Grote Kerk, Haarlem
Grote St.-Bavokerk | ||
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The Church of Saint Bavo | ||
Grote Kerk | ||
Style Gothic | | |
Years built | 16th century | |
Specifications | ||
Number of spires | 1 | |
Administration | ||
Parish | Haarlem | |
Clergy | ||
Minister(s) | Willemijn van Dijk-Heij Tom de Haan | |
Laity | ||
Organist(s) | Anton Pauw |
The Grote Kerk or St.-Bavokerk is a
History
This church is an important landmark for the city of Haarlem and has dominated the city skyline for centuries. It is built in the
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View of the church from the west
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View of the church from the north (Jansstraat)
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View of the church over the Spaarne river from the North (taken from the train)
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View of the church from the south
Christianity in Haarlem
Haarlem has had a Christian parish church since the 9th century. This first church was a "daughter church" of
At this time most of the art and silver artefacts were also seized and what was not sold or destroyed has survived in the Haarlem municipal collection, which is now in the collection of the
Fires
On May 22, 1801, there was a fire caused by lightning which struck the tower. Another disaster was prevented in 1839 by Martijn Hendrik Kretschman, the guard of the tower. He stopped Jan Drost who worked for the church. Drost had tried to set fire to the pipe organ and piano by throwing hot coals on top of it. Drost committed suicide and he was buried in the tower.
In the church was a high sentry box reserved for fire-watchers. If they saw a fire in the city then they would signal using red flags so that the guards in the main guard house opposite could react. This sentry position was still in use in 1919.[3]
In the renovation of the 1930s an automatic sprinkler system was installed in the tower, that could extinguish a fire 70m high in the tower.
Exterior
Though the exterior of the church seems timeless, it changed twice in the past 500 years; once when all statuary was removed from the outer niches during the Haarlemse Noon, and the second time in the late 19th century when a "more Gothic look" was given to the church by adding some fake ramparts to the roof edge. This can be seen easily when comparing pictures made before and afterwards.
Around the church various low buildings have been built up against it, most notably the former fish market called De Vishal, which today is used for exhibiting modern art.[4] On the south side a series of low buildings used as shops are built up against various church buildings such as the former "librye" or library, and sacristy. In 1630 the architect Salomon de Bray designed and built the consistory which still exists today.
Interior
The interior of the church has also changed little over the years, though the inner chapels suffered greatly during the
Stained glass windows
The stained glass windows of the Bavo have suffered through the years from neglect. It is hard to imagine that Haarlem was an important center for stained glass art in the 16th century, since so little evidence of it still exists in Haarlem. After the Reformation, Haarlem promoted the stories of the
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Window now in Haarlem City Hall, originally made by Thibaut for a church in Bloemendaal
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Window now in theJanskerk (Gouda), by Thibaut
In the church today, the lack of historic colorful windows has been made up for by installing windows from other, demolished or defunct churches, while modern artists have created new themes. A beautiful large blue window hanging on the northern side greets the visitor who enters through the double doors on the Groenmarkt. This window was made to personify peace and harmony, and was made by the local glass artist Michel van Overbeeke, who received a local prize of culture for this in 2009 (De Olifant).[7]
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Stained glass window of theDutch maidenwas made in 1877 and donated by the Nederlandsche Maatschappij voor Nijverheid en Handel for their 100th anniversary
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Peace & Harmony, by Michel van Overbeeke, 2009
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Noah, by Louis Boermeester, 1985
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Paradise, by Gunhild Kristensen, 1957
Organ
The organ of the Sint-Bavokerk (the Christiaan Müller organ) is one of the world's most historically important organs. It was built by the Amsterdam organ builder Christian Müller, with stucco decorations by the Amsterdam artist Jan van Logteren, between 1735 and 1738. Upon completion it was the largest organ in the world with 60 voices and 32-foot pedal-towers. In Moby-Dick (1851), Herman Melville describes the inside of a whale's mouth:
- "Seeing all these colonnades of bone so methodically ranged about, would you not think you were inside of the great Haarlem organ, and gazing upon its thousand pipes?"
Many famous musicians played this organ, including
A local story goes to say that the bass of the organ was so low, the mortar in between the brimstones started to brittle to nothing.[clarification needed]
Disposition
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- Couplers: I/II, III/II, I/P, II/P, III/P
Graves
Until 1831 graves were allowed in the church, and many illustrious Haarlemmers through the centuries are buried there. Often people were buried under family gravestones, and the family shields of illustrious families are mounted on diamond shaped "plaques" hanging on the walls. Other illustrious Haarlemmers were buried in individual graves such as the rich
A local story is that under stone number 7 near the choir gate, there is a grave of a man who used to hit his mother as a child. After a time his hand started growing above his grave, and a copper plate had to be installed on the grave to stop the hand from growing.[6]
There is also a story that only the rich could afford to be buried in the church. Regardless of wealth, the corpses rotted as they lay under the stone floor, producing a foul odor. This gave rise to the phrase "Stinking Rich".
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Marker for grave of Frans Hals
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Gravestone for Pieter Teyler van der Hulst
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Heethuysen grave epitaph (Hofje founder in Haarlem who died July 6, 1650)
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Commemorative plaque in the "Christmas chapel" toMaarten van Heemskerk
Bells
In 1429 the bells from the former parish church which was on the same spot where the 'Grote Kerk' was built, were hung in a large wooden belfry (klokhuis) behind the choir close of the church. It was demolished in 1804, to strengthen the finances of the city council, and the bells were sold. In 1918, a smaller iron replica was built on the same spot by the firm of Joh. Enschede where the guilder billets were printed.
Today the Haarlem Grote Kerk tower is provided with a big
According to the local legend known as the Wapenvermeerdering, or "Legend of the Haarlem shield", the two upper bells in the tower were taken from
- Bells in the Grote Kerk:
- 1 Bourdon Roeland - Geert van Wou 1503
- Carillon
- 10 by François Hemony, 1661-1662
- 37 by Eijsbouts, 1968
- 2 Damiaatjes (Piet and Hein) - Jan Albert de Grave 1732
- 1 Kermisklok (Lunapark or pleasure fair bell) - Claude Fremy 1685
- Moving bells to be rung for the service:
- 1 François Hemony 1667
- 1 Eijsbouts 1965
See also
Gallery
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Romeyn de Hooghe's map of Haarlem from 1688
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Anthony Fokker flies around the Grote Kerk in 1911
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Looking east from underneath the pipe organ down the central nave
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Looking west towards the bread bank in the south aisle
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Broodbank
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Miniature ships in Sint-Bavokerk
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Church wooden ceiling
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Choir gate of Sint-Bavokerk
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Two-faced dog at the base of the Choir gate
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The church in 2009
Contemporary References
The church is mentioned by Corrie ten Boom in her book, The Hiding Place.
References
- ^ a b c Rijksmonument report
- ISBN 90-6550-504-0
- ^ Historic buildings Archived 2013-06-22 at the Wayback Machine, Haarlem marketing, accessed April 2013
- ^ website of De Vishal
- ^ Deugd, p. 210
- ^ ISBN 90-803700-7-X
- ^ (Dutch) article in Haarlems Dagblad
External links
- [1] - More information on the Müller Organ.
- [2] www.bavo.nl