Grey-cowled wood rail
Grey-cowled wood rail | |
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Grey-cowled wood rail | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Gruiformes |
Family: | Rallidae |
Genus: | Aramides |
Species: | A. cajaneus
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Binomial name | |
Aramides cajaneus (Müller, 1776)
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Subspecies | |
See text | |
Synonyms | |
List
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The grey-cowled wood rail or grey-necked wood rail (Aramides cajaneus) is a species of
This bird, large for a wood rail, has both a grey head and neck. In the nominate, the back of the head has a brown patch. The upperparts are olive-green to dark brown. The chest and flanks are a rufous colour, with the belly, rump, and tail being black. The legs are coral-red, the bill is a bright greenish-yellow, and the eyes are red. The sexes are similar. The juveniles can be differentiated by their duller look, and the chicks have a black, downy appearance, brown head, and black beak. The subspecies avicenniae can be differentiated by its smaller size, lack of a brown patch at the back of the neck, and its lower back being toned slightly olive. The underparts are also pale.
A
Taxonomy and etymology
Placed in the family
The grey-cowled wood rail is regarded as being
- Aramides cajaneus cajaneus (Müller, 1776) — from Costa Rica to Colombia, east through Venezuela and Trinidad to Brazil, and south to Northern Argentina and Uruguay
- A. c. avicenniae Stotz, 1992 — coastal southeastern Brazil
Etymology
The genus name of the grey-cowled wood rail—Aramides—is derived from the combination of the genus name Aramus and of the Greek oidēs, "resembling". This refers to the similarity between birds of the genus Aramides and the one species of the genus Aramus. The specific epithet, cajaneus, is in reference to the capital city of French Guiana, Cayenne. The subspecies epithet avicenniae honours the Persian philosopher Avicenna.[5]
Description
The grey-cowled wood rail usually measures 33–40 centimetres (13–16 in) long and weighs 320–465 grams (11.3–16.4 oz), particularly large for a wood rail.[7] The upperparts are olive-green to dark brown. The head and neck are medium-grey, blending into a brown patch at the back of the head. The eyes are red. The chest and flanks are rufous. The belly, rump, and tail are black. The legs are coral-red, while the bill is a bright greenish-yellow. The males and females are similar.[9]
Juvenile birds are similar to the adult but are duller in colour, with their belly sooty-black and flecked with buff.[9] The juveniles also differ in that their bill and legs are dusky, and have brownish eyes. The chicks are black and downy, with a brownish head. Their dark eyes are lined with dull, reddish bare skin. The black bill has a flesh-coloured base,[7] and a small, white egg tooth behind the tip of the upper mandible, as well as a very small one at the tip of the lower mandible.[10]
The subspecies avicenniae differs from the
This bird moults its remiges simultaneously. This moult occurs during the months from March to June.[11]
Vocalizations
The grey-cowled wood rail has a loud, repetitive cackling call mainly heard at dawn and dusk: pop-tiyi pop-tiyi co-co-co-co-co or chitico chitico cao-cao-cao.[9] These songs are often sung in a chorus or duet. The alarm call is a harsh, loud cackle or clucking shriek.[7] The chitico chitico cao-cao-cao call made by this rail is similar to the brown wood rail's kui-ko call.[11]
Distribution and habitat
The grey-cowled wood rail is found in
The grey-cowled wood rail's natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and subtropical or tropical swamps.[1] The subspecies avicenniae, however, is almost completely restricted to mangrove forests.[11] The grey-cowled wood rail can be found from sea level to elevations around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft),[1] although some wanderers have been recorded at elevations up to 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) in Colombia.[7]
Behaviour and ecology
This bird can be seen to perch in both shrubbery and even trees, something characteristic of the forest rails. The grey-cowled wood rail rarely flies, although when it is flushed out, it will generally move to a branch close to the ground. If it is being observed, it is generally cautious.[12]
Breeding
The grey-cowled wood rail's nests are situated in trees and bushes, usually 1 to 3 metres (3.3 to 9.8 ft) off the ground, built on flat branches or in thickets and lined with twigs and leaves.[13] They generally have a diameter between 30 and 40 centimetres (12 and 16 in) on the outside, with an internal diameter of around 15 centimetres (5.9 in). The depth is usually between under 4 and 9 centimetres (1.6 and 3.5 in). The overall height of the nest is around 16 centimetres (6.3 in).[11]
This bird is monogamous, forming long lasting pair bonds,[7] with pairs of grey-necked wood rails staying together throughout the year.[10] Its breeding season usually occurs between March and August, although this varies depending on geography. In Costa Rica, the breeding season extends until September. In Mexico, on the other hand, the breeding season is known to start as early as January.[7] In captivity, this wood rail is territorial.[14]
The
Feeding
This bird feeds at night, eating various
When eating
Parasites
The grey-cowled wood rail is the type host of
Status
This rail is considered to be a
Human interaction
The grey-cowled wood rail is occasionally hunted for food in northeast Brazil.[20] They are usually hunted with baited fish hooks that are laid near the bodies of water where these birds forage.[21] In the Las Minas District, in Panama, this bird is also kept for food.[22] Although it is generally cautious, it can tolerate an approach by humans up to about 10 metres (33 ft) away from it, after which it will retreat into the undergrowth.[12]
References
- ^ . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ Linnaeus, Carolus; Houttuyn, Martinus; Muller, Philippus Ludovicus Statius (1773). Vollständiges Natursystem (in German). Vol. 8. Nuremberg: Gabriel Nicolas Raspe. p. 119.
- ^ Martinet, François Nicolas; Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, M. (Louis-Jean-Marie) (1765). Planches Enlumineés d'Histoire Naturelle (in French). Vol. 4. p. Pl. 352.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Pucheran, Jacques (1845). "Notes sur quelques espèces Madécasses de l'ordre des Écuassiers". Revue Zoologique par la Société Cuvierienne, Anneé 1845: 277–280.
- ^ a b Jobling, J. A. del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
- ^ PMID 25987874.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Taylor, Barry (2017). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Grey-necked Wood-rail (Aramides cajaneus)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Flufftails, finfoots, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
- ^ a b c d Ramos-Ordoñez, M.F.; Rodríguez-Flores, C.; Soberanes-González, C.; Arizmendi, M.C. (2010). Schulenberg, T.S. (ed.). "Identification – Gray-necked Wood-Rail (Aramides cajanea)". Neotropical Birds Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
- ^ JSTOR 4088524.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4081-3537-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-919880-07-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-226-05781-1.
- ^ Amos, Stephen H. (1985). "Captive management of grey-necked wood rails (Aramides cajanea)". AFA Watchbird. 12 (2): 32–39.
- ^ "Aramides cajanea (Grey-necked wood rail)".
- ^ Sankar, Vijay (2017). "Aramides cajaneus (Grey-necked Wood-rail)" (PDF). The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago.
- S2CID 83960814.
- S2CID 24220225.
- S2CID 11184880.
- ISSN 1940-0829.
- S2CID 16399532.
- ISBN 978-1-937040-15-4.
External links
- Gray-necked wood rail photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
- Interactive range map of Aramides cajanea at IUCN Red List maps