Guanzhong dialect
Guanzhong dialect | |
---|---|
Xi'anese | |
西安話 Xǐ'ngǎnhuā | |
Native to | China |
Region | Guanzhong, Shaanxi |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | xian1253 |
The Guanzhong dialect (
The varieties spoken in northern and southern Shaanxi differ from that of Guanzhong, such as that of Hanzhong, which is a Southwestern Mandarin lect, more closely related to Sichuanese.[2]
In general, the Guanzhong dialect can be classified into two sub-dialects: the Xifu dialect (西府话; 西府話), or the 'dialect of the western prefectures', which is spoken in the west of Xi'an, in Baoji of Shaanxi Province; Tianshui, Qingyang, Pingliang, Longnan of Gansu Province; and south of Guyuan of Ningxia Province, and the Dongfu dialect (东府话; 東府話), or the 'dialect of the eastern prefectures', spoken in Xi'an, Weinan, Tongchuan, Xianyang and Shangluo of Shaanxi Province.[citation needed]
Due to the prevalence of
Although Xi'an was established by the 11th century BCE, The remainder of this article describes the urban variety of Xi'an.
Phonology
Note: The following is a description of the lect of urban Xi'an, and should not be used as a generalization of all of Guanzhong.
Like other Mandarin dialects, Xi'anese is tonal has a strict CGVN
Initials
Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩
|
ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | |||
Plosive
|
Aspirated
|
pʰ ⟨p⟩ | tʰ ⟨t⟩ | kʰ ⟨k⟩ | ||
Unaspirated | p ⟨b⟩ | t ⟨d⟩
|
k ⟨g⟩ | |||
Affricate
|
Aspirated
|
tsʰ ⟨c⟩ | tʂʰ ⟨ch⟩ | tɕʰ ⟨q⟩ | ||
Unaspirated | ts ⟨z⟩ | tʂʰ ⟨zh⟩ | tɕʰ ⟨j⟩ | |||
Fricative
|
Voiceless
|
f ⟨f⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ʂ ⟨sh⟩ | ɕ ⟨x⟩ | x ⟨h⟩ |
Voiced
|
v ⟨v⟩ | ʐ ⟨r⟩ |
Older speakers may also have a pair of labiodental affricates /pf pfʰ/.
Finals
Glide / Nucleus | ∅ | ɑ | ɛ | ɤ | o | ei | ɑu | ou | ẽ | æ̃ | əŋ | ɑŋ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
∅ | ɿ ⟨i⟩ | ʅ ⟨i⟩ | ɑ ⟨a⟩ | ɛ ⟨ai⟩ | ɤ ⟨e⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ | ei ⟨ei⟩ | ɑu ⟨au⟩ | ou ⟨ou⟩ | ẽ ⟨en⟩ | æ̃ ⟨an⟩ | əŋ ⟨eng⟩ | ɑŋ ⟨ang⟩ |
i | i ⟨i⟩ | iɑ ⟨ia⟩ | iɛ ⟨ie⟩ | iɑu ⟨iao⟩ | iou ⟨iu⟩ | iẽ ⟨in⟩ | iæ̃ ⟨ian⟩ | iŋ ⟨ing⟩ | iɑŋ ⟨iang⟩ | ||||
u | u ⟨u⟩ | uɑ ⟨ua⟩ | uɛ ⟨uai⟩ | uo ⟨uo⟩ | uei ⟨ui⟩ | uẽ ⟨un⟩ | uæ̃ ⟨uan⟩ | uŋ ⟨ung⟩ | uɑŋ ⟨uang⟩ | ||||
y | y ⟨ü⟩ | yɛ ⟨üe⟩ | yo ⟨üo⟩ | yẽ ⟨ün⟩ | yæ̃ ⟨üan⟩ | yŋ ⟨üng⟩ |
Some older speakers may have an irregular /ɯ/ rime for some words with the /ɤ/ (e) final.
Erhua
Erhua in Xi'an's local variety is rhotic. All rimes have the potential to undergo erhua aside from er and /ɯ/. Note that, as per Sinological IPA, /r/ refers to an approximant [ɹ ~ ɻ].[4][5]
Plain rime | Erhua rime |
---|---|
i (/ɿ ʅ/), ei, en, eng | /ər/ |
i (/i/), in, ing | /iər/ |
u, ui, uen, ung | /uər/ |
ü, üen, üng | /yər/ |
a, ai, an, ang | /ɑr/ |
ia, ian, iang | /iɑr/ |
uo, uai, uan, uang | /uɑr/ |
üan | /yɑr/ |
ie | /iɛr/ |
üe | /yɛr/ |
e | /ɤr/ |
o | /or/ |
uo | /uor/ |
üo | /yor/ |
au | /ɑur/ |
iau | /iɑr/ |
ou | /our/ |
iu | /iour/ |
Tones
The speech of Xi'an has four tones and one neutral tone. It also has tone sandhi system.[5] [4]
Traditional name | Tone value | Diacritic |
---|---|---|
Dark level | 21 /˨˩/ | caron (ǎ) |
Light level | 24 /˨˦/ | acute (á) |
Rising | 53 /˥˧/ | grave (à) |
Departing | 44 /˦/ | macron (ā) |
Like many other Northern Mandarin varieties, the variety lacks a checked tone, and instead distributes it regularly in its other tone categories.
Right-prominent sandhi
Two syllables with dark level tones spoken in succession results in the prior's tone mutating into 24 /˨˦/.
Term | Pinyin | IPA | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
開花 | kěhuǎ → kéhuǎ | kʰɛ˨˩꜕꜓ xua˨˩ | 'to blossom' |
東北 | dǒngběi → dóngběi | tuŋ˨˩꜕꜓ pei˨˩ | 'northeast' |
Two syllables with rising tones spoken in succession or a rising tone followed by a neutral tone results in the prior's tone mutating into 21 /˨˩/.
Term | Pinyin | IPA | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
手錶 | shòubiào → shǒubiào | ʂou˥˧꜕꜖ piau˥˧ | 'wristwatch' |
保險 | bàoxiàn → bǎoxiàn | pau˥˧꜕꜖ ɕiæ̃˥˧ | 'insurance' |
老虎 | làohu → lǎohu | lau˥˧꜕꜖ xu | 'tiger' |
Erhua sandhi
A departing tone that has an erhua suffix is realised as 53 /˥˧/.
Term | Pinyin | IPA | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
鏡兒 | jīngr → jìngr | tɕiŋr˦꜒꜔ | 'mirror' |
一半兒 | yǐpānr → yǐpànr | i˨˩ pæ̃r˦꜒꜔ | 'half' |
Certain tones, in syllables that are reduplicated and with erhua applied, undergo sandhi on the second syllable. The dark level and rising tones both is realised as 24 /˨˦/ and the departing tone becomes 53 /˥˧/.
Term | Pinyin | IPA | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
輕輕兒 | qǐngqǐngr → qǐngqíngr | tɕʰiŋ˨˩ tɕʰiŋr˨˩꜕꜓ | 'light' |
短短兒 | duànduànr → duànduánr | tuæ̃˥˧ tuæ̃˥˧꜕꜓ | 'short' |
大大兒 | dādār → dādàr | ta˦ tar˦꜒꜔ | 'large' |
Internal differences
Note: The following is a description of the lect of urban Xi'an, and is largely irrelevant to other lect areas.
The speech in all districts of Xi'an except for
Regional differences
The varieties in suburban parts of Xi'an have certain phonological differences to that of the urban center.[5]
The urban alveolar plosives /t tʰ/, when followed by /i/,
Urban | Dizhai Subdistrict | Gloss | |
---|---|---|---|
掂 | tiæ̃˨˩ | tɕiæ̃˨˩ | 'to take' |
地 | ti˦ | tɕi˦ | 'ground' |
In Dizhai, the labiodental affricates /pf pfʰ/ are realised as /tsʮ tsʰʮ/.
Urban (Old) | Dizhai Subdistrict | Gloss | |
---|---|---|---|
豬 | pfu˨˩ | tsʮ˨˩ | 'pig' |
出 | pfʰʮ˨˩ | tsʰʮ˨˩ | 'to go out' |
In many parts of suburban Xi'an, the /i/ vowel breaks into /ei/ after labiodental fricatives /f v/.
Generational differences
The speech of the youth shows clear influence from
Young people's speech merges the labiodental /pf pfʰ f v/ initials with the retroflex /tʂ tʂʰ ʂ ʐ/ series in certain situations.
Old | New | Beijing | Gloss | |
---|---|---|---|---|
豬 | pfu˨˩ | tʂu˨˩ | zhū | 'pig' |
穿 | pfʰæ̃˨˩ | tʂʰuæ̃˨˩ | chuān | 'to wear' |
書 | fu˨˩ | ʂu˨˩ | shū | 'book' |
軟 | væ̃˥˧ | ʐæ̃˥˧ | ruǎn | 'soft' |
Young people's speech breaks the /i/ vowel after labiodental fricatives /f v/.
Old | New | Beijing | Gloss | |
---|---|---|---|---|
肥 | fi˨˦ | fei˨˦ | féi | 'fat' |
味 | vi˦ | vei˦ | wèi | 'flavor' |
Religious differences
The Muslim
See also
Citations
- ^ Kurparska 2010, pp. 66, 139, 165.
- ^ Li, Rong (2012). 中國語言地圖集.
- ^ "语言工程采录展示平台". 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
- ^ ISBN 7-5320-5398-9.
- ^ ISBN 7-5343-2882-9.
- JSTOR 606615.
- ^ 6-20岁能够熟练使用方言人群比例.
- ISBN 978-7-224-11682-3.
References
- Kurparska, Maria (2010) [1977], Chinese Language(s) : A Look Through the Prism of The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects, Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, OCLC 733240264, retrieved 20 November 2014