Gregory of Narek

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Roman Catholic Church
Major shrineChapel-Mausoleum at Narek Monastery[4]
Feast
InfluencesNeoplatonism, Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
InfluencedAll Armenian literature, especially verse: Nerses Shnorhali, Sayat-Nova, Yeghishe Charents[8]
Major worksBook of Lamentations (Narek)

Grigor Narekatsi[b] (Armenian: Գրիգոր Նարեկացի; anglicized as Gregory of Narek;[c] c. 950 – 1003/1011) was an Armenian mystical and lyrical poet, monk, and theologian. He is venerated as a saint in the Armenian Apostolic and Catholic Churches and was declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope Francis in 2015.

The son of a bishop, Gregory was educated,

ordained, and later stationed at Narekavank on the southern shores of Lake Van
(modern Turkey). Scholars consider Gregory the most beloved and significant theological and literary figure of the Armenian religious tradition.

He is best known for his Book of Lamentations, a significant piece of mystical literature which serves as a confessional prayer book in many Armenian religious households. His works have inspired many Armenian literary figures and influenced Armenian literature in general throughout the ages.

Life and background

Gregory was based throughout his life at the monastery of Narek (Narekavank), seen here circa 1900. His chapel-mausoleum was located inside the monastery walls before it was destroyed in the mid-20th century.

Scholars place Gregory's birth and death dates circa 945–951 and 1003 or 1010–11, respectively.

Richard Hovannisian as "the cradle of Armenian civilization".[17]

Little is known about his life. He was born in a village on the southern shores of

Artsruni royal family.[18] Khosrov was ordained a bishop after being widowed and was appointed primate of the diocese of Andzevatsik.[19] His father was suspected of pro-Byzantine Chalcedonian beliefs, a doctrine not accepted by the Armenian Apostolic Church,[11] and was eventually excommunicated by Catholicos Anania Mokatsi for undermining the Armenian Church with his interpretation of the rank of Catholicos, the highest rank in Armenian church clergy, as being equivalent to that of a bishop, a lower rank in Christian churches, based on the works of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, a fifth-century Greek Christian theologian and mysticist.[20] Grigor and his elder brother Hovhannes were sent to the Narekavank (lit. the monastery of Narek), where he was given religious education by Anania Narekatsi (Ananias of Narek). The latter was his maternal great-uncle, a celebrated scholar and the monastery's founder. Being raised in an intellectual and religious fervor, Grigor was ordained priest in 977 and taught others theology at the monastery school until his death.[15][21]

Whether Gregory led a secluded life has become a debate among Armenian scholars. Both literary critic

Manuk Abeghian believe he did. In contrast, literary critic Hrant Tamrazyan [hy] argued that Gregory was very well aware of the secular world and his time, had a deep knowledge of both peasants and princes and the complexities of the world. Tamrazyan believes he could not have lived solely on literary ecstasy.[22]

Gregory was buried inside the walls of the monastery of Narek. A rectangular-shaped chapel-mausoleum was built on his tomb,[8][4] which survived until the mid-20th century, when the monastery, abandoned in the aftermath of the Armenian genocide, was destroyed by the Turkish authorities, and later replaced with a mosque.[23][24][25]

Works

Book of Lamentations (Narek)

A 1173 manuscript of the Book of Lamentations

The Book of Lamentations (

metaphysical and existential conflict between Gregory's desire to be perfect, as taught by Jesus, and his realization that it is impossible and between the divine grace and his sense of one's unworthiness to receive that grace. However, the love and mercy of God's all-embracing, all-forgiving, and amazing grace compensate for man's unworthiness.[31][32]

The book is considered a masterpiece of Christian spiritual literature.[12] Helen C. Evans described it as "one of the world’s great mystical poems."[33] It has been described by Agop Jack Hacikyan et al. as the "most beloved work of Armenian literature."[34] It has been historically kept in Armenian homes.[35][36] Scholars have described its popularity among Armenians as second to the Bible.[e] For centuries, Armenians have treasured the book as an enchanted treasure and have attributed to it miraculous powers. For instance, one passage has been read to the ill expecting a cure.[39][28] Malachia Ormanian, scholar and Patriarch of Constantinople, wrote that Narek is "written in a florid and sublime style, is regarded as a potent talisman against all kinds of dangers."[40] In the 21st century, psychiatrist Armen Nersisyan has claimed to have developed a unique type of therapy based on the book, which can cure many diseases, at least partly.[41]

The book's first complete publication was done by Voskan Yerevantsi in Marseille, France, in 1673.[42][43] While the first complete commentary was published in Constantinople in 1745.[44] The work has been translated into English, Russian, French,[45] Arabic,[46] Persian,[47] Lithuanian,[48] Latvian,[49] Estonian.[50] There are three English translations of the book, with the first one appearing in 1977.[51][52][53][54]

Commentary on the Song of Songs

Gregory's second most known extant work is a commentary on the

St. Gregory of Nyssa's Letters on the Song of Songs.[57] The commentary contains explicit condemnation of marriage and sexuality practices by Tondrakians, an Armenian Christian sect named as heretics by the Armenian Apostolic Church.[58] Gregory may have been commissioned to counter these heretical teachings.[58] Armenian author Ara Baliozian describes the commentary as a prose masterpiece.[28]

Other works

There is also a single extant manuscript of a commentary by Gregory on chapters 38 and 39 of the

homilies,[30][21] numerous chants and prayers that are still sung today in Armenian churches.[28]
Scholars have noted that Gregory often departs from the standards of the Armenian and Greek traditions of panegyrics and
immaculate conception.[62]

The encomium on the Holy Virgin was written as part of a triptych requested by the bishop Step’anos of Mokk’.

Holy Apostles.[68]

Gregory also authored around two dozen tagher (lays or odes), which are the first documented religious poems in Armenian literature, and spiritual songs called gandz, both in verse and prose.[69][70] Gregory also composed music for his odes, but they are not considered sharakans (chants).[69]

Many of the festal

litanies as well as the panegyrics have been translated to English and annotated by Abraham Terian.[71]

Outlook and philosophy

Grigor Narekatsi by Arshak Fetvadjian (1863–1947).[72]

The central idea of Gregory's philosophy is

Protestant Reformation.[73] This interpretation of Gregory as a precursor of Protestantism has more recently been challenged.[74] Gregory may have been suspected of heresy and being sympathetic to the Paulicians and Tondrakians—two major sects in medieval Armenia.[73] He notably wrote a treatise against the Tondrakians in the 980s,[75] possibly to clear himself of accusations of being sympathetic to their movement.[69] In the treatise, he states some of his theological views.[76] Although Gregory does not mention the Tondrakians in the Book of Lamentations, some scholars have interpreted certain chapters as containing anti-Tondrakian elements.[77] Other scholars have pointed out that the Book of Lamentations is dominated by the theme of the centrality of the sacraments, especially baptism, reconciliation, and the Eucharist, and thus directly opposes Tondrakian deprecation of the sacraments.[78] In his struggle against the antinomian Tondrakians, Gregory followed his predecessor at the monastery of Narek—his great-uncle Anania, who was condemned for his alleged Tondrakian beliefs.[20]

According to Ara Baliozian, Gregory broke from Hellenistic thought, which was dominant among the Armenian intellectual elite since the 5th-century golden age.[28] He was instead profoundly influenced by Neoplatonism.[79] In fact, the Narek school was instrumental in instilling Christian Neoplatonism in Armenian theology, particularly concepts such as divinization, the attainment of the power of spiritual vision or discernment through penitential purification of the inner and outer man, and a symbolic exegetical methodology.[80] He may have been influenced by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, a pivotal author in Christian Neoplatonism, although this view has been challenged.[81][82] Vache Nalbandian argued that Gregory's outlook is essentially anti-feudal and humanistic.[83]

The tone of the Book of Lamentations has been compared to that of Confessions by Augustine of Hippo.[84] Some scholars have compared Gregory's worldview, and philosophy to those of later Sufi mystic poets Rumi and Yunus Emre,[85][86][87] and 19th century Russian writers Fyodor Dostoevsky[88] and A. K. Tolstoy.[89] Michael Papazian, a scholar of Gregory, opined that he is "what you'd get if you crossed Augustine and James Joyce. But his spirituality is also infused with the simple piety of the Desert Fathers; and, although he lived before him, there’s an element of St. Francis in him, too. He's a synthesis of so many strands of Christian tradition."[90]

Recognition

A 2002 statue of Gregory of Narek in Yerevan's Malatia-Sebastia district.

Gregory was the first major Armenian lyrical poet[26] and is considered the most beloved person in Armenian Christianity.[21] Robert W. Thomson described him as the "most significant poet of the whole Armenian religious tradition,"[30] while Jos Weitenberg declared him the "most outstanding theological, mystical and literary figure of Armenian culture."[76] James R. Russell lists Gregory as one of the three visionaries of the Armenian tradition, along with Mesrop Mashtots and Yeghishe Charents.[91]

According to Hacikyan et al. Gregory of Narek "deserves to be known as one of the great mystical writers of medieval Christendom."

Shakespeare, Miguel de Cervantes, and Dostoevsky.[94]

Agop Jack Hacikyan et al. note that through his "lively, vibrant, and highly individual style" Gregory shaped, refined, and greatly enriched Classical Armenian through his works.[55] According to Hrachik Mirzoyan, Gregory may have created more than 2,500 new Armenian words, including lusankar 'a portrait or image' and օդաչու, odach’u 'a person who flies, pilot'. Many of the words Gregory created are not actively used or have been replaced by other words.[95]

Critique

France-based

fate in Armenian popular belief and for making Armenians "conventional, patient, tolerant, suffocating the freedom-loving spirit in [them]."[96][97]

Paruyr Sevak opined that the Narek has not been read by Armenians as much as it has been kissed.[95]

Veneration

bas-relief of Gregory of Narek on the wall of the Armenian Cathedral of Moscow
. He is depicted as holding the Book of Lamentations with "Speaking with God from the Depths of the Heart" engraved on it.

Armenian Apostolic Church

The Armenian Apostolic Church celebrates his feast on the second Saturday of October, during the Feast of the

Ukhtanes (c. 940-1000) called Gregory a "Universal vardapet" (Tiezerakan vardapet).[99]

In the 15th century, when the

equal-to-the-apostles.[100]

A relic of Saint Gregory is preserved at the Treasury Museum of the

Holy Thursday on 9 April 2020.[102]

Several churches built in Armenia in the 21st century have been named after him.[g] The St. Gregory of Narek Armenian Apostolic Church in Richmond Heights, Ohio, near Cleveland, was built in 1964.[105]

Catholic Church

A mosaic depicting St. Gregory of Narek inside the church of the Mekhitarists Order's Mother House at San Lazzaro degli Armeni, Venice.

Despite the

Tondrakian movement by Gregory of Narek have come down to us, but no similar criticisms of the Council of Chalcedon or of the Tsayts are known to exist by his hand.[107]

This would become important centuries later, when the

San Lazzaro Island in Venice.[108]

In his 1987 encyclical Redemptoris Mater, Pope John Paul II called him "one of the outstanding glories of Armenia."[109]

On 18 February 1989, John Paul II established the Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Gregory of Narek in Buenos Aires.[110] The Armenian Catholic community in Yerevan is under the patronage of Saint Gregory of Narek.

Article 2678 of Catechism of the Catholic Church, promulgated by John Paul II in 1992, mentions the tradition of prayer in his works.[111]

John Paul II referred to him in several addresses,[112][113][114] and described Gregory as "one of Our Lady's principal poets" and "the great doctor of the Armenian Church" in his 18 February 2001 Angelus address.[115]

Gregory of Narek was recognized officially as a saint in the

equipollent canonization.[118]

Saint Gregory of Narek is depicted in the painting, "Our Lady of Narek" by Ariel Agemian.[119] The image is based on a vision of the Virgin Mary and Christ Child, which Gregory experienced while in prayer. The painting is enshrined above the altar in the chapel of the Pontifical Armenian College in Rome.[120]

Doctor of the Church

On 4 September 2014, Armenian Catholic Patriarch Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni appointed Archbishop Boghos Levon Zekiyan of the Mekhitarist Order as Postulator, with orders to argue for St. Gregory being named a Doctor of the Church. Proof was demanded from Archbishop Zekiyan that the Armenian Apostolic Church has never been Monophysite and only rejected the Council of Chalcedon due to a misunderstanding over semantics. Archbishop Zekiyan's investigation and arguments were successful[121] and, on 23 February 2015 Pope Francis declared Gregory of Narek a Doctor of the Church.[42][122][7] On 12 April 2015, on Divine Mercy Sunday, during a Mass for the centennial of the Armenian genocide at St. Peter's Basilica, Pope Francis officially proclaimed Gregory of Narek as Doctor of the Church in the presence of Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan, Catholicos of All Armenians Karekin II, Catholicos of Cilicia Aram I, and Armenian Catholic Patriarch Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni.[123][124] During a Mass on 25 June 2016 in Vartanants Square in Gyumri, Francis stated that he had "wished to draw greater attention" to Gregory by making him a Doctor of the Church.[125] In a 2023 address, Pope Francis said of Gregory: "What is most striking about him is the universal solidarity of which he is an interpreter."[126]

Gregory is the 36th and the first Armenian Doctor of the Church.[127] He is also the "second saint coming out of the Eastern Church" to become a Doctor[128] and the only Doctor "who was not in communion with the Catholic Church during his lifetime."[129][h]

St. Gregory's recognition as a Doctor of the Church was commemorated by the Vatican City state with a postage stamp put into circulation on 2 September 2015.[130][131] On 5 April 2018 a two-meter-high bronze statue of Gregory, erected by Davit Yerevantsi [hy], was unveiled at the Vatican Gardens by Mikayel Minasyan, Armenia's Ambassador to the Holy See. The ceremony was also attended by Pope Francis, Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan, and Armenian Apostolic leaders Karekin II and Aram I.[132][133]

In 2021 the

Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments established an optional memorial for him on 27 February on the General Roman Calendar.[134][135]

Legacy

Literary influence

Gregory influenced virtually all Armenian literature that came after him.

Dante for Italian."[99][136] Grigor Magistros Pahlavuni (c. 990–1058) is considered his direct literary successor.[137] Scholars have noted Gregory's influence on Armenian poets—medieval and modern ones alike. He inspired prominent medieval poets Hovhannes Imastaser (c. 1047–1129),[138] Nerses Shnorhali (1102–1173) and Frik (c. 1230–1310),[8] and in the modern period, Sayat-Nova (1712–95), Hovhannes Tumanyan (1869–1923),[138] Misak Metsarents (1886–1908),[139] Daniel Varoujan (1884–1915),[139] Siamanto (1878–1915),[140][139] Yeghishe Charents (1897–1937),[8] and Paruyr Sevak (1924–1971).[141]

Charents lauds the "hallowed brows" of Gregory and Nahapet Kuchak in his 1920 poem "I Love My Armenia" ("Yes im anush Hayastani").[142] In another poem, entitled "To Armenia" ("Hayastanin"), Charents lists Gregory, Nerses Shnorhali and Naghash Hovnatan as geniuses.[143] Sevak describes the Book of Lamentations a "temple of poesy, on which the destructive action of time has had no effect."[39]

Tributes

Gregory depicted on a 2001 stamp of Armenia.

Narek (Western Armenian: Nareg) is a highly popular male first name among Armenians. In 2018 it was the second most common name given to baby boys.[144] It originates from the village and monastery of Narek and owns its popularity to Gregory of Narek and the Book of Lamentations, popularly known as "Narek."[145] Hrachia Acharian did not provide an etymology for Narek,[145] and James R. Russell noted that it has "no special meaning."[146]

The village of Narek in Armenia's Ararat Province, founded in 1984, is named after Gregory.[147][148]

The Narekatsi Professorship of Armenian Language and Culture, established in 1969, is the oldest endowed chair of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).[149] In Yerevan, a public school (established in 1967 and renamed in 1990) and a medical center (established in 2003) are named after Gregory.[150][151] Gregory is depicted on a postage stamp issued by Armenia in 2001.[152] The Naregatsi Art Institute (Narekats’i arvesti miut’yun),[153] has its headquarters in Yerevan, Armenia (since 2004) and previously a center in Shushi, Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) (since 2006).[154]

A statue of Gregory was erected in Yerevan's Malatia-Sebastia District in 2002.[155] A large stone resembling an old manuscript with inscribed lines and images from the Book of Lamentations was unveiled in the Narekatsi quarter of Yerevan's Avan district in 2010.[156]

Soviet composer Alfred Schnittke composed music for the Russian translation of the Book of Lamentations in 1985 named “Concerto for mixed chorus".[157]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Ms. 1568, kept at the Matenadaran, in Yerevan, Armenia. Grigor Mlitchetsi created it at the monastery of Skevra, near Lambron, in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, on the request of Archbishop Nerses of Lambron (Lambronatsi). The Armenian text reads ՍԲՆ ԳՐԻԳՈՐ ՃԳՆԱՒՈՐ, i.e., "St. Gregory the Monk".[1][2][3]
  2. ^ Also transliterated as Narekac’i. Western Armenian: Krikor Naregatsi.
  3. ^ Latinized: Gregorius Narecensis;[9] Italian: Gregorio di Narek[10]
  4. ^ His birth has been placed in the "middle of the tenth century",[11] "the second half of 940s",[8] 945,[12] c. 945,[13] c. 950,[14] c. 951,[15] and his death date in 1003,[8][12] c. 1003,[15][13] 1003 or 1011,[14] "probably in 1010".[11]
  5. ^
    • Agop Jack Hacikyan et al.: "it is accorded an importance second only to that of the Bible itself."[34]
    • Vahan Kurkjian: "Narek, the Book of Prayer, was once regarded with veneration but little short of that accorded to the Bible itself."[27]
    • Vrej Nersessian: "After the Bible and the Book of Lamentations (Narek) of Grigor Narekatsi, 'Jesus the Son' was the most widely read book among the Armenians..."[37]
    • Robert W. Thomson: "Indeed, this book is often known simply as 'Narek', and it traditionally held a place in the Armenian household hardly less honourable than that of the Bible."[21]
    • Armenian Catholic independent researcher and writer Nareg Seferian said, describing it as "a mystical prayer book," only "second to the Bible as a holy work."[38]
  6. ^ «Վարք սրբոյ առնն Աստուծոյ Գրիգորի Նարեկացւոյ»
  7. ^ e.g. churches in Alaverdi (completed in 2001),[103] Vanadzor (completed in 2005) and Armavir (completed in 2014)[104]
  8. ^ Del Cogliano clarifies that this was facilitated by a "common declaration of faith in Christ" by Pope John Paul II and Armenian Apostolic Catholicos Karekin I which confirmed that the two churches "believe the same things about Christ, even if they express these things in different language" that has led to unfortunate divisions since the Second Council of Constantinople; "this statement effectively exonerates St. Gregory of any 'Christological' errors: even if St. Gregory was not in communion with the Catholic Church, in doctrinal matters there was complete agreement."[129]

Citations

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  13. ^ a b Nersessian 2018, p. 240.
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Bibliography

Further reading

External links

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