 2008   Poland Zakopane Wielka Krokiew HS134 (night) LH
8 7 March 2008   Norway Lillehammer Lysgårdsbakken HS138 (night) LH
9 9 March 2008   Norway Oslo Holmenkollbakken HS128 LH
10 14 March 2008   Slovenia Planica Letalnica bratov Gorišek HS215 FH
11 16 March 2008   Slovenia Planica Letalnica bratov Gorišek HS215 FH
12 2008/09 6 December 2008   Norway Trondheim Granåsen HS140 (night) LH
13 21 December 2008   Switzerland Engelberg Gross-Titlis-Schanze HS137 LH
14 10 January 2009   Austria Tauplitz/Bad Mitterndorf Kulm HS200 FH
15 11 January 2009   Austria Tauplitz/Bad Mitterndorf Kulm HS200 FH
16 17 January 2009   Poland Zakopane Wielka Krokiew HS134 (night) LH
17 24 January 2009   Canada Whistler Whistler Olympic Park HS140 LH
18 25 January 2009   Canada Whistler Whistler Olympic Park HS140 LH
19 31 January 2009   Japan Sapporo Okurayama HS134 (night) LH
20 8 February 2009   Germany Willingen Mühlenkopfschanze HS145 (night) LH
21 11 February 2009   Germany Klingenthal
Vogtland Arena
HS140 (night)
LH
22 8 March 2009   Finland Lahti Salpausselkä HS97 NH
23 15 March 2009   Norway Vikersund Vikersundbakken HS207 (night) FH
24 20 March 2009   Slovenia Planica Letalnica bratov Gorišek HS215 FH
25 2009/10 5 December 2009   Norway Lillehammer Lysgårdsbakken HS138 (night) LH
26 19 December 2009   Switzerland Engelberg Gross-Titlis-Schanze HS137 LH
27 1 January 2010   Germany Garmisch-Partenkirchen Große Olympiaschanze HS140 LH
28 3 January 2010   Austria Innsbruck
Bergiselschanze
HS130
LH
29 10 January 2010   Austria Tauplitz/Bad Mitterndorf Kulm HS200 FH
30 22 January 2010   Poland Zakopane Wielka Krokiew HS134 (night) LH
31 23 January 2010   Poland Zakopane Wielka Krokiew HS134 (night) LH
32 6 February 2010   Germany Willingen Mühlenkopfschanze HS145 (night) LH
33 2010/11 12 February 2011   Norway Vikersund Vikersundbakken HS225 (night) FH
34 13 February 2011   Norway Vikersund Vikersundbakken HS225 FH
35 18 March 2011   Slovenia Planica Letalnica bratov Gorišek HS215 FH
36 2011/12 9 December 2011   Czech Republic Harrachov Čerťák HS142 (night) LH
37 30 December 2011   Germany Oberstdorf
Schattenbergschanze
HS137 (night)
LH
38 1 January 2012   Germany Garmisch-Partenkirchen Große Olympiaschanze HS140 LH
39 21 January 2012   Poland Zakopane Wielka Krokiew HS134 (night) LH
40 4 February 2012  
Val di Fiemme
Trampolino dal Ben
HS134 (night)
LH
41 2012/13 25 November 2012   Norway Lillehammer Lysgårdsbakken HS138 LH
42 8 December 2012  
Soči
RusSki Gorki HS106 (night) NH
43 16 December 2012   Switzerland Engelberg Gross-Titlis-Schanze HS137 LH
44 4 January 2013   Austria Innsbruck
Bergiselschanze
HS130
LH
45 6 January 2013   Austria Bischofshofen Paul-Ausserleitner-Schanze HS140 (night) LH
46 26 January 2013   Norway Vikersund Vikersundbakken HS225 FH
47 3 February 2013   Czech Republic Harrachov Čerťák HS205 FH
48 3 February 2013   Czech Republic Harrachov Čerťák HS205 FH
49 17 March 2013   Norway Oslo Holmenkollbakken HS128 LH
50 22 March 2013   Slovenia Planica Letalnica bratov Gorišek HS215 FH
51 2013/14 29 November 2013   Finland Kuusamo Rukatunturi HS142 (night) LH
52 7 December 2013   Norway Lillehammer Lysgårdsbakken HS100 (night) NH
53 2014/15 6 December 2014   Norway Lillehammer Lysgårdsbakken HS138 (night) LH

Records

Gregor Schlierenzauer set many new records during his active career. On 26 January 2013 he became the record World Cup winner with his 46th World Cup victory, together with Matti Nykänen. As of 3 February 2013, he alone holds the record for most World Cup wins. He has won a total of 53 World Cups and is fourth with 88 podium finishes. Another record are his 36 World Cup wins on large hills.

He also has the most ski flying World Cup victories, Schlierenzauer was able to achieve a total of 14 World Cup victories in ski flying and at the age of 18 he is the youngest ski flying world champion.

Schlierenzauer was also able to achieve the most team victories in the World Cup, overall he has 17 team victories with Austria.

He shares the record for most ski flying crystal globes (3) with Peter Prevc and Stefan Kraft, with Schlierenzauer still having second and third place to show for it.

Together with Janne Ahonen, Matti Hautamäki, Thomas Morgenstern and Ryōyū Kobayashi, he holds the longest winning streak in the World Cup with 6 wins in a row.

In the 2012/13 season he scored 544 points in the ski flying ranking, a record that still stands today.

Together with Johan Remen Evensen, Schlierenzauer achieved the highest number of points in a single ski jumping competition, when they both achieved 498.6 points in the first ski flying competition in Vikersund in 2011.

He was the only ski jumper to win at least one medal at six consecutive (2007-2017) World Championships.

Former records

From 2009 to 2016, Schlierenzauer held the record for the most World Cup wins (13), the most podiums (20) and the most points (2083) in one season.

To 2023 his 19 podiums in ski flying competitions and 36 podiums in team competitions were also a record.

From 2015 to 2022, he shared the record for most wins (13), with Adam Małysz, at the Summer Grand Prix.

In 2008, Schlierenzauer set a new Austrian ski flying national record with 232.5 meters, which he was able to improve to 233.5 meters shortly afterwards. In 2011 he set another new national record with 243.5 meters.

Invalid ski jumping world record

Date Hill Location Metres Feet
22 March 2018   Letalnica bratov Gorišek HS240 Planica, Slovenia 253.5 832

  Not recognized. Ground touch at world record distance.

References

  1. ^ a b Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Gregor Schlierenzauer". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016.
  2. ^ https://www.gregorschlierenzauer.at/portrait/
  3. ^ "Gregor Schlierenzauer makes ski jumping history". CBC Sports. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  4. ^ red, ORF at/Agenturen (21 September 2021). "Skispringen: Schlierenzauer zieht Schlussstrich". sport.ORF.at (in German). Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  5. ^ a b c Gregor Schlierenzauer Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, profile at Red Bull, retrieved: 09.12.2011
  6. ^ "Family Business". Australian Olympic Committee (in German). 9 February 2018. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  7. ^ Gregor Schlierenzauer Archived 25 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine profile at The-Sports.org, retrieved: 09.12.2011
  8. ^ "WC in Planica: Forfang wins the qualification, Schlierenzauer lands on 253.5 m - Winterszus". Winterszus. 22 March 2018. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.

External links