Grudziądz
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Website | http://www.grudziadz.pl |
Grudziądz
Geographical location
Grudziądz is located close to the east shore of the river Vistula,[2] approximately 22 km (14 mi) north-east of Świecie, 93 km (58 mi) south of Gdańsk and 170 km (106 mi) south-west of Kaliningrad. It is located in Chełmno Land.
History
Early medieval Poland
Grudziądz was founded by the
.Initially Grudziądz was a defensive stronghold, known as a gord. The fortress and tower were built to protect the Poles from attacks by the Baltic Prussians.[4]
Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights
The settlement was re-fortified again from 1234 by the Teutonic Order. The erection of the castle, with the help of stone as building material, was begun around the middle of the 13th century. Under the protection of the castle the settlement gradually began to develop into a town.
In 1277 both "the castle and the town" were besieged heavily by the
The oldest building parts of the Catholic St. Nicholas' Church stem from the end of the 13th century. The Holy Spirit Church, which apparently was founded during the 13th century, is mentioned together with the town's hospital for the first time in 1345.[citation needed] Other documents reveal that in the 14th century the town already had a well-developed infrastructure. A document of 1380, as an example, refers to the construction of an aqueduct, a fountain and a town-hall cellar.[citation needed]
During the era of the
Kingdom of Poland
In 1440, the city co-founded the
Between 1454 and 1772 the city was part of the Polish Chełmno Voivodeship, which itself was since 1466 part of the Polish province of Royal Prussia, soon included in the larger Greater Poland Province. The Grudziądz Castle was seat of the local starostas (royal administrative officials). It was often visited by Polish kings.
After the great depression of the Thirteen Years' War, new economical growth in the town was slow before the middle of the 16th century. Economic progress was hampered by the religious struggles and by the
In 1522, Nicolaus Copernicus, who aside from his astronomical work was also an economist, presented his treatise Monetae cudendae ratio in Grudziądz. In it he postulated the principle that "bad money drives out good" which became known as the Gresham's law or the Gresham–Copernicus law. This work included an early version of the quantity theory of money – a key concept in economics.[7]
Following
Since 1622
The town proper was surrounded by town walls, except on the side of river Vistula, where instead of walls there stood huge massive grain silos, from where grain could be transported through wooden pipes to the embankment of the river.[9]
Prussian Partition of Poland
Following the First Partition of Poland declared on August 5, 1772, the city was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1773, it had a population of only 2,172 persons.[citation needed] In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it was part of the area affected by the Partitions of Poland.[10] To stimulate municipal trade, Frederick the Great brought in 44 colonist families. Grain trade flourished. Among the most successful grain traders were the Schönborn family.[11] In 1776, a decision was made to build a fortress in the town. Between 1796 and 1804, by decision of the King of Prussia, the Grudziądz Castle was demolished. During the Napoleonic invasion in Prussia in 1806–1807, the fortress was successfully defended by General of Infantry Wilhelm René de l'Homme de Courbière against attacks by French troops.[12]
In 1871, Graudenz became part of the unified
In 1899, the Chamber of Commerce was established in Graudenz. The
The city was the site of a military prison for Polish activists. In 1832, also 249 Polish insurgents the November Uprising were imprisoned by the Prussians in the local fortress and subjected to forced labour, malnutrition, beatings and insults.[13] Released prisoners who left Europe formed the Gromada Grudziądz in Portsmouth, England in 1835 as part of the Great Emigration movement.[14]
Germanisation of the Poles in the Prussian Partition
Frederick had nourished a particular contempt for the Polish state and people. Germanisation was enforced to assimilate residents.[15][16] He brought in German and Frisian workers and peasants, who in his opinion, were more suitable for building up his new civilization.[17] Frederick settled around 300,000 colonists in the eastern provinces of Prussia. Using state funds for colonization, German craftsmen were placed in all local Polish cities.[18] A second colonization wave of ethnic Germans was pursued by Prussia after 1832.[19] Laws were passed aimed at Germanisation of the Polish inhabited areas and 154,000 colonists were settled by the Prussian Settlement Commission before World War I. Professor Martin Kitchen writes that in areas where the Polish population lived alongside Germans a virtual apartheid existed, with bans on the Polish language and religious discrimination, besides attempts to colonize the areas with Germans.[20]
Approximately 16,850 Poles and about 26,000 Germans lived in the district of Graudenz.[21] To resist Germanisation,[22] Polish activists started to publish the newspaper "Gazeta Grudziądzka" in 1894. It advocated the social and economic emancipation of rural society and opposed Germanization – publishing articles critical of Germany. German attempts to repress its editor Wiktor Kulerski only helped to increase its circulation.[23] From 1898 to 1901, a secret society of Polish students seeking to restore Polish independence operated in the city, but the activists were tried by German courts in 1901, frustrating their efforts.[24]
In Graudenz, German soldiers were stationed in the local fortress as part of the Germanization measures, and the authorities placed soldiers with the most chauvinistic attitude towards the Poles there.[25] The German government brought in more stationed military, merchants and state officials to influence population figures.[26] In the 1910 census 84% of the population of the town and 58% of the county was recorded as German.[27]
Census figures published by the German Empire have been criticised as unreliable. Historians believe they have a high degree of falsification; formal pressure on census takers (predominantly school-teachers) was possible, and a new bilingual category was created to further complicate the results, as bilingual people (that is those who could speak both German and Polish) were classified as Germans.[28] Some analysts have asserted that all people registering as bilingual were classified as Germans.[29] The Polish population in this heavily Germanised city has been officially estimated at around 12–15% during this period.
The Polish population numbers rose steadily before the
In 1913, the Polish Gazeta Grudziądzka reached a circulation of 128,000, making it the third largest Polish newspaper in the world.[23]
Interwar Poland
On 23 January 1920, the regulations of the Treaty of Versailles became effective, the city was reincorporated under its Polish name Grudziądz into the reborn Polish state (Second Polish Republic), although a majority of its inhabitants were German. At that time Józef Włodek, the newly appointed Polish mayor, described his impression of the town as "modern but unfortunately completely German"[33]
Between 1926 and 1934 the number of Germans (34,194 in 1910) rose from 3,542 to 3,875.[34] Some Polish authors emphasize a wider emigration pattern motivated chiefly by economic conditions and the unwillingness of the German minority to live in the Polish state.[35]
The German author Christian Raitz von Frentz writes that after the First World War ended, the Polish government tried to reverse the systematic Germanization of the past decades[36]
Prejudices, stereotypes and conflicts dating back to German harsh rule and discrimination of Poles influenced Polish policies towards minorities in the new independent Polish state.[37]
The Polish authorities, supported by the public (e.g. the "explicitly anti-German" Związek Obrony Kresów Zachodnich), initiated a number of measures to further Polonization.[38] The local press was also hostile towards the Germans.
Fearful of a re-Germanization of the city, the Polish paper "Słowo Pomorskie" (23.19.1923) criticized the authorities of Grudziądz for tolerating the local German amateur theatre "Deutsche Bühne". The theatre was funded by money from Berlin.[39] Created before the war, its actors were mostly German officers stationed with the local garrison[40] The mayor responded by pointing out that the theatre was being monitored because of suspected "anti-state activities". According to Kotowski, this episode indicates that even the most minor activities of the German minority were closely scrutinized by the Polish authorities beginning with the earliest phase of Polish policy towards the German minority.[41] The German theatre was re-opened by the Nazis in 1943,[42] while the last director of the Polish theatre in the city in the years 1922–24 was murdered by them.[43]
In the interbellum, Grudziądz served as an important centre of culture and education with one of the biggest Polish military
The 64th and 65th
In 1920 a German-language school was founded.[44] In 1931 the Polish government decreed a reduction in the number of German classes in the school and requested lists of Catholic children and those pupils with Polish-sounding names which they viewed as victims of Germanization, from the German school. Although the list was not prepared, some of the children were transferred, which led to a school-strike.[45] The German school followed ideas and customs as those in Germany.[46] It was headed by a Nazi sympathiser Hilgendorf who praised Nazi ideology[47] The Polish authorities were alarmed when a notebook of one female student was discovered by them, which contained the Nazi party anthem, the Horst Wessel Lied and revisionistic text. The discovery caused outrage and calls to dismiss Hilgendorf due to his irredentist beliefs[48] In November 1933 two German craftsmen were killed by a Polish mob during a local election campaign.[44]
World War II
On 3 September 1939 units from the
Nazi atrocities
Following the German invasion, the Einsatzkommando 16 and Einsatzgruppen IV and V entered the city to commit crimes against the population.[49] They also carried out mass searches of Polish courthouses, organizations, police stations, etc., and seized large amounts of grain, textiles, coffee, equipment, and even homing pigeons.[49] On 7 September, 25 Polish citizens were detained as hostages[50] – priests, teachers and other members that enjoyed the respect of local society. They were threatened with execution if any harm came to the ethnic Germans from the city who were detained and held by the Polish authorities during the invasion of Poland. After their initial release on the return of the members of the German minority, they were re-arrested and most of them were shot.[51] On 9 September a further 85 Poles were imprisoned by the Germans.[50] The German authorities destroyed the city's monuments to Polish independence,[52] and banned Polish priests from speaking Polish during church masses.[53]
On 4 September, the Einsatzgruppe V demanded a list of names of all members of the 600-strong Jewish community within 14 hours, as well as a list of all their possessions. They were also fined 20,000 zlotych[54]
On 6 September, the whole city was covered with posters demanding that Jews and "mixed races" of category I and IInd degree (so-called Mischlinge, i.e. persons of mixed race) gather at the headquarters of the Einsatzgruppe V (established in the local school). Around 100 people responded to the demand and were immediately arrested and robbed. After this they were transported to an unknown destination and disappeared – it is believed that they were most likely executed by the Germans in the Mniszek-Grupa forests.[55][56]
On 19 October, the city was visited by the
Grudziądz was the location of the
Selbstschutz participation in mass murder
Alongside the military and Einsatzgruppen administration, the first structures of Selbstschutz were established – a paramilitary formation of members of the German minority in the region. The head of Selbstschutz in Grudziądz was Doctor Joachim Gramse.[58][59] In October 1939, Selbstschutz created an internment camp for Poles seeking to restore Polish independence, whose commandant was a local German Kurt Gotze.[59]
Teachers, officials, social workers, doctors, merchants, members of patriotic organisations, lawyers, policemen, farmers and 150 Polish priests were held in this camp.[60] There were also around 200 Polish boys, students of local schools, who were soon deported to forced labour in Germany.[60] It is estimated that around 4,000 to 5,000 people went through the camp.[60] Other arrested Poles were held in the cellars of the Grudziądz Fortress.[58] The local Germans who ran the camp established their own "court" which decided the fate of the prisoners. The "court" comprised: Kurt Gotze, Helmut Domke, Horst Kriedte, Hans Abromeit (owner of a drugstore), Paul Neuman (barber).[61] Based on their decisions, some of the prisoners were sent to concentration camps, 300 were murdered en masse; only a few were released.[60][62] Those sentenced to death were mostly executed through shooting by the Selbstschutz in Księże Góry near Grudziądz; in October and November 1939 several hundred people were murdered there and their bodies buried in five mass graves.[63] The victims were usually shot at the edges of already dug out graves.[64]
Further executions were carried out in desolate areas of Grudziądz: on 11 November 1939 near Grudziądz Fortress, the Selbstschutz executed ten Polish teachers, four Polish priests and four women.[65] Additionally, 37 people were murdered in Grudziądz city park.[63] On 29 October 1939 a unit of Selbstschutz mass-murdered ten Polish hostages as revenge for posters that had appeared in the city calling for resistance against Nazi occupation.[61]
World War II aftermath
As the result of heavy fighting in 1945, over 60% of the city was destroyed. Soviet Major
Population
In 2018, it was populated by 95,045 inhabitants. [citation needed]
Education
- Nicolaus Copernicus University
- Grudziądzka Szkoła Wyższa
Sport
Grudziądz has two professional sports teams. The largest following has the popular speedway team GKM Grudziądz, who race at the Grudziądz Speedway Stadium and compete in the Ekstraliga (Poland's top division), whereas the local football team Olimpia Grudziądz has a slightly more modest following, playing in the lower leagues (as of 2022). GKS Olimpia Grudziądz is also a multi-sports club with athletics and judo sections.[66]
Notable people
- Piotr of Grudziądz (c. 1400–1480), composer
- Johann Stobäus (1580–1646), composer
- Alfred Wohl (1863–1946), German chemist
- Alexander Pohlmann (1865–1952), politician
- Max Winkler (1875–1961), Mayor of Graudenz
- Ernst Hardt (1876–1947), writer
- Waldemar Kophamel (1880–1934), U-boat commander
- Leo White (1882–1948), stage performer
- Alfons Hoffmann (1895–1963), Polish engineer
- Bolesław Orliński (1899–1992), Polish aviator and test pilot
- Kurt Weyher (1901–1991), Admiral
- Erich Witte (1911–2008), stage actor, operatic tenor and opera director
- Antoni Czortek (1915–2003), Polish boxing champion
- City and GuildsCollege of London Institute
- Waldemar Baszanowski (1935–2011), Olympic champion weightlifter
- Stefania Toczyska (born 1943), mezzo-soprano
- Bronisław Malinowski(1951–1981), Olympic Champion in the 3000m steeplechase race, 1980 Summer Olympics
- Mateusz "Scriptwelder" Sokalszczuk (born 1985), flash game developer, author of Waterworks!, a game that takes place in the city
- Krzysztof Buczkowski (born 1986), motorcycle speedway rider
Twin towns – sister cities
Grudziądz is
|
italicized that this city is suspended due to Russian Invasion of Ukraine.
Sights
-
Szultz Port (at present Grudziadz Marina)
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Memorial to Polish soldiers, main market square
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St. Mary's Church
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Church ofSt. Francis Xavier
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Sobieski High School
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St. Nicholas' Basilica (Bazylika św. Mikołaja)
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The Piotr Janowski City Park (Park Miejski im. Piotra Janowskiego)
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Main Post Office
-
Klimek Tower (Wieża Klimek)
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Witold Pilecki monument
-
Uhlan and Girl Monument
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TheBronisław MalinowskiBridge
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After factory water tower
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War cemetery
References
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- ISBN 978-3-87134-644-6. Quotation:"Es habe auf ihn,..., den Eindruck einer modernen und "leider völlig deutschen" Stadt gemacht,"
- ISBN 3-447-03997-3. Archivedfrom the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
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- ISBN 978-3-447-06233-6. Archivedfrom the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
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- ^ Volk, Staat, Gott!«Die deutsche Minderheit in Polen und ihr Schulwesen 1918–1939, page 585
- ^ a b Maria Wardzyńska: Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2009, p. 109.
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- ISBN 978-83-920686-1-7
- ^ Jan Sziling. Niektóre problemy okupacji hitlerowskiej w Grudziądzu (1939–1945). "Rocznik Grudziądzki". V-VI, ss. 448–449, 1962.
- ^ Jochen Böhler, Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Jürgen Matthäus: Einsatzgruppen w Polsce. Warszawa: Bellona, 2009, page. 89
- ^ Jan Sziling. Niektóre problemy okupacji hitlerowskiej w Grudziądzu. S. 450.
- ^ Barbara Bojarska: Eksterminacja inteligencji polskiej na Pomorzu Gdańskim p. 124.
- ISBN 978-83-920686-1-7.
- ^ a b Jan Sziling. Niektóre problemy okupacji hitlerowskiej w Grudziądzu... p. 451
- ^ a b Henryk Bierut: Martyrologia grudziądzan podczas okupacji hitlerowskiej. Grudziądz: Wydawnictwo Komitetu Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa w Grudziądzu, 1999, p. 9
- ^ a b c d Maria Wardzyńska: Był rok 1939... page 171.
- ^ a b Henryk Bierut: Martyrologia grudziądzan podczas okupacji hitlerowskiej. pages 10–11
- ^ Bogdan Chrzanowski: Eksterminacja ludności polskiej w pierwszych miesiącach okupacji (wrzesień − grudzień 1939) w: Stutthof: hitlerowski obóz koncentracyjny. Warszawa: Interpress, 1988, page 16.
- ^ a b Maria Wardzyńska: Był rok 1939, page 172
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- ^ Zbigniew Otremba: Grudziądz. Kronika miasta. Gdańsk: wydawnictwo Regnum, 2007, pages 81–82.
- ^ "Oficjalna Strona GKS Olimpia Grudziądz" (in Polish). Retrieved 12 March 2023.
External links
- Media related to Grudziądz at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website
- History website
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 381. .