Grosvenor Square

Grosvenor Square (/ˈɡroʊvənər/ GROH-vən-ər) is a large garden square in the Mayfair district of Westminster, Greater London. It is the centrepiece of the Mayfair property of the Duke of Westminster, and takes its name from the duke's surname "Grosvenor". It was developed for fashionable residences in the 18th century. In the 20th it had an American and Canadian diplomatic presence, and currently is mixed use, commercial.

History

Sir

The early houses were generally of five or seven bays, with basement, three main stories and an attic. Some attempt was made to produce impressive groupings of houses, and Colen Campbell produced a design for a palatial east side to the square featuring thirty Corinthian columns but this was not carried out and in the end most of the houses were built to individual designs. There were mews behind all four sides.

Many of the houses were rebuilt later in the 18th century or during the 19th century, generally acquiring an extra storey when this happened. Number 23 (later 26) was rebuilt in 1773–74 for the 11th Earl of Derby by Robert Adam, and is regarded as one of the architect's finest works and as a seminal example of how grandeur of effect and sophisticated planning might be achieved on a confined site. It was demolished and rebuilt again in the 1860s. Nearly all of the older houses were demolished during the 20th century and replaced with blocks of flats in a neo-Georgian style, hotels and embassies.

The garden

Providing almost 2.5 hectares of open garden, Grosvenor Square is the second-largest garden square in central London after Russell Square at 2.5 hectares. While Lincoln's Inn Fields at 4.5 hectares is a larger space, it is categorised as an Inn of Court, not a garden square.

Grosvenor Square was originally laid out by gardener John Alston in the 1720s; his 'wilderness worke' design was a celebration of the countryside in the city. However, the gardens have been modified over time to meet the changing needs of those around them. Reserved for residents' use for much of its life, the Grade II-registered landscape^[4] was, after the Second World War, made a public space for everyone's enjoyment, through the Roosevelt Memorial Act 1946^[5] It was then managed by the Royal Parks until 2018, when Grosvenor Britain & Ireland took over its management.

Following an international Call for Ideas in 2018,^[6] Grosvenor confirmed that the square would be redesigned to enhance its contribution to the environment and local communities. ^[7] In June 2022, Westminster City Council approved a proposal to transform the square into "an extraordinary garden with groundbreaking environmental credentials". It is expected that, once started, the works would take around two years to complete. ^[8]

Bentley Boys of the 1920s

In the 1920s, four of the "

drivers referred to the spot as "Bentley Corner".

American presence

Grosvenor Square was long a center of American presence in London beginning when

in 1785. Adams lived, from 1785 to 1788, in the house which still stands on the corner of Brook and Duke Streets.

During the Second World War American general

.

The former

.

In 1960, a new United States Embassy was built on the western side of Grosvenor Square. This was a large and architecturally significant modern design by Eero Saarinen, being at the time a controversial insertion into a mainly Georgian and neo-Georgian district of London. In March and October 1968, there were large demonstrations in the square against US involvement in the Vietnam War. On both occasions, the protest became violent.^[11] After 2001 a series of anti-terrorist devices were installed around the embassy, and the road running along the front of the building was closed completely to traffic. In 2006, the Grosvenor Square Safety Group residents association took out advertisements in The Washington Post and The Times, accusing the Metropolitan Police and local government of a "moral failure" for not closing two other roads adjacent to the embassy.^[12]

In 2008, the United States Government chose a site for a new embassy in the

Adlai Stevenson

On 14 July 1965, while walking with

Oscar Wilde

The writer Oscar Wilde lived in Grosvenor Square between 1883 and 1884,^[16] and references to the square appear in four of his works (see section below).

Memorial to victims of 11 September 2001

Since 2003, the east of the gardens has contained a memorial garden to 67 British victims of the

was chosen for inscription on an elliptical granite block engraved with the names of the victims, underneath which is buried a piece of the steel wreckage.

Diplomatic property sell-off

The former United States Navy building at 20 Grosvenor Square was sold in 2007 for £250 million to Richard Caring, who planned to turn it into 41 residential apartments. The Abu Dhabi Investment Council and property developer Finchatton then bought the building for the same amount in April 2013, with planning permission to convert the building into 31 luxury apartments.^[18][19]

In September 2013, the Government of Canada announced its intention to sell its High Commission building at 1 Grosvenor Square and "consolidate its diplomatic activity in the UK in a single, central location in Canada House on Trafalgar Square".^[20][21]

Notable buildings

Most of the buildings on Grosvenor Square are in the Georgian style of architecture.

• No. 1 –
  High Commission of Canada,^[22] being redeveloped into high-end residences^[19]
• No. 4 – Back entrance to the Embassy of Italy
• No. 10 – London
  Marriott Hotel
  Grosvenor Square
• No. 20 – Former United States Navy building, being converted into upscale apartments^[19][23]
• No. 24 –
  Rosewood Hotels into a luxury hotel designed by David Chipperfield^[19][25][26]
• No. 38 – Former Embassy of Indonesia,^[27] converted by Venue Lab into an event space^[28]
• No. 44 –
  The Biltmore Mayfair
  hotel, formerly the Millennium Hotel London Mayfair
• No. 47 - Former residence of
  Raine, Countess Spencer, during her first marriage to the Earl of Dartmouth.^[29]

In popular culture

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• Robert Hunter's lyrics for the Grateful Dead song Scarlet Begonias begin with the line "As I was walkin' 'round Grosvenor Square".
• It appears in the title of several novels including The Lonely Lady of Grosvenor Square by
  Mrs. Henry De La Pasture (1907), The Grosvenor Square Goodbye by Francis Clifford
  (1978), and The House in Grosvenor Square by Linore Rose Burkard (2009).
• In Little Dorrit by Charles Dickens, the Barnacles are said to live at "number twenty-four, Mews Street, Grosvenor Square" which "was not absolutely Grosvenor Square itself but it was very near it".
• In the 1960
  1 Grosvenor Square
  during a London "pea-soup" fog. As she crosses the square to her residence, an unseen voice near the statue of Franklin D. Roosevelt threatens to kill her before the month is out.
• In the opening act in the play An Ideal Husband by Oscar Wilde, the first scene is in "the octagon room at Sir Robert Chiltern's house in Grosvenor Square".
• It is mentioned in the play The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde, when Lady Bracknell makes a comment about violence in Grosvenor Square because of the lower classes (or, depending on one's sense of humour, the upper classes) receiving education.
  • In Oscar Wilde's play Lady Windermere's Fan, the Duchess of Berwick says, "I think on the whole that Grosvenor Square would be a more healthy place to reside in. There are lots of vulgar people live in Grosvenor Square, but at any rate there are no horrid kangaroos crawling about."
  • Dorian Gray, the protagonist of Oscar Wilde's novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, lives in or close to Grosvenor Square.^[16]
• Alfred Sutro's one-act play A Marriage Has Been Arranged (1904) portrays a ball in "the Conservatory of No. 300 Grosvenor Square".
• Caroline Bingley makes a comment regarding the local dance in
  Pride and Prejudice
  "We are a long way from Grosvenor Square, are we not, Mr Darcy".
• It is used as a reference to the
  CIA's London office in the BBC spy drama Spooks
  .
• In Julia Quinn's novel The Duke & I – also published under the title Bridgerton – Grosvenor Square is the main setting for both the Bridgertons' and the Featheringtons' London homes. It is also featured in the Netflix series Bridgerton.
• Roy Harper sings the line "don't you think you could have taken Grandad and his medals And played a different game in Grosvenor Square" in his 1971 anti-war song One Man Rock and Roll Band.
• The Savoyard in Grosvenor Square. is one of Letitia Elizabeth Landon's Scenes in London in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836. In it a travelling orphan boy (the Savoyard) sings for his bread, only to be ignored by the wealthy gentry. He takes comfort at the sight of an orange tree, a reminder of nature and home.^[30]

See also

• Protests of 1968
• List of eponymous roads in London
• Grosvenor Square, Dublin

References

Citations

Sources

External links

• Grosvenor Square at
  Curlie
• Introductory page from the Survey of London – the subsequent pages cover the past and present buildings in great detail.

51°30′41″N 0°09′05″W / 51.51139°N 0.15139°W / 51.51139; -0.15139