Growth hormone receptor
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Growth hormone receptor is a
mammals
.
Structure
Growth hormone receptor (GHR) is a transmembrane protein consisting of 620 amino acids. The receptor is part of the Type I cytokine receptor family of receptors. GHR exists in two forms as a full length membrane-bound receptor and as a soluble GH binding protein (GHBP).[7][8] GHR contains two fibronectin type III β domains in its extracellular domain, whereas the intracellular domain contains tyrosine Kinase JAK2 binding sites for SH2 proteins. JAK2 is the primary signal transducer for growth hormone.[9]
Function
This gene encodes a protein that is a transmembrane receptor for
dimerization (the receptor may however also exist as monomers on the cell surface [12]) and the activation of an intra- and intercellular signal transduction pathway leading to growth.[13] A common alternate allele of this gene, called GHRd3, lacks exon three and has been well characterized. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Laron syndrome, also known as the growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (GHIS), a disorder characterized by short stature (proportional dwarfism). Other splice variants, including one encoding a soluble form of the protein (GHRtr), have been observed but have not been thoroughly characterized.[5]
Laron mice (that is mice genetically engineered to carry defective Ghr), have a dramatic reduction in body mass (only reaching 50% of the weight of normal siblings), and also show a ~40% increase in lifespan.
Interactions
Growth hormone receptor has been shown to
CISH.[21]
Evolution
The GHR gene is used in animals as a
GHR has also proven useful at lowerdermopterans.[33]
Note that the GHR intron 9 has also been used to investigate the carnivores
phylogenetics.
Antagonists
Growth hormone
under the skin.[37]
See also
- Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatic axis
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000112964 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000055737 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: GHR growth hormone receptor".
- ^ a b "OrthoMaM phylogenetic marker: GHR coding sequence". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
- S2CID 4370204.
- PMID 8548048.
- PMID 17888716.
- PMID 29487568.
- S2CID 23639819.
- PMID 17321774.
- S2CID 27946074.
- ^ PMID 28025278.
- PMID 12735788.
- PMID 10976913.
- PMID 9632636.
- PMID 7540178.
- PMID 8063815.
- PMID 10502458.
- ^ PMID 10585430.
- PMID 11319262.
- PMID 12644400.
- PMID 19341461.
- PMID 12644405.
- PMID 17029633.
- PMID 15371245.
- PMID 18313945.
- PMID 18616808.
- .
- PMID 16814570.
- S2CID 41672825.
- S2CID 14945429.
- PMID 14530127.
- PMID 16503281.
- S2CID 12121175.
- ^ "Scientific Discussion of Somavert" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-18. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
External links
- Somatotropin+receptors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Illustration at nih.gov
- Overview
- Growth Hormone Receptor Archived 2015-10-16 at the Wayback Machine: Molecule of the Month by Shuchismita Dutta and David Goodsell (April 2004)
- PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Growth hormone receptor