G8

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(Redirected from
Group of Eight
)
This article is about the former political forum. For its precursor and successor, see G7. For other uses, see G8 (disambiguation).

Map of G8 member nations and the European Union

The Group of Eight (G8) was an

Group of Seven, or G7, and returned to its previous name after Russia was expelled in 2014.[2]

The forum originated with a

Group of Seven in 1976 with the addition of Canada. Russia was added to the political forum from 1997, which the following year became known as the G8. In March 2014 Russia was suspended indefinitely following the annexation of Crimea, whereupon the political forum name reverted to G7.[3][4][5] In January 2017, Russia announced its permanent withdrawal from the G8.[2] However, several representatives of G7 countries stated that they would be interested in Russia's return to the group.[6][7][8] The European Union (or predecessor institutions) was represented at the G8 since the 1980s as a "nonenumerated" participant, but originally could not host or chair summits.[9] The 40th summit was the first time the European Union was able to host and chair a summit. Collectively, in 2012 the G8 nations comprised 50.1 percent of 2012 global nominal GDP and 40.9 percent of global GDP (PPP)
. The G8 countries were not strictly the largest in the world nor the highest-income per capita, but they do represent the largest high-income countries.

"G7" can refer to the member states in aggregate or to the annual

G7 finance ministers
(who meet four times a year), G7 foreign ministers, or G7 environment ministers.

Each calendar year, the responsibility of hosting the G8 was rotated through the member states in the following order: France, United States, United Kingdom, Russia (suspended), Germany, Japan, Italy, and Canada. The holder of the presidency sets the agenda, hosts the summit for that year, and determines which ministerial meetings will take place.

In 2005, the UK government initiated the practice of inviting five leading emerging markets –

Pittsburgh summit in September 2009 that the group would replace the G8 as the main economic council of wealthy nations.[10][11] Nevertheless, the G7 retains its relevance as a "steering group for the West",[1] with special significance appointed to Japan.[12]

History

Main article:
Group of Seven § History

Following 1994's G7 summit in Naples, Russian officials held separate meetings with leaders of the G7 after the group's summits. This informal arrangement was dubbed the Political 8 (P8)—or, colloquially, the G7+1. At the invitation of UK Prime Minister Tony Blair and U.S. President Bill Clinton,[13] President Boris Yeltsin was invited first as a guest observer, later as a full participant. It was seen as a way to encourage Yeltsin with his capitalist reforms. Russia formally joined the group in 1998, resulting in the Group of Eight, or G8.

Focus of G8

Major focus of the G8 since 2009 has been the global supply of food.[14] At the 2009 L'Aquila summit, the G8's members promised to contribute $22 billion to the issue. By 2015, 93% of funds had been disbursed to projects like sustainable agriculture development and adequate emergency food aid assistance.[15][16]

At the 2012 summit,

President Barack Obama asked G8 leaders to adopt the New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition initiative to "help the rural poor produce more food and sell it in thriving local and regional markets as well as on the global market".[17][18] Ghana became one of the first six African countries to sign up to the G8 New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition in 2012.[19] There was, however, almost no knowledge of the G8 initiative among some stakeholders, including farmers, academics and agricultural campaign groups. Confusion surrounding the plans was made worse, critics say, by "a dizzying array of regional and national agriculture programmes that are inaccessible to ordinary people."[20]

Russia's participation suspension (2014)

On 24 March 2014, the G7 members cancelled the planned

Sergei Lavrov downplayed the importance of the decision by the U.S. and its allies, and pointed out that major international decisions were made by the G20 countries.[22][3]

Later on, the Italian Foreign Affairs minister

Free Democratic Party of Germany and member of the Bundestag, said that Putin should be "asked to join the table of the G7" so that one could "talk with him and not about him", and "we cannot make all things dependent on the situation in Crimea".[6] In April 2018, the German politicians and members of the Bundestag Sahra Wagenknecht and Alexander Graf Lambsdorff said that Russia should be invited back to the group and attend the 2018 summit in Canada: "Russia should again be at the table during the [June] summit at the latest" because "peace in Europe and also in the Middle East is only possible with Russia".[7][30] The US President Donald Trump also stated that Russia should be reinstated to the group; his appeal was supported by the Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte.[8] After several G7 members quickly rejected US President Trump's suggestion to again accept the Russian Federation into the G8, Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov said that the Russian Federation wasn't interested in rejoining the political forum. He also said that the G20 is sufficient for the Russian Federation.[31] In the final statement of the 2018 meeting in Canada, the G7 members announced to continue sanctions and also to be ready to take further restrictive measures against the Russian Federation for the failure of Minsk Agreement complete implementation.[32][33]

A "new G8"

On June 11 2022, Vyacheslav Volodin, the current Chairman of the State Duma, announced on Telegram that "countries wishing to build an equal dialogue and mutually beneficial relations would actually form, together with Russia, a 'new G8.'"[34] Although Volodin mentioned the group of eight countries not participating in the sanctions against the Russian Federation—China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico, Iran, and Turkey—there have been no updates regarding the new G8; however, four of the seven nations listed are already apart of, or are expected to join in 2024, BRICS.

Structure and activities

Leaders of the G8 on 18 June 2013, in Lough Erne, Northern Ireland

By design, the G8 deliberately lacked an administrative structure like those for international organizations, such as the United Nations or the World Bank. The group does not have a permanent secretariat, or offices for its members.

The presidency of the group rotates annually among member countries, with each new term beginning on 1 January of the year. The rotation order is: France, the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia (suspended), Germany, Japan, Italy, and Canada.[35] The country holding the presidency is responsible for planning and hosting a series of ministerial-level meetings, leading up to a mid-year summit attended by the heads of government. The president of the European Commission participates as an equal in all summit events.[36]

The ministerial meetings bring together ministers responsible for various portfolios to discuss issues of mutual or global concern. The range of topics include health, law enforcement, labor, economic and social development, energy, environment, foreign affairs, justice and interior, terrorism, and trade. There are also a separate set of meetings known as the

People's Republic of China, India, Mexico, and South Africa.[37]

In June 2005, justice ministers and interior ministers from the G8 countries agreed to launch an international database on

pedophiles.[38] The G8 officials also agreed to pool data on terrorism, subject to restrictions by privacy and security laws in individual countries.[39]

Global energy

Main articles: International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation and Climate Investment Funds
G8 leaders confer during the 2009 summit in L'Aquila (Abruzzo, Italy).

At the

European Community established the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation, at the Energy Ministerial meeting hosted by Japan holding 2008 G8 Presidency, in Aomori.[40]

G8 Finance Ministers, whilst in preparation for the

UNFCCC is implemented after 2012. The UNFCCC is not on track to meeting any of its stated goals.[41]

In July 2005, the G8 Summit endorsed the IPHE in its Plan of Action on Climate Change, Clean Energy and Sustainable Development, and identified it as a medium of cooperation and collaboration to develop clean energy technologies.

Annual summit

Main article:
Group of Seven § List of summits

The

Crimean crisis
, the other seven countries decided to hold a separate meeting without Russia as a G7 summit in Brussels, Belgium.

The G8 leaders at the 36th summit in Huntsville, Ontario. Left to right: Cameron, Van Rompuy (European Council), Harper, Medvedev, Kan, Berlusconi, Obama, Barroso (European Commission), Merkel, Sarkozy.

Criticism

20 July 2001, 27th G8 summit in Genoa, Italy: Protesters burn a police vehicle.

One type of criticism is that members of G8 do not do enough to help global problems, due to strict patent policy and other issues related to globalization. In Unraveling Global Apartheid, political analyst Titus Alexander described the G7, as it was in 1996, as the 'cabinet' of global minority rule, with a coordinating role in world affairs.[42]

In 2012 The Heritage Foundation, an American conservative think tank, criticized the G8 for advocating food security without making room for economic freedom.[43]

Relevance

The G8's relevance has been subject to debate from 2008 onward.

industrialized countries but critics argued that the G8 no longer represented the world's most powerful economies, as China has surpassed every economy but the United States.[45]

Vladimir Putin did not attend the 2012 G8 summit at Camp David, causing Foreign Policy magazine to remark that the summit has generally outlived its usefulness as a viable international gathering of foreign leaders.[46] Two years later, Russia was suspended from the G8, then chose to leave permanently in January 2017.

The G20 major economies leaders' summit has had an increased level of international prestige and influence.[47] However, British Prime Minister David Cameron said of the G8 in 2012:[48]

Some people ask, does the G8 still matter, when we have a Group of 20? My answer is, yes. The G8 is a group of like-minded countries that share a belief in free enterprise as the best route to growth. As eight countries making up about half the world's gross domestic product, the standards we set, the commitments we make, and the steps we take can help solve vital

global issues
, fire up economies and drive prosperity all over the world.

Youth 8 Summit

The Y8 Summit or simply Y8, formerly known as the G8 Youth Summit[49] is the youth counterpart to the G8 summit.[50] The summits were organized from 2006 to 2013. The first summit to use the name Y8 took place in May 2012 in Puebla, Mexico, alongside the Youth G8 that took place in Washington, D.C. the same year. From 2016 onwards, similar youth conferences were organized under the name Y7 Summit.[51]

The Y8 Summit brings together young leaders from G8 nations and the

international affairs, promote cross-cultural understanding, and build global friendships. The conference closely follows the formal negotiation procedures of the G8 Summit.[52] The Y8 Summit represents the innovative voice of young adults between the age of 18 and 35. At the end of the summit, the delegates jointly come up with a consensus-based[53] written statement, the Final Communiqué.[54]
This document is subsequently presented to G8 leaders in order to inspire positive change.

The Y8 Summit was organized annually by a global network of youth-led organizations called The IDEA (The International Diplomatic Engagement Association).[55] The organizations undertake the selection processes for their respective national delegations, while the hosting country is responsible for organizing the summit. An example of such a youth-led organization is the Young European Leadership association, which recruits and sends EU Delegates.

The goal of the Y8 Summit is to bring together young people from around the world to allow the voices and opinions of young generations to be heard and to encourage them to take part in global decision-making processes.[56][57]

Summit Year Host country Location
1st International Student Model G8 2006 Russia Saint Petersburg
2nd Model G8 Youth Summit 2007 Germany Berlin
3rd Model G8 Youth Summit 2008 Japan Yokohama
4th G8 Youth Summit 2009 Italy Milan
5th G8 Youth Summit 2010 Canada Muskoka & Toronto
6th G8 Youth Summit 2011 France Paris
** Y8 Summit 2012 Mexico
Puebla
7th G8 Youth Summit 2012 United States
Washington D.C.
8th Y8 summit 2013 United Kingdom London
9th Y8 summit 2014 Russia Moscow*

* The Y8 Summit 2014 in Moscow was suspended due to the suspension of Russia from the G8.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "The Group of Eight (G8) Industrialized Nations". CFR. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  2. ^
    Independent.co.uk
    . 13 January 2017.
  3. ^ a b "U.S., other powers kick Russia out of G8". CNN.com. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  4. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  5. ^ "Russia suspended from G8 over annexation of Crimea, Group of Seven nations says". National Post. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  6. ^ a b "FDP's push to invite Putin to G7 sows discord within possible German coalition". Reuters. 12 October 2017.
  7. ^ a b "G7 beraten über Syrien und die Ukraine". Deutsche Welle (in German).
  8. ^ a b "Trump calls for Russia to be invited to G8". Financial Times. 8 June 2018. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  9. ^ Until recently, the EU had the privileges and obligations of a membership that did not host or chair summits. It was represented by the Commission and Council presidents. "EU and the G8". European Commission. Archived from the original on 26 February 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
  10. ^ "Officials: G-20 to supplant G-8 as international economic council". CNN. 25 September 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2009.
  11. ^ "G20 to replace the G8". SBS. 26 September 2009. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  12. ^ "Japan and the G20: Ambivalence and the China factor". 11 February 2011.
  13. ^ Medish, Mark (24 February 2006). "Russia — Odd Man Out in the G-8", The Globalist. Retrieved 7 December 2008. Archived 5 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ "Cash-strapped G8 looks to private sector in hunger fight". Reuters. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  15. ^ DoCampo, Isabel (15 March 2017). "A Food-Secure Future: G7 and G20 Action on Agriculture and Food". The Chicago Council on Global Affairs. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  16. ^ "L'Aquila Food Security Initiative | Tracking Support for the MDGS". iif.un.org. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  17. ^ Tandon, Shaun (18 May 2012). "Obama turns to private sector to feed world's poor". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  18. ^ Patrick, Stewart M. (16 May 2012). "Why This Year's G8 Summit Matters". The Atlantic. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  19. ^ "G8 Cooperation framework to support The "New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition" in Ghana" (PDF). Group of Eight Camp David.
  20. ^ "Ghana hopes G8 New Alliance will end long history of food insecurity". the Guardian. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  21. ^ "Ukraine crisis: Russia scathing about G8 suspension as fears grow". The Independent. 25 March 2014.
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  28. ^ "Italian Minister 'Hopes' For Russia's Return To G8". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 12 January 2017.
  29. ^ Tom Batchelor (13 January 2017). "Russia announces plan to permanently leave G8 group of industrialised nations after suspension for Crimea annexation". Independent.
  30. ^ "Wir brauchen auch Russland, um Probleme zu lösen". Deutschlandfunk (in German).
  31. ^ hermesauto (9 June 2018). "Russia brushes off possibility of G-8 return". The Straits Times.
  32. ^ Editorial, Reuters (9 June 2018). "The Charlevoix G7 Summit Communique". Reuters. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  33. ^ "G7 leaders ready to step up anti-Russian sanctions". TASS.
  34. ^ Chaya, Lynn. "Russia to form 'new G8' with Iran and China". NationalPost.com.
  35. ^ G8 Research Group. "What is the G8?". University of Toronto. Retrieved 8 March 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  37. ^ "G5 Overview; Evolución del Grupo de los Cinco". Groupoffive.org. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
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  39. ^ "G8 to pool data on terrorism" Martin Wainwright, 18 June 2005, The Guardian
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  41. ^ "G8 Finance Ministers Support Climate Investment Funds". IISD – Climate Change Policy & Practice. 14 June 2008. Archived from the original on 23 March 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
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  43. ^ Miller, Terry (17 May 2012). "G8 Food Security Agenda Should Encourage Greater Privatisation". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  44. ^ Lee, Don (6 July 2008). "On eve of summit, G-8's relevance is unclear". Los Angeles Times.
  45. ^ "China marches towards world's No. 2 economy". CNN. 16 August 2010.
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  52. ^ Brun, Martine (July 2013). "Camille Grossetete, une Claixoise au Youth 8". Dauphiné Libéré (in French).
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  56. ^ "ladý Slovák zastupoval Slovensko a EÚ na mládežníckom summite G20". www.teraz.sk. June 2012.
  57. ^ Enenkel, Kathrin (2009). G8 Youth Summit and Europe's Voice 2009: Results and Reflexions.

Further reading

External links

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