Grenoble
Grenoble
Grenoblo / Grainóvol ( Prefecture and commune | |
---|---|
, place Saint-André, jardin de ville, banks of the Isère | |
EELV) | |
Area 1 | 18.13 km2 (7.00 sq mi) |
• Urban | 358.1 km2 (138.3 sq mi) |
• Metro | 2,876 km2 (1,110 sq mi) |
Population (2021)[2] | 157,477 |
• Density | 8,700/km2 (22,000/sq mi) |
• Urban (2018[3]) | 451,096 |
• Urban density | 1,300/km2 (3,300/sq mi) |
• Metro (2018[3]) | 714,799 |
• Metro density | 250/km2 (640/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
INSEE/Postal code | /38000, 38100 |
Elevation | 212–500 m (696–1,640 ft) (avg. 398 m or 1,306 ft) |
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. |
Grenoble (
The population of the commune of Grenoble was 158,198 as of 2019, while the population of the Grenoble metropolitan area (French: aire d'attraction de Grenoble or agglomération grenobloise) was 714,799 which makes it the largest metropolis in the Alps, ahead of Innsbruck and Bolzano.[3] A significant European scientific centre,[6][7] the city advertises itself as the "Capital of the Alps", due to its size and its proximity to the mountains. The many suburban communes that make up the rest of the metropolitan area include four with populations exceeding 20,000: Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Échirolles, Fontaine and Voiron.[8][9]
Grenoble's history goes back over 2,000 years, to a time when it was a village of the Allobroges Gallic tribe. It became the capital of the Dauphiné in the 11th century.[10] This status, consolidated by the annexation to France, allowed it to develop its economy. Grenoble then became a parliamentary and military city, close to the border with Savoy, which at the time was part of the Holy Roman Empire. Industrial development increased the prominence of Grenoble through several periods of economic expansion over the last three centuries. This started with a booming glove industry in the 18th and 19th centuries, continued with the development of a strong hydropower industry in the late 19th to early 20th centuries, and ended with a post-World War II economic boom symbolized by the holding of the X Olympic Winter Games in 1968.
The city has grown to be one of Europe's most important research, technology and innovation centres, with one in five inhabitants working directly in these fields.[6][7][11] Grenoble is classified as a global city with the ranking of "sufficiency" by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. The city held the title of European Green Capital in 2022.[12]
History
Antiquity
The first references to what is now Grenoble date back to 43 BC.
The Emperor Gratian visited Cularo and, touched by the people's welcome, made the village a Roman city.[14] In honour of this, Cularo was renamed Gratianopolis ("city of Gratian") in 381 (leading to Graignovol[15] during the Middle Ages, and then Grenoble).
Christianity spread to the region during the 4th century, and the diocese of Grenoble was founded in 377 AD. From that time on, the bishops exercised significant political power over the city. Until the French Revolution, they styled themselves the "bishops and princes of Grenoble".[16]
Middle Ages
After the collapse of the
Grenoble grew significantly in the 11th century when the
Despite their status, the Counts had to share authority over the city with the Bishop of Grenoble. One of the most famous of those was
The inhabitants of Grenoble took advantage of the conflicts between the Counts and the bishops and obtained the recognition of a Charter of Customs that guaranteed their rights.[19] That charter was confirmed by Kings Louis XI in 1447 and Francis I in 1541.
In 1336 the last Dauphin
The only Dauphin who governed his province was the future Louis XI, whose "reign" lasted from 1447 to 1456. It was only under his rule that Dauphiné properly joined the Kingdom of France. The Old Conseil Delphinal became a Parlement (the third in France after the Parliaments of Paris and Toulouse), strengthening the status of Grenoble as a Provincial capital. He also ordered the construction of the Palais du Parlement (finished under Francis I) and ensured that the Bishop pledged allegiance, thus unifying the political control of the city.[20]
At that time, Grenoble was a crossroads between Vienne, Geneva, Italy, and Savoy. It was the industrial centre of the Dauphiné and the province's biggest city, but a rather small one.
Renaissance
Owing to Grenoble's geographical situation, French troops were garrisoned in the city and its region during the Italian Wars. Charles VIII, Louis XII, and Francis I went several times to Grenoble. Its people consequently had to suffer from the exactions of the soldiers.
The nobility of the region took part in various battles (Marignano, Pavia) and in doing so gained significant prestige.[21] The best-known of its members was Bayard, "the knight without fear and beyond reproach".
Grenoble suffered as a result of the
In August 1575,
Lesdiguières became the lieutenant-general of the Dauphiné and administered the Province from 1591 to 1626. He began the construction of the Bastille to protect the city and ordered the construction of new walls, increasing the city's size. He also constructed the Hôtel Lesdiguières, built new fountains, and dug sewers.[23]
In 1689, the bishop Étienne Le Camus launched the construction of Saint-Louis Church.
From Louis XIV to the French Revolution
The revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV caused the departure of 2,000 Protestants from Grenoble, weakening the city's economy.[24] However, it also weakened the competing glove industry of Grasse, leaving the glove factories of Grenoble without any competition.[25] This allowed a stronger economic development for the city during the 18th century. At the beginning of that century, only 12 glovers made 15,000 dozen gloves each year; by 1787, 64 glovers made 160,000 dozen gloves each year.[25]
The city gained some notoriety on 7 June 1788 when the townspeople assaulted troops of
In 1790, the Dauphiné was divided into three
where he died.19th century
The establishment of the
In 1813 Grenoble was under threat from the Austrian army, which invaded Switzerland and
During his
The 19th century saw significant industrial development of Grenoble. The glove factories reached their Golden Age, and their products were exported to the United States, the United Kingdom, and Russia.[30]
In 1869 engineer Aristide Bergès played a major role in industrializing hydroelectricity production. With the development of his paper mills, he accelerated the economic development of the Grésivaudan valley and Grenoble.[citation needed]
On 4 August 1897, a stone and bronze fountain was inaugurated in Grenoble to commemorate the pre-revolutionary events of June 1788. Built by the sculptor
20th century
World War I accelerated Grenoble's economic development.[32] To sustain the war effort, new hydroelectric industries developed along the various rivers of the region, and several existing companies moved into the armaments industry (for example in Livet-et-Gavet). Electrochemical factories were also established in the area surrounding Grenoble, initially to produce chemical weapons. This development resulted in significant immigration to Grenoble, particularly from Italian workers who settled in the Saint-Laurent neighborhood.
The economic development of the city was highlighted by the organization of the International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism in 1925, which was visited by more than 1 million people.[33][circular reference] The organization of this exhibition forced the military to remove the old city walls and allowed the expansion of the city to the south. This exhibition also highlighted the city's hydropower industry and the region's tourist attractions.
The site of the exhibition became an urban park in 1926, named
World War II
During World War II, at the
Grenoble was extremely active in the
In September 1943, German troops occupied Grenoble, escalating the conflict with the clandestine movements. On 11 November 1943 (the anniversary of the
This event only intensified the activities of Grenoble's resistance movements. The Germans could not prevent the destruction of their new arsenal on 2 December at the Bonne Barracks. After the
Post-war
In 1955, future physics Nobel prize laureate Louis Néel created the Grenoble Center for Nuclear Studies (CENG), resulting in the birth of the Grenoble model, a combination of research and industry. The first stone was laid in December 1956.
In 1968 Grenoble hosted the X Olympic Winter Games. This event helped modernize the city with the development of infrastructure such as an airport, motorways, a new town hall, and a new train station.[38] It also helped the development of ski resorts like Chamrousse, Les Deux Alpes, and Villard-de-Lans.[39]
Geography
Grenoble is surrounded by mountains. To the north lies the
Except for a few dozen houses on the slopes of the Bastille hill of Chartreuse, Grenoble is exclusively built on the alluvial plain of the rivers Isère and Drac at an altitude of 214 metres (702 ft). As a result, the city itself is extremely flat. Mountain sports are an important tourist attraction in summer and winter. Twenty large and small ski resorts surround the city, the nearest being Le Sappey-en-Chartreuse, which is about 15 minutes away by car.
Historically, Grenoble and the surrounding areas were heavy industry and mining sites.[41] Abandoned mills and factories can be found in small towns and villages, and a few have been converted to tourist attractions, such as the coal mine at La Mure.
Climate
The climate in Grenoble depends on the data from the chosen weather station.
In addition, the climate is much gloomier than in the Mediterranean region, although less so than in Northern France. Rainfall is quite heavy by French standards, although the number of rainy days is relatively moderate.
As a result of winter lows averaging below freezing, snowfall also occurs, although the Grenoble Airport area itself is too mild to sustain a snowpack all winter, unlike the surrounding mountains. The record low of −27.1 °C (−16.8 °F) decisively indicates the continental influence, being colder than records in typical maritime climates. Winter nights are also colder than in all other French lowland areas.
However, the city of Grenoble features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) with no dry season. Although the record is incomplete, the newer station will meet the humid subtropical classification if maintained for the required 30-year period.
Saint-Martin-d'Hères weather station
(5 km east of Grenoble)
Climate data for Grenoble – Saint-Martin-d'Hères (2003–2020 averages) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 20.1 (68.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
27.5 (81.5) |
31.6 (88.9) |
35.4 (95.7) |
38.2 (100.8) |
40.7 (105.3) |
39.4 (102.9) |
33.9 (93.0) |
31.8 (89.2) |
24.6 (76.3) |
20.2 (68.4) |
40.7 (105.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
9.6 (49.3) |
14.9 (58.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
23.1 (73.6) |
27.7 (81.9) |
30.5 (86.9) |
29.1 (84.4) |
24.8 (76.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
7.3 (45.1) |
18.8 (65.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.5 (38.3) |
4.9 (40.8) |
9.2 (48.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
21.3 (70.3) |
23.6 (74.5) |
22.6 (72.7) |
18.9 (66.0) |
14.3 (57.7) |
8.0 (46.4) |
3.9 (39.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.1 (31.8) |
0.3 (32.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
7.6 (45.7) |
11.0 (51.8) |
14.9 (58.8) |
16.8 (62.2) |
16.1 (61.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
9.3 (48.7) |
4.1 (39.4) |
0.5 (32.9) |
8.1 (46.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −10.7 (12.7) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
1.4 (34.5) |
5.0 (41.0) |
9.4 (48.9) |
9.2 (48.6) |
4.2 (39.6) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 78.8 (3.10) |
54.4 (2.14) |
71.8 (2.83) |
60.5 (2.38) |
97.7 (3.85) |
82.5 (3.25) |
74.1 (2.92) |
81.5 (3.21) |
62.8 (2.47) |
83.6 (3.29) |
88.3 (3.48) |
87.8 (3.46) |
923.8 (36.38) |
Source: Infoclimat [1] |
Alpes-Isère Airport weather station
(40 km north-west of Grenoble)
Climate data for Grenoble-St Geoirs (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1941–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 17.3 (63.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
25.3 (77.5) |
28.0 (82.4) |
31.4 (88.5) |
37.0 (98.6) |
38.3 (100.9) |
39.5 (103.1) |
33.6 (92.5) |
28.1 (82.6) |
24.8 (76.6) |
19.5 (67.1) |
39.5 (103.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.3 (43.3) |
8.0 (46.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
16.2 (61.2) |
20.2 (68.4) |
24.4 (75.9) |
27.1 (80.8) |
26.9 (80.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
10.7 (51.3) |
6.9 (44.4) |
16.5 (61.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) |
3.8 (38.8) |
7.4 (45.3) |
10.4 (50.7) |
14.5 (58.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.5 (68.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
12.3 (54.1) |
6.9 (44.4) |
3.5 (38.3) |
11.5 (52.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.7 (30.7) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
2.1 (35.8) |
4.7 (40.5) |
8.9 (48.0) |
12.4 (54.3) |
14.1 (57.4) |
14.2 (57.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
7.7 (45.9) |
3.2 (37.8) |
0.1 (32.2) |
6.4 (43.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −27.1 (−16.8) |
−19.4 (−2.9) |
−18.2 (−0.8) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
2.1 (35.8) |
4.8 (40.6) |
3.8 (38.8) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−10.9 (12.4) |
−20.2 (−4.4) |
−27.1 (−16.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 63.3 (2.49) |
48.7 (1.92) |
63.0 (2.48) |
75.5 (2.97) |
90.7 (3.57) |
73.3 (2.89) |
66.5 (2.62) |
66.3 (2.61) |
98.9 (3.89) |
106.7 (4.20) |
98.6 (3.88) |
63.6 (2.50) |
915.1 (36.03) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.9 | 7.6 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 10.1 | 8.5 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 9.8 | 10.0 | 9.8 | 104.4 |
Average snowy days | 7.7 | 6.0 | 4.5 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.6 | 4.9 | 28.0 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
83 | 80 | 76 | 73 | 75 | 74 | 70 | 72 | 79 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 77.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 90.8 | 111.6 | 172.9 | 189.8 | 220.8 | 258.4 | 292.4 | 263.4 | 199.2 | 140.4 | 91.1 | 78.0 | 2,108.4 |
Source 1: Meteo France[42]
| |||||||||||||
Source 2: Infoclimat (humidity, snowy days 1961–1990)[43] |
1981–2010 normals
Climate data for Grenoble-St Geoirs (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1941–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 17.3 (63.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
25.3 (77.5) |
28.0 (82.4) |
31.4 (88.5) |
37.0 (98.6) |
38.3 (100.9) |
39.5 (103.1) |
33.6 (92.5) |
28.1 (82.6) |
24.8 (76.6) |
19.5 (67.1) |
39.5 (103.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) |
7.8 (46.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.3 (59.5) |
19.9 (67.8) |
23.8 (74.8) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.4 (79.5) |
21.8 (71.2) |
16.9 (62.4) |
10.2 (50.4) |
6.4 (43.5) |
16.2 (61.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.2 (29.8) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
2.0 (35.6) |
4.4 (39.9) |
8.9 (48.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.2 (57.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
10.9 (51.6) |
7.8 (46.0) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
6.3 (43.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −27.1 (−16.8) |
−19.4 (−2.9) |
−18.2 (−0.8) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
2.1 (35.8) |
4.8 (40.6) |
3.8 (38.8) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−10.9 (12.4) |
−20.2 (−4.4) |
−27.1 (−16.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 61.3 (2.41) |
51.6 (2.03) |
66.3 (2.61) |
83.0 (3.27) |
104.1 (4.10) |
75.2 (2.96) |
59.3 (2.33) |
67.2 (2.65) |
105.7 (4.16) |
105.8 (4.17) |
87.7 (3.45) |
67.1 (2.64) |
934.3 (36.78) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9.4 | 8.0 | 9.4 | 9.7 | 11.0 | 8.5 | 6.2 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 10.1 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 106.4 |
Average snowy days | 7.7 | 6.0 | 4.5 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.6 | 4.9 | 28.0 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
83 | 80 | 76 | 73 | 75 | 74 | 70 | 72 | 79 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 77.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 95.0 | 111.7 | 169.8 | 183.0 | 219.2 | 255.4 | 289.8 | 255.5 | 193.1 | 137.5 | 84.5 | 71.6 | 2,065.9 |
Source 1: Meteo France[44]
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Source 2: Infoclimat (humidity, snowy days 1961–1990)[43] |
Population
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Source: EHESS[45] and INSEE[46] |
Urbanism and architecture
The Bouchayer-Viallet site is a powerful symbol of Grenoble's industrial past.[47] This former factory is now converted into a dual-purpose area more closely linked to the Berriat neighbourhood. Innovative business activities as Apple Inc.[48] co-exist with housing, sporting facilities, contemporary music venue and arts centres as Le Magasin. At the entrance to the Bouchayer-Viallet site, Square des Fusillés has been redeveloped and extended taking over an old car park, to facilitate access from the tramway stop and Cours Berriat.
Redevelopment of the former De Bonne barracks was an important step in the drive to launch sustainable housing in France. In 2009, the site of De Bonne was distinguished as the best eco-neighborhood in France.[49] A shopping mall contains 53 shops arranged around an inner concourse, with one side opening onto the park and the other connecting to the town.
Main sights
La Bastille
The Bastille, an ancient series of fortifications on the mountainside, overlooks Grenoble on the northern side and is visible from many points in the city. The Bastille is one of Grenoble's most visited tourist attractions and provides a good vantage point over both the town below and the surrounding mountains.
The Bastille fort was begun in the Middle Ages, and later centuries saw extensive additions, including a semi-underground defense network. The Bastille has been credited as the most extensive example of early 18th-century fortifications in all of France. It then held an important strategic point on the French Alpine frontier with the Kingdom of Sardinia.[50]
The first cable transport system, installed on the Bastille in 1875, was built by the Porte de France Cement Company for freight. This cable transport system connected a quarry on Mount Jalla, just over the Bastille, and Grenoble. It was abandoned in the early 20th century.
Since 1934, the Bastille has been the destination of the "Grenoble-Bastille cable car". This system of mostly transparent egg-shaped cable cars known to locals as "Les Bulles" (the bubbles) provides the occupants with an excellent view over the Isère. At the top are two restaurants and installed in the casemates of the fort itself since June 2006, the Bastille Art Centre allows visitors to see contemporary art exhibitions. There is also a small military museum on mountain troops (Musée des troupes de montagne) and, since 2000, a memorial to the mountain troops (Mémorial national des troupes de montagne) further along the road, on top of the hill.
Palace of the Parliament of Dauphiné
This renaissance palace was constructed at the Place Saint André around 1500 and extended in 1539. It was the location of the Parlement of Dauphiné until the French Revolution. It then became the Grenoble courthouse, until the courts were moved to a modern building in 2002. The left wing of the palace was extended in 1897. The front of the former seat of the nearby Dauphiné Parlement combines elements from a gothic chapel and a Renaissance façade.[51]
The building now belongs to the Isère Council (Conseil Général de l'Isère). An ongoing renovation project will give this building a new life whilst preserving its patrimonial character and adding a modern touch.[52]
Museum of Grenoble
The city's most prized museum, the
Archaeological museums
Situated on the right bank of the Isère, on Place Saint-Laurent, the
The Musée de l'Ancien Évêché is the second archaeological museum in the city and is located near the Grenoble Cathedral. Installed in 1998, it houses the first baptistery of the city
The Grenoble townhall hosts a bust of Stendhal by sculptor Pierre Charles Lenoir
Education and science
Secondary level
The large community of both foreign students and foreign researchers prompted the creation of an international school. The
Higher education
The city is an important university centre with over 54,000 students in 2013, of whom 16% arrive from abroad.[55]
In a 1339
In 1965, the university mostly relocated from downtown to a suburban main campus outside of the city in Saint Martin d'Hères (with some parts in Gières). However, smaller campuses remain both downtown and in the northwestern part of the city known as the Polygone Scientifique ("Scientific Polygon").
From 1970 to 2015, the university was divided into four separate institutions sharing the campus grounds, some buildings and laboratories, and even part of their administration:
- Grenoble I – Joseph Fourier University (sciences, health, technologies)
- Grenoble II – Pierre Mendès-France University(social sciences)
- which includes the Institute of political studies
- which includes the
- Grenoble III – Stendhal University (humanities)
- Grenoble Institute of Technology (INPG or Grenoble-INP) is a federation of engineering colleges.
The first three of those merged back on 1 January 2016 to form the
Campuses are also located in Grenoble for :
- École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university),
- École d'Architecture de Grenoble ( School of Architecture of Grenoble) and
- Business School.
Science and engineering
Grenoble is a major scientific centre, especially in the fields of physics, computer science, and applied mathematics: Universite Joseph Fourier (UJF) is one of the leading French scientific universities while the Grenoble Institute of Technology trains more than 5,000 engineers every year in key technology disciplines. Grenoble's high-tech expertise is organized mainly around three domains: information technology, biotechnologies, and new technologies of energy.[57]
Many fundamental and applied scientific research laboratories are conjointly managed by Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble Institute of Technology, and the French
Other research centres in or near Grenoble include the
Meanwhile, Grenoble has large laboratories related to space and to the understanding and observation of the universe as the
In order to foster this technological cluster university institutions and research organizations united to create the GIANT (Grenoble Innovation for Advanced New Technologies) Campus[61] with the aim at becoming one of the world's top campuses in research (CEA, CNRS), higher education (INP-UGA, Grenoble Ecole de Management), and high tech.[62]
The city benefits from the highest concentration of strategic jobs in France after Paris, with 14% of the employments, 35,186 jobs, 45% of which specialized in design and research.[63] Grenoble is also the largest research center in France after Paris with 22,800 jobs (11,800 in public research, 7,500 in private research and 3,500 PhD students).[64]
Grenoble is also renowned for the excellence of its academic research in humanities and political sciences.[
Knowledge and innovation community
Grenoble is one of the co-location centres of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology's Knowledge and Innovation Communities for sustainable energy.[65]
Economy
Industry occupies a large part of the local economy. High-tech industries have a significant presence, especially in the field of semiconductors, electronics, and biotechnology. STMicroelectronics, Schneider Electric and Soitec have major manufacturing and R&D facilities. Traditional industries in fields such as heavy equipment manufacturing and chemistry are still present and include Caterpillar, GE Renewable Energy, and Arkema.
The town was once famous for glove manufacturing, for which Xavier Jouvin introduced an innovative technique in the 19th century.[66] A few small companies continue to produce gloves for a very high-end market.
Companies
In 2011, the largest employers in the Grenoble metropolitan area were:[67]
Enterprise, location | Number of employees |
Sector |
---|---|---|
STMicroelectronics, Grenoble and Crolles | 5,979 | Semiconductor manufacturing, R&D |
Schneider Electric, Grenoble agglomeration | 4,915 | Electrical equipment, R&D |
Caterpillar France, Grenoble and Echirolles | 1,865 | Construction of heavy equipment
|
Hewlett-Packard France, Eybens | 1,814 | Computer science |
Becton Dickinson , Pont-de-Claix
|
1,736 | R&D and production of advanced systems for drugs administration |
Carrefour, Grenoble agglomeration | 1,165 | Hypermarkets |
Capgemini, Grenoble | 1,100 | Information technology consulting and IT service management |
Groupe Casino, Grenoble agglomeration | 990 | Supermarkets |
Samse, Grenoble agglomeration | 965 | Supplier of building materials |
Soitec, Bernin | 952 | SOI wafers
|
The presence of companies such as HP or Caterpillar in the area has drawn many American and British workers to Grenoble, especially in the surrounding mountain villages. The region has the second largest English-speaking community in France, after Paris.[68] That community has an English-speaking Church and supports the International School.[69] Many of these Americans, British, Australians etc. go to Grenoble with the intention of returning home after some time but the mountains and general lifestyle often keep them there. Some choose to put their children in the international school "cité internationale", while the "American School of Grenoble" is the alternative for those who prefer to have the core curriculum in English. With numerous associations like Open House, this large English-speaking population organizes family events making life in Grenoble harder to turn away from.[70]
Publisher
Media
téléGrenoble Isère is the local TV channel with France 3 Alpes. The local newspaper is Le Dauphiné libéré.
Sport
Grenoble hosted the 1968 Winter Olympics. The city is surrounded by ski resorts nestled in the surrounding mountains. Stade Lesdiguières is located in Grenoble and has been the venue for international rugby league and rugby union games.
Grenoble is the home of first
- Six-Days of Grenoble, a six-day track cycling race held since 1971
- The via ferrata Grenoble is a climbing route located on the hill of the Bastille in Grenoble.
The abundance of natural sites around Grenoble as well as the particular influence of mountaineering practices and history make many Grenoble inhabitants very fond of sports and outdoor activities (e.g., hiking, mountain biking, backcountry skiing, rock climbing, and paragliding). The Tour de France cycling race regularly passes through the city.
Transport
A comprehensive bus and tram service operates 26 bus routes and five tram lines. It serves much of greater Grenoble, while a new cable car system known as the Métrocâble is scheduled to be completed in 2022. Being essentially flat, Grenoble is also a bicycle-friendly city.
The
Grenoble can be accessed by air from
Highways link Grenoble to the other major cities in the area including the A48 autoroute to the northwest toward Lyon, the A49 to the southwest toward the Rhone valley via Valence, the A41 to the northeast toward Chambéry, the Alps, and Italy and Switzerland.
A partial ring road around the south of the city, the Rocade Sud, connects the motorway arriving from the northwest (A48) with that arriving from the northeast (A41). A project to complete the ring road, with a tunnel under the Bastille as part of the likely routes, was rejected after its environmental impact studies.[73]
From 2014 to 2017, the city of Grenoble tested the rental of seventy
In 2016, the speed limit was lowered to 30 km/h (19 mph) on 80% of the streets of Grenoble and forty-two neighboring municipalities, to both improve safety and reduce pollution levels. The limit, however, remains 50 km/h (31 mph) on the main arteries.[74]
Culture
Grenoble hosts several festivals: the Détours de Babel in March,[75] the Open Air Short Film Festival in early July, and the Cabaret Frappé music festival at the end of July.
The Summum is the biggest concert hall in Grenoble, and the most famous artists produce there. Another big hall, Le grand angle, is located nearby in Voiron. Smaller halls in the city include the Salle Olivier Messiaen in the Minim Monastery.
The main cultural center of the city is called
There are several theaters in Grenoble, the main one being Grenoble Municipal Theatre (Théatre de Grenoble). Others are the Théâtre de Création, the Théâtre Prémol, and the Théâtre 145. Grenoble also hosts Upstage Productions, which performs once a year through an exclusively English speaking troupe.
There are two main art centres in Grenoble: the Centre national d'Art contemporain (also called Le Magasin) and the Centre d'art Bastille.
Grenoble is known for its walnuts, Noix de Grenoble which enjoy an appellation of controlled origin.[76]
The town also hosts a well-known comics publisher,
Notable people
International relations
After World War I, one street in the centre of Smederevska Palanka (Serbia) was named French street (Francuska ulica) and one street in Grenoble was named Palanka street(Rue de Palanka). The same neighborhood also has a Belgrade Street (Rue de Belgrade).
Twin towns and sister cities
Grenoble is
Gallery
See also
- Université Grenoble-Alpes
- Bishopric of Grenoble
- Grand'Place
- List of mayors of Grenoble
- Route Napoléon
- Saint Roch Cemetery
- Arboretum Robert Ruffier-Lanche
- Cellatex
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{{cite web}}
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Bibliography
External links
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XI (9th ed.). 1880. p. 184-185. .
- Grenoble City website (in French)
- Grenoble Chamber of Commerce and Industry Archived 3 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine
- "Official tourism office of Grenoble". Archived from the original on 23 May 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2006.