Guinness Foreign Extra Stout

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Guinness Foreign Extra Stout
TypeStout
ManufacturerDiageo
Country of origin Ireland
Introduced1801
Alcohol by volume 7.5 (varies)
ColourDeep ruby red
FlavourRoasted malt, dark cherries, diacetyl[1]
IngredientsGrain, water, hops and yeast[2]
VariantsGuinness Extra Smooth[3]
WebsiteForeign Extra Stout
ABV
). The extra hops were intended as a natural preservative for the long journeys the beer would take by ship.

FES is the Guinness variant that is most commonly found in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean, and it accounts for almost half of Guinness sales worldwide. Over four million hectolitres of the beer were sold in Africa in 2011, where Diageo intend to grow the product into the continent's highest selling beer.[5]

Guinness Flavour Extract, a dehydrated, hopped wort extract made from barley malt and roasted barley, is used for overseas production of the stout. The syrup is shipped from Ireland, where it is added at the ratio of 1:49 to locally brewed pale beer. In most overseas markets, Guinness Flavour Extract (GFE) is blended with locally brewed beer to produce FES.

FES was marketed in Nigeria as "gives you power" in the 1960s. This was updated for 1999–2006 with the

Michael Power
campaign, which aired across Africa.

History

Guinness West India Porter, the direct predecessor of Foreign Extra Stout, was first exported from the

the Caribbean.[7] The beer was brewed solely in the cooler months between October and April in order to reduce acidification, and was matured in large wooden vats for up to two years, which gave the finished product greater stability.[8] To survive the long journey overseas, which was then taken by ship, it was brewed with extra hops and a higher alcohol content, which acted as natural preservatives for the beer.[6] Exported in barrels, the product was then bottled locally, which helped to reduce costs.[9]

The 1801 recipe included 73 per cent pale malt and 27 per cent brown malt.[10]

The first recorded shipment of the beer to the United States was in 1817.[9] In 1827, the first official shipment of Guinness on the African continent arrived in Sierra Leone.[11] The beer was renamed Foreign Extra Stout from around 1849 onwards.[12] The first recorded exports to South East Asia began in the 1860s.[13]

FES accounted for around five per cent of all Guinness production at the turn of the twentieth century, with two-thirds destined for Australia and the United States, where it was largely used as a medicinal product.[6][8] Australia remained the single largest export market for the product until 1910, when it was eclipsed by the United States.[6] Due to the expense of importation, FES was a premium product, retailing for double the price of domestic stouts.[6] Total production had reached 105,000 hogsheads by 1912.[8]

The American trade was disrupted by the onset of World War I and then discontinued entirely with the introduction of Prohibition.[6] The product was not popular when it returned in the 1930s, as drinkers now preferred the lighter and cheaper Guinness Extra Stout.[9] Following discontinuation of export during World War II, FES did not return to the United States until 1956, but this was to prove unsuccessful, and the beer was withdrawn shortly afterwards.[14]

Guinness export sales were mostly to British and Irish expatriates before 1920.[9] This changed from the 1920s onwards, and among the first natives to develop a taste for the drink were the ethnic Chinese of the Malay Peninsula.[9] A global Guinness salesman was appointed by the company in 1924, and sales began to be pursued among native populations.[9]

In 1939, shortly after the outbreak of World War II, the British War Office purchased 500,000 half-pint bottles of FES for distribution to hospitals.[9]

In 1951, exports totalled 90,000 barrels, but by 1964 had grown to 300,000 barrels.[6] By 1959, sales in Ghana had grown large enough for Guinness to establish a joint venture in the country with the United Africa Company.[15] By 1962, Nigeria had become the largest export market for Guinness, with around 100,000 barrels exported to the country every year.[16] This led the company to build a brewery in Ikeja in western Nigeria to supply the demand; it was only the third brewery in the company's history.[17] The brewery cost over £2 million, had a 150,000 barrel capacity, and was 60 per cent owned by Guinness Nigeria, 25 per cent by the United Africa Company with the remaining shares held by local Nigerian interests.[16] Breweries followed in Malaysia (1965), Cameroon (1970) and Ghana (1971), whilst licences were granted to other companies to brew Guinness under contract in other African countries and the West Indies.[18] Historically a small proportion of Guinness production, it was this success, especially in Africa but also in Asia, that allowed FES to grow into a 4.5 million hectolitre brand.[19]

A new bottle design was debuted in Malaysia in 2005, and later rolled out worldwide.[20] In 2013, FES received a packaging redesign in Africa and other selected markets, with a gold foil top and a new label.[21]

Production

St James's Gate Brewery

The Irish version of FES is brewed with

force carbonated.[19] The beer has 47 Bitterness Units.[23]

Guinness have used a slightly different variant of their yeast to brew FES since 1960.[1] It provides extremely poor flocculation and produces relatively high levels of diacetyl in the finished beer.[1] Many breweries consider diacetyl an off-flavour, but Guinness consider it a "signature flavour" of FES.[1]

Guinness Flavour Extract, a dehydrated, hopped wort extract made from barley malt and roasted barley, is used for overseas production of the stout.[9] The syrup is shipped from Ireland, where it is added at the ratio of 1:49 to locally brewed pale beer.[9] Each year, six million litres of GFE are made using 9,000 tonnes of barley.[25] Guinness Flavour Extract was first created by scientists working for the company in the early 1960s.[25] In 2003, production of GFE was relocated from St James's Gate to the former Cherry's brewery in Mary Street, Waterford, but in 2013 production returned to St James's.[25]

FES is produced at Diageo owned breweries in Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Seychelles, Malaysia and Jamaica.[26] In addition, it is produced under licence in 39 other countries.[26][27] Diageo has brewing arrangements with the Castel Group to license brew and distribute Guinness in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali and Guinea.[26]

FES is the oldest variant of Guinness that is still available, although its ingredients and production methods have varied over time. In 1824, it had an

Flaked barley was introduced in the early 1950s, and the hopping rate was decreased.[28]

Originally a

bottle conditioned beer, FES has been pasteurised to ensure quality consistency since 1948.[9] Since 1950, in an attempt to recreate the flavour profile of bottle conditioned FES, the beer has been produced by blending fresh FES with two per cent FES that has been aged for up to 100 days, and has developed a high lactic acid content.[9] Finally, the beer is allowed to mature in the bottle for 28 days before being sent out for distribution.[29]

Markets

A bottle of Guinness Foreign Extra Stout

Foreign Extra Stout constitutes 45 per cent of total Guinness sales worldwide.[2] Originally exported to British and Irish expatriates, the beer began to be drunk by local populations from the 1920s. A 7.5% ABV version is sold throughout most of the world, although lower strength variants are found in some locations.

The beer is available in bottles and cans.[23]

Africa

In Africa, the product retails at a premium, at up to double the price of rival beers.[19][30] FES is produced at thirteen breweries in Africa.[11]

Nigeria

FES is brewed and distributed by Guinness Nigeria, which is 58 per cent owned by Diageo, with the remaining shares held by local Nigerian interests.[31][26] As of 2012–13, Nigeria has been the largest market for Guinness by sales.[26]

FES was initially introduced into the Nigerian market through importation in the 1940s.[32] Guinness in Nigeria is made with heavily roasted sorghum or maize that has been locally sourced.[33] Some Nigerian versions also contain wheat. The switch from malted barley was made in 1986 when the Nigerian government briefly banned imports of the grain.[32] The use of sorghum and maize continues as it is a cheaper alternative than barley, which has to be imported, and it is less vulnerable to local currency fluctuations.[34] The Nigerian breweries use high gravity brewing techniques to ferment sorghum and pale malt to 1090 OG.[9]

Beer writer Roger Protz describes the Nigerian product as "strikingly different" from the Irish brewed version, and it has been described as being sweeter and heavier than regular FES.[35][36] Diageo have also confirmed that the carbonation levels are "different" from the Irish-brewed product.[37]

Other markets

The brewing of FES has taken place at Sierra Leone Brewery since October 1967.[38]

In Ghana, FES is brewed in Kumasi by Guinness Ghana Breweries, which is 50.5 per cent owned by Diageo. GFE is mixed with a locally brewed sorghum lager, but it differs from the Nigerian version in that it contains no wheat and has a higher proportion of roast barley.[citation needed] In Ghana, the product is believed to have medicinal properties, strengthening the blood and improving circulation.[39]

In 2003, a 5.5% ABV, lightly-nitrogenated variant of FES was introduced in Ghana called Guinness Extra Smooth.[9] It was released in Nigeria in 2005, where it constitutes 5-10 per cent of Guinness sales in the country.[19]

Guinness holds 20 percent of the Cameroon beer market.[40]

Asia

Sales of Guinness in South East Asia amounted to over £100 million in 2012-13.

Asia Pacific Breweries), and is distributed by PT Dima Indonesia.[26] In China, small amounts of FES are sold, where it is positioned as a premium priced import in upmarket bars.[19]

Other markets

FES was sold and then withdrawn in the UK in 1976 as Guinness XXX Extra Strong Stout; it returned in 1994 when interest in craft beer increased.[9][46] The beer was again withdrawn from the UK market, returning in 2003 to cater for the increasing African diaspora.[47] The British market is supplied with both the Irish and the Nigerian brewed variants of the beer, the latter of which has annual sales of £2 million.[48] Official imports of FES into the US were resumed in 2010, following a resurgent interest in craft beer; this was after a period of grey imports, predominantly for African and Caribbean expatriates.[2][19]

Advertising and sponsorship

In the 1960s, FES was marketed in Nigeria as "gives you power" and its consumption was linked with an increase in sexual potency.

Nigerian national football team.[51]

Reception

The beer is ranked highly on beer rating websites.[52][53] Garrett Oliver notes its refreshing qualities and "distinctive acidic edge".[54] On the other hand, it has been criticised by British journalist Tony Naylor as being "more about treacly, boozy warmth" than "complex flavour".[55]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "The Guinness Yeast". Master Brewers Podcast. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  2. ^ a b c "Guinness Foreign Extra Stout Arrives in the U.S." PR Newswire. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  3. ^ "The Beer – The Foreign Extra Family". Guinness. Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  4. ^ Phelan, Andrew. "FAQ". Guinness Storehouse. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
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  18. ^ "Papers of the Dublin Export" (PDF). Guinness Storehouse. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2011.
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  22. ^ a b "Home - Wine-Pages.com". Wine-Pages.com. Tom Cannavan. Archived from the original on 22 November 2011.
  23. ^ a b c Cheang, Michael (8 December 2013). "Made of more". The Star (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
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  37. ^ Bouckley, Ben (22 May 2012). "Diageo 'delight' at UK success for Nigerian sorghum-based Guinness". Beveragedaily.com. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  38. ^ "Good times 1964 to 1974". Sierra Leone Brewery. Retrieved 31 May 2014.[dead link]
  39. . Retrieved 18 April 2020 – via Google Books.
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  47. ^ Byrne, Nicola (25 May 2003). "Guinness calls time on the quick one". The Observer. Retrieved 18 April 2020 – via The Guardian. (registration required)
  48. ^ "Guinness Nigeria becomes largest market for Guinness globally". Manufacturing Today. 3 September 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
  49. ^ Jones, Geoffrey (2010). "Multinational Strategies and Developing Countries in Historical Perspective" (PDF). Working Paper. Harvard Business School. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  50. ^ a b Ridley, Louise (21 October 2013). "BBDO scoops Guinness in Africa from Saatchis". Campaign. Haymarket Media Group. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  51. ^ "Eagles Largest Jersey Hits Guinness World Records". Vanguard (Lagos). 28 February 2013.
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External links