Ground beetle
Ground beetles Temporal range:
| |
---|---|
Golden ground beetle eating an earthworm in Northern Germany | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Coleoptera |
Suborder: | Adephaga |
(unranked): | Geadephaga
|
Superfamily: | Caraboidea |
Family: | Carabidae Latreille, 1802 |
Subfamilies[1] | |
(See text) |
Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan family of beetles,[2] the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2,700 in Europe.[3] As of 2015, it is one of the 10 most species-rich animal families. They belong to the Adephaga. Members of the family are primarily carnivorous, but some members are herbivorous or omnivorous.[4]
Description and ecology
Although their body shapes and coloring vary somewhat, most are shiny black or metallic and have ridged wing covers (
Defensive secretions
Typical for the ancient beetle
To humans, getting "bombed" by a bombardier beetle is a decidedly unpleasant experience. [
A folk story claims that Charles Darwin once found himself on the receiving end of a bombardier beetle's attack, based on a passage in his autobiography.[7][8] Darwin stated in a letter to Leonard Jenyns that a beetle had attacked him on that occasion, but he did not know what kind:
A
Cychrus rostratus once squirted into my eye & gave me extreme pain; & I must tell you what happened to me on the banks of the Cam in my early entomological days; under a piece of bark I found two carabi (I forget which) & caught one in each hand, when lo & behold I saw a sacred Panagæus crux major; I could not bear to give up either of my Carabi, & to lose Panagæus was out of the question, so that in despair I gently seized one of the carabi between my teeth, when to my unspeakable disgust & pain the little inconsiderate beast squirted his acid down my throat & I lost both Carabi & Panagæus![9]
Ecology
Common
Relationship with humans
As predators of invertebrates, including many
A few species are nuisance pests.
Especially in the 19th century and to a lesser extent today, their large size and conspicuous coloration, as well as the odd morphology of some (e.g. the Lebiini), made many ground beetles a popular object of collection and study for professional and amateur coleopterologists. High prices were paid for rare and exotic specimens, and in the early to mid-19th century, a veritable "beetle craze" occurred in England. As mentioned above, Charles Darwin was an ardent collector of beetles when he was about 20 years old, to the extent that he would rather scour the countryside for rare specimens with William Darwin Fox, John Stevens Henslow, and Henry Thompson than to study theology as his father wanted him to do. In his autobiography, he fondly recalled his experiences with Licinus and Panagaeus, and wrote:
No poet ever felt more delight at seeing his first poem published than I did at seeing in Stephen's Illustrations of British Insects the magic words, "captured by C. Darwin, Esq."[8]
Evolution and systematics
The
Much research has been done on elucidating the
Subfamilies
The taxonomy used here is primarily based on the Catalogue of Life and the Carabcat Database. Other classifications, while generally agreeing with the division into a basal radiation of more primitive lineages and the more advanced group informally called "Carabidae Conjunctae",
The exclusive Harpalinae is presented here, because the majority of authors presently use this system, following the Carabidae of the World, Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, or the Carabcat Database[17] (which is reflected the Catalogue of Life).[18]
- Anthiinae Bonelli, 1813
- Tribe Anthiini Bonelli, 1813
- Tribe Helluonini Hope, 1838
- Tribe Physocrotaphini Chaudoir, 1863
- ApotominaeLeConte, 1853
- Brachininae Bonelli, 1810
- Tribe BrachininiBonelli, 1810
- Tribe Crepidogastrini Jeannel, 1949
- Tribe
- Broscinae Hope, 1838
- Tribe Broscini Hope, 1838
- Carabinae Linnaeus, 1802
- Ctenodactylinae Laporte, 1834
- Tribe Ctenodactylini Laporte, 1834
- Tribe Hexagoniini G.Horn, 1881
- Dryptinae Bonelli, 1810
- Tribe Dryptini Bonelli, 1810
- Tribe Galeritini Kirby, 1825
- Tribe Zuphiini Bonelli, 1810
- Elaphrinae Latreille, 1802
- GineminaeBall & Shpeley, 2002
- Harpalinae Bonelli, 1810
- Tribe Anisodactylini Lacordaire, 1854
- Tribe Harpalini Bonelli, 1810
- Tribe Pelmatellini Bates, 1882
- Tribe Stenolophini Kirby, 1837
- Hiletinae Schiödte, 1847
- Lebiinae Bonelli, 1810
- Tribe Cyclosomini Laporte, 1834
- Tribe Lachnophorini LeConte, 1853
- Tribe Lebiini Bonelli, 1810
- Tribe Odacanthini Laporte, 1834
- Tribe Perigonini G.Horn, 1881
- Licininae Bonelli, 1810
- Tribe ChaetogenyiniEmden, 1958
- Tribe Chlaeniini Brullé, 1834
- Tribe Licinini Bonelli, 1810
- Tribe Oodini LaFerté-Sénectère, 1851
- Tribe
- Loricerinae Bonelli, 1810
- Melaeninae Csiki, 1933
- Migadopinae Chaudoir, 1861
- Tribe Amarotypini Erwin, 1985
- Tribe Migadopini Chaudoir, 1861
- Nebriinae Laporte, 1834
- Tribe Cicindini Csiki, 1927
- Tribe Nebriini Laporte, 1834
- Tribe Notiokasiini Kavanaugh & Nègre, 1983
- Tribe Notiophilini Motschulsky, 1850
- Tribe Opisthiini Dupuis, 1912
- Tribe Pelophilini Kavanaugh, 1996
- NototylinaeBänninger, 1927
- OmophroninaeBonelli, 1810
- Orthogoniinae Schaum, 1857
- Tribe Amorphomerini Sloane, 1923
- Tribe Idiomorphini Bates, 1891
- Tribe Orthogoniini Schaum, 1857
- Panagaeinae Bonelli, 1810
- Tribe BrachygnathiniBasilewsky, 1946
- Tribe Panagaeini Bonelli, 1810
- Tribe Peleciini Chaudoir, 1880
- Tribe
- Patrobinae Kirby, 1837
- Tribe Lissopogonini Zamotajlov, 2000
- Tribe Patrobini Kirby, 1837
- PaussinaeLatreille, 1806
- Platyninae Bonelli, 1810
- Promecognathinae LeConte, 1853
- Tribe Axinidiini Basilewsky, 1963
- Tribe Dalyatini Mateu, 2002
- Tribe Promecognathini LeConte, 1853
- Tribe †Palaeoaxinidiini McKay, 1991
- Pseudomorphinae Hope, 1838
- Psydrinae LeConte, 1853
- Tribe Gehringiini Darlington, 1933
- Tribe Moriomorphini Sloane, 1890
- Tribe Psydrini LeConte, 1853
- Pterostichinae Bonelli, 1810
- Tribe Chaetodactylini Tschitscherine, 1903
- Tribe Cnemalobini Germain, 1911
- Tribe Cratocerini Lacordaire, 1854
- Tribe Microcheilini Jeannel, 1948
- Tribe Morionini Brullé, 1837
- Tribe Pterostichini Bonelli, 1810
- Tribe Zabrini Bonelli, 1810
- Rhysodinae Laporte, 1840
- Tribe Clinidiini R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1978
- Tribe Dhysorini R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1978
- Tribe Leoglymmiini R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1978
- Tribe Medisorini R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1987
- Tribe Omoglymmiini R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1978
- Tribe Rhysodini Laporte, 1840
- Tribe Sloanoglymmiini R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1991
- Scaritinae Bonelli, 1810
- Tribe Clivinini Rafinesque, 1815
- Tribe Corintascarini Basilewsky, 1973
- Tribe Dyschiriini Kolbe, 1880
- Tribe Salcediini Alluaud, 1930
- Tribe Scaritini Bonelli, 1810
- Siagoninae Bonelli, 1813
- Tribe Enceladini G.Horn, 1881
- Tribe Siagonini Bonelli, 1813
- Trechinae Bonelli, 1810
- Tribe Bembidarenini Maddison et al., 2019
- Tribe Bembidiini Stephens, 1827
- Tribe Pogonini Laporte, 1834
- Tribe Sinozolini Deuve, 1997
- Tribe Trechini Bonelli, 1810
- Tribe Zolini Sharp, 1886
- XenaroswellianinaeErwin, 2007
- †Conjunctiinae Ponomarenko, 1977
- †Protorabinae Ponomarenko, 1977
- Unassigned, extinct genera:
- †Agatoides Motschulsky, 1856
- †Amphoxyne Bode, 1953
- †Carabites Heer, 1852
- †Cavicarabus Hong, 1991
- †Conexicoxa Lin, 1986
- †Cymatopterus Lomnicki, 1894
- †Fangshania Hong, 1981
- †Glenopterus Heer, 1847
- †Hebeicarabus Hong, 1983
- †Megacarabus Hong, 1983
- †Meileyingia Hong, 1987
- †Miocarabus Hong, 1983
- †Neothanes Scudder, 1890
- †Procarabus Oppenheim, 1888
- †Prosynactus Bode, 1953
- †Shanwangicarabus Hong, 1985
- †Sinis Heer, 1862
- †Sinocalosoma Hong & Wang, 1986
- †Sinocaralosoma Hong, 1984
- †Sunocarabus Hong, 1987
- †Tauredon Handlirsch, 1910
- †Wuchangicarabus Hong, 1991
- †Xishanocarabus Hong, 1984
- †Yunnanocarabus Lin, 1977
References
- ^ "Carabidae Latreille, 1802". Catalog of Life. 2021. Retrieved 5 Mar 2023.
- ^ ISSN 0102-7786.
- .
- PMID 15012329.
- ^ John L. Capinera. Encyclopedia of Entomology. p. 1746.
- PMID 831272.
- ^ "Young Naturalist, A Lifelong Passion". Darwin. American Museum of Natural History. 2005. Archived from the original on December 21, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
- ^ a b Nora Barlow, ed. (1958). "Cambridge, 1828–1831". The Autobiography of Charles Darwin. pp. 56–71.
- ^ Charles Darwin (1846). "Letter to Leonard Jenyns, October 17, 1846". Archived from the original on September 22, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
- ^ "When tiger beetles chase prey at high speeds they go blind temporarily, Cornell entomologists learn - Cornell Chronicle". www.news.cornell.edu.
- ^ "Damage to winter cereals by Zabrus tenebrioides (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Carabidae)". CABI. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
- ^ a b c Vasilikopoulos, A., Balke, M., Kukowka, S., Pflug, J.M., Martin, S., Meusemann, K., Hendrich, L., Mayer, C., Maddison, D.R., Niehuis, O., Beutel, R.G. and Misof, B. (2021), Phylogenomic analyses clarify the pattern of evolution of Adephaga (Coleoptera) and highlight phylogenetic artefacts due to model misspecification and excessive data trimming. Syst Entomol, 46: 991-1018. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12508
- ISBN 4-431-00487-4.
- ^ David R. Maddison (January 1, 1995). "Carabidae Conjunctae". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
- ^ David R. Maddison (April 11, 2006). "Carabidae. Ground beetles and tiger beetles". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
- ^ "Harpalinae". Fauna Europaea. 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
- ^
Lorenz, Wolfgang (2021). "Carabcat Database". ChecklistBank. doi:10.48580/dfqf-3dk. Retrieved 2023-03-04.)
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(help - ^ "Carabidae Latreille, 1802". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
Further reading
- E. Csiki (1946). Die Käferfauna des Karpaten-Beckens [The beetle fauna of the Carparthian basin] (in German). Budapest. pp. 71–546.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - K. Kult (1947). Klíč k určování brouků čeledi Carabidae Československé republiky [Key to the beetles of family Carabidae of the Czech Republic] (in Czech). Prague.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - C. H. Lindroth (1942). Coleoptera, Carabidae. Svensk Insectenfauna, Vol. 9 (in Swedish). Stockholm. pp. 1–260.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Edmund Reitter (1908–1917). Die Käfer des Deutschen Reiches [The beetles of the German Empire] (in German). Stuttgart: K. G. Lutz.