Guadalupian

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Guadalupian
273.01 ± 0.14 – 259.51 ± 0.21 Ma
Epoch
Stratigraphic unitSeries
Time span formalityFormal
Lower boundary definitionFAD of the Conodont Jinogondolella nanginkensis
Lower boundary GSSPStratotype Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, USA
31°52′36″N 104°52′36″W / 31.8767°N 104.8768°W / 31.8767; -104.8768
Lower GSSP ratified2001[2]
Upper boundary definitionFAD of the Conodont Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri
Upper boundary GSSPPenglaitan Section, Laibin, Guangxi, China
23°41′43″N 109°19′16″E / 23.6953°N 109.3211°E / 23.6953; 109.3211
Upper GSSP ratified2004[3]

The Guadalupian is the second and middle

end-Capitanian extinction event
. The Guadalupian was previously known as the Middle Permian.

Name and background

The Guadalupian is the second and middle series or epoch of the Permian.[6] Previously called Middle Permian, the name of this epoch is part of a revision of Permian stratigraphy for standard global correlation. The name "Guadalupian" was first proposed in the early 1900s,[7] and approved by the International Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy in 1996.[8] References to the Middle Permian still exist.[9] The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains in New Mexico.[9][10] The International Chronostratigraphic Chart V2021/07 provides a numerical age of 273.01 ± 0.14 – 259.51 ± 0.21 mya.[11]

Biodiversity

theriodonts.[13] After a brief burst of evolutionary diversity, the dinocephalians died out in the later Guadalupian.[13]

Titanophoneus, top of the food chain in the Guadalupian

A

mass extinction occurred 273 million years ago in the early Guadalupian before the larger Permian–Triassic extinction event.[14] This extinction was originally called Olson's Gap because it was thought to be a problem in preservation of fossils. Since the 1990s it has been renamed Olson's Extinction. This extinction event occurred near the beginning of the epoch and led to an extended period of low diversity when two-thirds of terrestrial vertebrate life was lost worldwide.[15] Global diversity rose dramatically by the end probably the result of disaster taxa filling empty guilds, only to fall again when the end-Guadalupian event caused a diversity drop in the Wuchiapingian.[14]

There is no agreed cause for the Olson's Extinction.

Climate change may be a possible cause. Extreme environments were observed from the Permian of Kansas which resulted from a combination of hot climate and acidic waters particularly coincident with Olson's Extinction.[16]
Whether this climate change was a result of Earth's natural processes or exacerbated by another event is unknown.

Climate

The climate resembled that of much of central Asia today.

Pangea was a supercontinent and had very hot dry summers and cold bitter winters. At this time on the equator there was a desert that reached 74 degrees Celsius.[17] The coasts were tropical and had monsoons.[9]

The first two-thirds of the epoch were the continuation of a temperate and tropical climate. This started to dry out and the coal forming of the previous epoch stopped. The change in climate also provided a new environment for new tetrapods, reptiles, fish, plants, and invertebrates.[9]

In the last third the temperature started to drop and many coral reefs died out. If that was not enough, increased volcano activity brought a reduction in oxygen, a greenhouse and mass extinction.[9]

Subdivisions

There are three stages in the guadalupian, they are the Roadian, Wordian, and Capitanian.

Roadian

The Roadian Stage was between 272.3 ± 0.5 – 268.8 ± 0.5 Mya.

Olson's Extinction was a worldwide loss of terrestrial vertebrate life that occurred during the Roadian and Wordian.

Fauna did not recover fully from Olson's Extinction before the impact of the Permian-Triassic extinction event. Estimates of recovery time vary, where some authors indicated recovery was prolonged, lasting 30 million years into the Triassic.[14]

Several important events took place during Olson's Extinction, most notably the origin of

Xidagou Formation (Dashankou locality) in China of Roadian age may provide more information on this topic.[18]

Wordian

The Wordian Stage was between 268.8 ± 0.5 – 265.1 ± 0.4 Mya.

The base of the Wordian Stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species Jinogondolella aserrata first appear. The global reference profile for this stratigraphic boundary is located at Getaway Ledge in the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas.

The top of the Wordian (the base of the Capitanian Stage) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where the conodont species Jinogondolella postserrata first appears.

Capitanian

The Capitanian Stage was between 265.1 ± 0.4 – 259.8 ± 0.4 Mya.

The Guadalupian ended with a deteriorating environment, Greenhouse conditions, and several series of mass-extinctions; both the great

dinocephalians, other taxa on land and various invertebrates in the sea. They would be succeeded by new types of therapsids, especially the gorgonopsians among others.[9]

A significant mass extinction event (the

End-Capitanian extinction event) occurred at the end of this epoch, which was associated with anoxia and acidification in the oceans and possibly caused by the volcanic eruptions that produced the Emeishan Traps.[19] This extinction event may be related to the much larger Permian–Triassic extinction event
that followed about 10 million years later.

cooling of global climates.[20]

This climatic cooling may have caused the end-Capitanian extinction event among species that lived in warm water, like larger

bivalves (Alatoconchidae) and rugose corals, and Waagenophyllidae.[21]

Other subdivisions

Subdivisions that are sometimes used are,

References

  1. ^ "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. September 2023. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
  2. ^ "GSSP for Roadian Stage". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  3. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i4/003
    . Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  4. ^ "Linked Data - Object Viewer". vocabs.ardc.edu.au. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  5. ISBN 978-0-521-78673-7
    .
  6. ^ International Commission on Stratigraphy. "Chart". Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  7. ISBN 978-0-521-78673-7
    . Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  8. ^ Ganelin, V.G.; Goman'kov, A.V.; Grunt, T.A.; Durante, M.V. (January 1997). "On the revised stratigraphic scale for the Permian System adopted at the Second Guadalupian Symposium, alpine, Texas, USA, April 1996". Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation. 5 (2): 126–130.
  9. ^ a b c d e f "The Guadalupian Epoch".
  10. ISBN 978-0-19-965306-5
    .
  11. ^ Cohen, K.M.; Harper, D.A.T.; Gibbard, P.L.; Car, N. (July 2021). "International chronostratigraphic chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  12. ^ "Synapsid Classification & Apomorphies". tolweb.org.
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-0253005335
    .
  14. ^
    PMID 18198148
    .
  15. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.004
    .
  16. S2CID 130574975
    .
  17. ^ "Kansas was unbearably hot 270 million years ago". 28 March 2013.
  18. S2CID 55062279
    .
  19. ISSN 0016-7606
    .
  20. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.06.006
    .
  21. ISSN 0031-0182
    .
  22. ^ "GeoWhen Database - Kazanian". www.stratigraphy.org.
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