Guangdong

Most populous province of China

Province in China

Guangdong 广东 Canton, Kwangtung
Township-|level		21 prefectures 122 counties 1609 towns and subdistricts
Government
• Type	Province
• Body	Guangdong Provincial People's Congress
• CCP Secretary	Huang Kunming
• Congress Chairman	Huang Chuping
• Governor	Wang Weizhong
• Provincial CPPCC Chairman	Lin Keqing
• National People's Congress Representation	169 deputies
Area [1]
• Total	179,800 km2 (69,400 sq mi)
• Rank	15th
Highest elevation (Shikengkong)	1,902 m (6,240 ft)
Population  (2020)[2]
• Total	126,012,510
• Rank	1st
• Density	700/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
• Rank	7th
Demographics
• Ethnic composition	Han – 99% Zhuang – 0.7% Yao – 0.2%

Guangdong
Tâi-lô		Ua̍t
Leizhou Romanization	O̍et

Guangdong^[a] is a coastal province located in South China, on the north shore of the South China Sea.^[7] The provincial capital is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.84 million (as of 2021)^[3] across a total area of about 179,800 km² (69,400 sq mi),^[1] Guangdong is the most populous province of China and the 15th-largest by area as well as the third-most populous country subdivision in the world.

Guangdong's economy is currently the largest of any

Asia-Pacific region.^[9]

The province of Guangdong surpassed Henan and Shandong to become the most populous province in China in January 2005, registering 79.1 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year;^[10][11] the total population was 126,012,510 in the 2020 Chinese census, accounting for 8.93 percent of mainland China's population.^[12] This makes it the most populous first-level administrative subdivision of any country outside of South Asia. The vast majority of the historical Guangdong Province is administered by the People's Republic of China (PRC). Pratas Island in the South China Sea is part of Cijin District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (ROC); the island was previously part of Guangdong Province before the Chinese Civil War.^[13][14]

After the unification of

tea ceremony have been spread throughout the nation, Southeast Asia and other countries. Guangdong was also the birthplace of the father of modern China and the founder of the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen where he later declared a military government in the Warlord Era. The two special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau fall within the scope of Guangdong cultural influence, and Guangdong culture still has profound influences on the Chinese in Singapore and Malaysia

, with the vast majority of the Chinese diaspora in the two countries claiming ancestry from Guangdong Province.

Guangdong is also one of the leading provinces in research and education in China. Guangdong hosts 160 institutions of higher education, ranking first in South Central China region and 2nd among all Chinese provinces/municipalities after Jiangsu.^[15] As of 2023, two major cities in the province ranked in the top 20 cities in the world (Guangzhou 9th and Shenzhen 19th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.^[16]

Name

"Guǎng" (traditional Chinese: 廣; simplified Chinese: 广) means "wide" or "vast", and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226.^[17] The name "Guang" ultimately came from Guangxin (廣信; 广信), an outpost established in Han dynasty near modern Wuzhou, whose name is a reference to an order by Emperor Wu of Han to "widely bestow favors and sow trust". Together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called Loeng gwong (兩廣; 两广; liǎng guǎng) During the Song dynasty, the Two Guangs were formally separated as Guǎngnán Dōnglù (廣南東路; 广南东路; 'East Circuit in Southern Guang') and Guǎngnán Xīlù (廣南西路; 广南西路; 'West Circuit in Southern Guang'), which became abbreviated as Guǎngdōng Lù (廣東路; 广东路) and Guǎngxī Lù (廣西路; 广西路).

"Canton", though etymologically derived from Cantão (the Portuguese

Cantonese in English. Because of the prestige of Canton and its accent, Cantonese can also be used, in a wider sense, for the phylogenetically related residents and Chinese dialects outside the provincial capital.^{[citation needed}

]

History

Republic of China

Prehistory

The Neolithic era began in the Pearl River Delta (珠江三角洲) 7,000 years before present (BP), with the early period from around 7000 to 5000 BP (c. 5050–3050 BC), and the late period from about 5000 to 3500 BP (c. 3050–1550 BC). In coastal Guangdong, the Neolithic was likely introduced from the middle Yangtze River area (Jiao 2013). In inland Guangdong, the neolithic appeared in Guangdong 4,600 years before present (BP). The Neolithic in northern inland Guangdong is represented by the Shixia culture (石峽文化), which occurred from 4600 to 4200 BP (c. 2650–2250 BC).^[23]

Imperial

Originally inhabited by a mixture of tribal groups known to the Chinese as the

Panyu, near what is now part of Guangzhou. The region was an independent kingdom as Nanyue between the fall of Qin and the reign of Emperor Wu of Han. The Han dynasty administered Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam as Jiaozhi Province; southernmost Jiaozhi Province was used as a gateway for traders from the west—as far away as the Roman Empire. Under the Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms period, Guangdong was made its own province, the Guang Province, in 226 CE.^{[citation needed}

]

Canton was a prosperous port city along a tropical frontier region beset by disease and wild animals, but rich in oranges,

river where many traders of diverse backgrounds including Arabs and Singhalese took up residence.^[24]

The port's importance declined after it was raided by Arabs and Persians in 758 and the foreign residents were at times troubled by the corrupt local officials, sometimes responding violently. During one incident in 684, for example, a merchant vessel's captain murdered a corrupt governor who had used his position to steal from the merchant.[24]

Together with

Lingnan Circuit (political division Circuit), or Mountain-South Circuit, in 627 during the Tang dynasty. The Guangdong part of Lingnan Circuit was renamed Guangnan East Circuit (廣南東路) in 971 during the Song dynasty (960–1279). "Guangnan East" (廣南東) is the source of the name "Guangdong" (廣東; 广东).^[25]

^: 227

As time passed, the demographics of what is now Guangdong gradually shifted to (

the rebellion of An Lushan resulted in a 75% increase in the population of Guangzhou prefecture between the 740s–750s and 800s–810s.^[26] As more migrants arrived, the local population was gradually assimilated to Han Chinese culture^[27]

or displaced.

As

Southern Song court fled southwards from its capital in Hangzhou. The defeat of the Southern Song court by Mongol naval forces in The Battle of Yamen 1279 in Guangdong marked the end of the Southern Song dynasty (960–1279).^[28]

During the Mongol Yuan dynasty, large parts of current Guangdong belonged to Jiangxi.^[29] Its present name, "Guangdong Province" was given in early Ming dynasty.

Since the 16th century, Guangdong has had extensive trade links with the rest of the world. European merchants coming northwards via the

Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea, particularly the Portuguese and British, traded extensively through Guangzhou. Macau, on the southern coast of Guangdong, was the first European settlement in 1557.^{[citation needed}

]

In the 19th century, the

opium traded through Guangzhou triggered the First Opium War, opening an era of Western imperialists' incursion and intervention in China. In addition to Macau, which was then a Portuguese colony, Hong Kong was ceded to the British, and Kouang-Tchéou-Wan (modern day area of Zhanjiang) to the French.^{[citation needed}

]

Due to the large number of people that emigrated out of the Guangdong province, and in particular the ease of immigration from Hong Kong to other parts of the

Teochew dialects have proportionately more speakers among overseas Chinese people than Mandarin-speaking Chinese. Additionally, many Taishanese-speaking Chinese emigrated to Western countries, with the results that many Western versions of Chinese words were derived from the Cantonese dialects rather than through the mainstream Mandarin language, such as "dim sum". Some Mandarin Chinese words originally of foreign origin also came from the original foreign language by way of Cantonese. For example, the Mandarin word níngméng (simplified Chinese: 柠檬; traditional Chinese: 檸檬), meaning "Lemon", came from Cantonese, in which the characters are pronounced as lìng mung.^[30] In the United States, there is a large number of Chinese who are descendants of immigrants from the county-level city of Taishan (Toisan in Cantonese), who speak a distinctive dialect related to Cantonese called Taishanese

(or Toishanese).

During the 1850s, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, whose leader Hong Xiuquan was born in Guangdong and received a pamphlet from a Protestant Christian missionary in Guangdong, was allied with a local Guangdong Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856). Because of direct contact with the West, Guangdong was the centre of anti-Manchu and anti-imperialist activity. The generally acknowledged founder of modern China, Sun Yat-sen, was also from Guangdong.

20th century

During the early 1920s of the

Whampoa Military Academy

was built near Guangzhou to train military commanders.

At the end of the

retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan.^[31]

The new

Chinese land reform policy in order to protect successful businesses in the Pearl River Delta, landholdings by overseas Chinese seeking to eventually return to the country, and commercial relations with British Hong Kong. In response Mao Zedong purged Fang and thousands of cadres from the province in 1952, sending Tao Zhu to implement a much harsher program under the slogan "Every Village Bleeds, Every Household Fights."^[32]

During

Reform and Opening Up, Guangdong was supported by the central government to be "one step ahead" of the rest of the country.^[33]: 43 Most major cities in Guangdong underwent liberalizing economic reforms in the mid-1980s.^[33]: 43 Since Reform and Opening Up, the province has seen extremely rapid economic growth, aided in part by its close trading links with Hong Kong

, which borders it. It is now the province with the highest gross domestic product in China.

In 1952, a small section of Guangdong's coastline (Qinzhou, Lianzhou (now Hepu County), Fangchenggang and Beihai) was given to Guangxi, giving it access to the sea. This was reversed in 1955, and then restored in 1965. Hainan Island was originally part of Guangdong, but it was separated into its own province in 1988.

Geography

Guangdong faces the

Pearl River and Humen Bridge

Guangdong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa inland, Cwa along the coast). Winters are short, mild, and relatively dry, while summers are long, hot, and very wet. Average daily highs in Guangzhou in January and July are 18 and 33 °C (64 and 91 °F), although the humidity makes it feel hotter in summer. Frost is rare on the coast but may happen a few days each winter.

Economy

In 2022, Guangdong's GDP was 13.57 trillion

After the

Guangdong's economic boom began with the early 1990s and has since spread to neighboring provinces, and also pulled their populations inward. The economic growth of Guangdong province owes much to the low-value-added manufacturing which characterized (and in many ways still defines) the province's economy following Deng Xiaoping's reforms. Guangdong is not only China's largest exporter of goods, it is the country's largest importer as well.^[39]

The province is now one of the richest in the nation, with the most billionaires in mainland China,^[40] the highest GDP among all the provinces, although wage growth has only recently begun to rise due to a large influx of migrant workers from neighboring provinces. By 2015, the local government of Guangdong hopes that the service industry will account for more than 50 percent of the provinces GDP and high-tech manufacturing another 20 percent.^[39]

In 2021, Guangdong's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 534 billion RMB (US$79.4 billion), 5.28 trillion RMB (US$785.6 billion), and 7.09 trillion RMB (US$1.05 trillion), respectively.

• Shenzhen Export Processing Zone
• Shenzhen
  Futian Free Trade Zone^[41]
• Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park
• Yantian
  Port Free Trade Zone
• Foshan National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone^[42]
• Guangzhou Development District
• Guangzhou Export Processing Zone
• Guangzhou Free Trade Zone
• Guangzhou Nansha Economic and Technical Development Zone
• Guangzhou Nanhu Lake Tourist Holiday Resort (Chinese Version)
• Guangzhou New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
• Huizhou Dayawan Economic and Technological Development Zone
• Huizhou Export Processing Zone
• Huizhou Zhongkai Hi-Tech Development Zone
• Nansha Free Trade Zone
• Shantou Free Trade Zone
• Shatoujiao
  Free Trade Zone
• Zhanjiang Economic and Technological Development Zone (Chinese Version)
• Zhuhai National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
• Zhuhai Free Trade Zone
• Zhongshan Torch High-tech Industrial Development Zone

Demographics

Guangdong officially became the

In 2021, Guangdong's population is 74.6% urban and 25.4% rural.^[3]

Genealogy

Guangdong is the ancestral home of large numbers of

Guangdong has a highly unbalanced gender ratio that is among the highest of all provinces in China. According to a 2009 study published in The British Medical Journal, in the 1–4 age group, there are over 130 boys for every 100 girls.^[54]

Religion

According to a 2012 survey

According to a survey conducted in 2007, 43.71% of the population believes and is involved in

Chenghuangshen (City God) of Jieyang.

Temple of the Great Buddha in Guangzhou.

Guangdong is governed by a one-party system like the rest of China. The Governor is in charge of provincial affairs; however, the Communist Party Secretary, often from outside of Guangdong, keeps the Governor in check.

Relations with Hong Kong and Macau

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The central region, which is also the political and economic center, is populated predominantly by Yue Chinese speakers, though the influx in the last three decades of millions of Mandarin-speaking immigrants has slightly diminished Cantonese linguistic dominance. This region is associated with Cantonese cuisine. Dim Sum is one famous example of Cantonese cuisine, dividing Cantonese food into small portions and served with small dishes. Cantonese opera is a form of Chinese opera popular in Cantonese speaking areas. Related Yue dialects are spoken in most of the western half of the province.

The area comprising the cities of

The Hakka people live in large areas of Guangdong, including Huizhou, Meizhou, Shenzhen, Heyuan, Shaoguan and other areas. Much of the Eastern part of Guangdong is populated by the Hakka people except for the Chaozhou and Hailufeng area. Hakka culture include Hakka cuisine, Han opera (simplified Chinese: 汉剧; traditional Chinese: 漢劇), Hakka Hanyue and sixian (traditional instrumental music) and Hakka folk songs (客家山歌).

The outcast Tanka people traditionally live on boats throughout the coasts and rivers of Guangdong and much of Southern China.

Mandarin is the language used in education and government and in areas where there are migrants from other provinces, above all in Shenzhen. Cantonese maintains a strong and dominant position in common usage and media, even in eastern areas of the province where the local languages and dialects are non-Yue ones.

Guangdong Province is notable for being the birthplace of many famous Xiangqi (Chinese chess) grandmasters such as Lü Qin, Yang Guanli, Cai Furu and Xu Yinchuan.

Education and research

As of 2022, Guangdong hosts 160 institutions of higher education, ranking first in South Central China region and 2nd among all Chinese provinces/municipalities after Jiangsu (168).^[15] Guangdong is also the seat of 14 adult higher education institutions.^[15] Many universities and colleges are located in major cities like Shenzhen and Guangzhou. Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong, hosts 83 institutions of higher education (excluding adult colleges), ranking 1st in South China region and 2nd (tie) nationwide after Beijing.^[57] Guangdong Province Department of Education is the department of the provincial government that oversees education.

As of 2023, two major cities in the province ranked in the top 20 cities in the world (Guangzhou 8th and Shenzhen 19th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.^[58]

Colleges and universities

National / Double First-Class

Provincial

• Dongguan Institute of Technology
• Dongguan University of Technology
• Foshan University
• Guangdong Education and Research Network
• Guangdong General Hospital
• Guangdong Institute of Education
• Guangdong Institute of Science and Technology
• Guangdong Medical College
• Guangdong Ocean University
• Guangdong Petrochemical Academy
• Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
• Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University
• Guangdong Radio and TV University
• Guangdong University of Finance & Economics
• Guangdong University of Finance
• Guangdong University of Technology
• Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts
• Guangzhou Education College
• Guangzhou Normal University
• Guangzhou Sports University
• Guangzhou University
• Hanshan Teachers College
• Huizhou University
• Panyu Polytechnic
• Shaoguan University
• Shenzhen Party School
• Shantou University
• Shenzhen University
• Shenzhen Technology University
• Shenzhen Polytechnic
• Shunde University
• Southern Medical University
• Wuyi University
• Xijiang University
• Xinghai Conservatory of Music
• Zhanjiang Normal University
• Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering
• Zhaoqing University

Sports

List of current professional sports based in Guangdong:

Tourism

Notable attractions include

Guangdong is divided into twenty-one

Administrative divisions of Guangdong
Guangzhou Shaoguan Shenzhen Zhuhai Shantou Foshan Jiangmen Zhanjiang Maoming Zhaoqing Huizhou Meizhou Shanwei Heyuan Yangjiang Qingyuan Dongguan Zhongshan Chaozhou Jieyang Yunfu ↑ Macau Hong Kong ☐ Jieshi Town, Lufeng, Shanwei ( Pratas Iss.). Claimed by  PRC & controlled by  ROC, see Political status of Taiwan .
Division code[59]	Division	Area in km2[60]	Population 2020[61]	Seat	Divisions[62]
					Districts	Counties	Aut. counties	CL cities
440000	Guangdong Province	179,800.00	126,012,510	Guangzhou city	65	34	3	20
440100	Guangzhou city	7,434.40	18,676,605	Yuexiu District	11
440200	Shaoguan city	18,412.53	2,855,131	Zhenjiang District	3	4	1	2
440300	Shenzhen city	1,996.78	17,560,061	Futian District	9*
440400	Zhuhai city	1,724.32	2,439,585	Xiangzhou District	3
440500	Shantou city	2,248.39	5,502,031	Jinping District	6	1
440600	Foshan city	3,848.49	9,498,863	Chancheng District	5
440700	Jiangmen city	9,505.42	4,798,090	Pengjiang District	3			4
440800	Zhanjiang city	13,225.44	6,981,236	Chikan District	4	2		3
440900	Maoming city	11,424.8	6,174,050	Maonan District	2			3
441200	Zhaoqing city	14,891.23	4,113,594	Duanzhou District	3	4		1
441300	Huizhou city	11,342.98	6,042,852	Huicheng District	2	3
441400	Meizhou city	15,864.51	3,873,239	Meijiang District	2	5		1
441500	Shanwei city	4,861.79	2,672,819	Cheng District	1	2		1
441600	Heyuan city	15,653.63	2,837,686	Yuancheng District	1	5
441700	Yangjiang city	7,955.27	2,602,959	Jiangcheng District	2	1		1
441800	Qingyuan city	19,152.90	3,969,473	Qingcheng District	2	2	2	2
441900	Dongguan city**	2,465.00	10,466,625	Nancheng Subdistrict
442000	Zhongshan city**	1,783.67	4,418,060	Dongqu Subdistrict
445100	Chaozhou city	3,145.89	2,568,387	Xiangqiao District	2	1
445200	Jieyang city	5,265.38	5,577,814	Rongcheng District	2	2		1
445300	Yunfu city	7,779.12	2,383,350	Yuncheng District	2	2		1
Sub-provincial cities * – not including the new districts which are not registered under the Ministry of Civil Affairs (not included in the total Districts' count) ** – direct-piped cities – does not contain any county-level divisions

The twenty-one

International relations

Guangdong is twinned with:

• Aichi Prefecture, Japan^[65]
• Hawaiʻi, United States of America^[66]
• New South Wales, Australia^[67]
• 
  Gujarat, India
• California, United States of America^[68]

See also

• Governors of Guangdong
• Major national historical and cultural sites in Guangdong

Notes

References

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Sources

• Economic profile for Guangdong at the Hong Kong Trade Development Council

External links

Look up Guangdong, Canton, or Kwangtung in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Guangdong (category)

• Guangdong travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Guangdong provincial government official website (in Chinese)
• Complete Map of the Seven Coastal Provinces from 1821 to 1850 (in English and Chinese)
• Pictures and comments about life in Guangdong