Gulf War air campaign
Gulf War air campaign | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of the Gulf War | |||||||
USAF F-16A, F-15C & F-15E aircraft fly over burning oil fields in Kuwait | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
United States United Kingdom Saudi Arabia Canada France Italy | Iraq | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Saddam Hussein Ali Hassan al-Majid | |||||||
Strength | |||||||
Over 2,780 fixed-wing aircraft[1] | 1,114 fixed-wing aircraft (550 combat aircraft), numerous air defence systems | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
46 killed or missing 8 captured 75 aircraft ‒ 52 fixed-wing aircraft and 23 helicopters |
10,000–12,000 killed[2] 254 aircraft lost on the ground[3] 36 aircraft shot down in air-air combat several air defense systems | ||||||
2,000–3,000 Iraqi civilians killed |
The
The initial strikes were carried out by
Armed with a
Opposing Forces
Coalition Armed Forces
On the eve of Operation Desert Storm, the
In terms of quantity and quality, Coalition airpower was superior to its Iraqi counterpart. This was particularly the case in special capabilities which the Iraqis simply lacked, including
One area where the Coalition was deficient was in
Aircraft | Type | Deployed 1-Jan-91 |
Deployed 1-Feb-91 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
United States Air Force | ||||
Combat Aircraft | ||||
F-15C Eagle
|
Fighter aircraft | 96 | 96 | |
F-16 Fighting Falcon
|
Multirole fighter
|
168 | 212 | |
F-4G Phantom II
|
SEAD | 48 | 49 | |
F-15E Strike Eagle
|
Strike fighter | 46 | 48 | |
A-10 Thunderbolt II
|
Attack aircraft | 120 | 144 | |
F-111F Aardvark
|
Attack/Interdictor | 64 | 64 | |
F-117A Nighthawk
|
Stealth Attack | 36 | 42 | |
B-52 Stratofortress
|
Bomber | 20 | 36 | |
AC-130 Gunship
|
Gunship | 4 | 2 | |
Recon/Surveillance/Electronic-warfare aircraft | ||||
U-2 Dragon Lady
|
Recon aircraft | 3 | 5 | |
TR-1A Dragon Lady
|
Tactical Recon | 2 | 4 | |
RF-4C Phantom II
|
Tactical Recon | 6 | 18 | |
RC-135V/W Rivet Joint
|
SIGINT
|
4 | 7 | |
E-8A Joint STARS
|
BM/C&C
|
2 | 2 | |
E-3A Sentry
|
AEW&C | 7 | 11 | |
EF-111A Raven
|
Electronic warfare
|
18 | 18 | |
Boeing EC-135 | Electronic warfare | 0 | 2 | |
Aerial Refueling Aircraft
| ||||
KC-10 Extender
|
Tanker aircraft
|
6 | 30 | |
KC-135 Stratotanker
|
Tanker aircraft | 164 | 194 | |
C-20 Gulfstream | VIP transport | 1 | 1 | |
Learjet C-21A
|
VIP transport | 8 | 8 | |
C-130 Hercules
|
Tactical airlift
|
96 | 149 | |
United States Navy | ||||
Combat Aircraft | ||||
F-14A/A+ Tomcat
|
Fighter/Interceptor | 76 | 109 | |
F/A-18A/C Hornet
|
Multirole fighter | 88 | 89 | |
A-7E Corsair II
|
Attack aircraft | 24 | 24 | |
A-6E TRAM/SWIP Intruder
|
Attack aircraft | 62 | 96 | |
Support Aircraft | ||||
E-2C Hawkeye
|
AEW&C | 21 | 29 | |
EA-6B Prowler
|
Electronic warfare | 21 | 27 | |
EA-3B Skywarrior
|
Electronic reconnaissance | 6 or fewer | 6 or fewer | |
KA-6D Intruder | Tanker aircraft | 16 | 16 | |
C-2A Greyhound
|
Cargo aircraft | 2 | 2 | |
S-3A/B Viking | Multi-mission | 31 | 43 | |
United States Marine Corps | ||||
Combat Aircraft | ||||
F/A-18A/C Hornet | Multirole fighter | 72 | 78 | |
AV-8B Harrier
|
Attack aircraft | 81 | 84 | |
A-6E TRAM Intruder | Attack aircraft | 20 | 20 | |
AH-1 SuperCobra
|
Attack helicopter | 43 | 75 | |
Support Aircraft | ||||
EA-6B Prowler | Electronic warfare | 12 | 12 | |
OV-10 Bronco
|
Attack/FAC | 8 | 19 | |
Lockheed KC-130
|
Tanker aircraft | 12 | 15 | |
CH-46 Sea Knight
|
Transport helicopter
|
72 | 120 | |
UH-1 Iroquois
|
Utility helicopter | 36 | 50 | |
CH-53D Sea Stallion
|
Heavy-lift helicopter | 20 | 29 | |
CH-53E Super Stallion
|
Heavy-lift helicopter | 33 | 48 | |
United States Army | ||||
Combat Aircraft | ||||
AH-64 Apache
|
Attack helicopter | 189 | 245 | |
AH-1S Cobra
|
Attack helicopter | 112 | 141 | |
Support Aircraft | ||||
UH-60 Black Hawk
|
Utility helicopter | 20 | 20 | |
UH-1H Iroquois | Utility helicopter | 169 | 197 | |
OH-58C Kiowa | Reconnaissance | 257 | 324 | |
OH-58D Kiowa | Reconnaissance | 79 | 97 | |
CH-47 Chinook
|
Transport helicopter | 99 | 127 | |
Special Operations Command Central | ||||
HC-130 Hercules
|
Search & Rescue/CSAR
|
4 | 4 | |
EC-130E Hercules
|
ABCCC
|
6 | 6 | |
EC-130E Volant Solo | PSYOPS
|
2 | 2 | |
EC-130H Compass Call
|
Electronic Warfare
|
5 | 5 | |
MC-130 Hercules
|
Airlift/Refueling | 4 | 4 | |
MH-53J Pave Low
|
Spec Ops /CSAR
|
8 | 13 | |
MH-60G Pave Hawk
|
Spec Ops/CSAR | 8 | 4 | |
MH-47 Chinook
|
Transport helicopter | N/A | 4 | |
UH-60V Black Hawk
|
Utility helicopter | N/A | 64 | |
EH-60 Black Hawk
|
Utility helicopter | N/A | 27 | |
UH-1V Iroquois | Medivac | N/A | 115 |
- ^ This list does not include aircraft operating as part of JTF Proven Force
Aircraft | Type | Deployed | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Royal Saudi Air Force | |||
Panavia Tornado ADV | Interceptor aircraft | 24[19] | |
F-15C Eagle | Fighter aircraft | 69[19] | |
F-5E/F Freedom Fighter
|
Light fighter | 87[20] | |
Panavia Tornado IDS
|
Interdictor/Attack | 24[20] | |
RF-5E Freedom Fighter
|
Reconnaissance | 10[16] | |
E-3 Sentry
|
AEW&C | ||
C-130 Hercules | Tactical airlift | ||
KE-3A Sentry
|
Tanker aircraft | ||
KC-130 Hercules
|
Tanker aircraft | ||
Bell 212 | Utility Helicopter | ||
BAe 125
|
VIP Transport | ||
Royal Air Force/Fleet Air Arm/Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)[21] | |||
Panavia Tornado F3
|
Interceptor aircraft | 18 | |
Panavia Tornado GR1 | Interdictor/Attack | 48 | 6 GR1a variants |
SEPECAT Jaguar GR.1A | Attack aircraft | 12 | |
Blackburn Buccaneer S.2B | Attack aircraft | 12 | |
Hawker Siddeley Nimrod | Maritime Patrol Aircraft
|
8 | 3 R.1, 5 MR.2 variants |
C-130 Hercules | Tactical airlift | 7 | |
Vickers VC10 | Aerial refueling | 9 | K2, K3 variants |
Lockheed Tristar | Aerial refueling | 2 | |
Handley Page Victor | Aerial refueling | 8 | |
BN-2 Islander | Utility aircraft | 1 | |
BAe 125 | VIP Transport | 1 | |
SA 341B Gazelle | Utility/Armed helicopter | 24 | (British Army) |
Westland Lynx | Attack/light utility helicopter | 24 | AH.7 (British Army) |
Westland Lynx | Maritime attack helicopter | 10 | HAS.4GM/HAS.3CTS (Royal Navy) |
Boeing Chinook HC1 | Transport helicopter | 17 | |
Westland Sea King | Medium-lift helicopter | 22 | 20 HC.4, 2 HAS variants (Royal Navy) |
French Air Force[22]
| |||
Mirage 2000C
|
Multirole fighter | 12 | Assigned to Al-Ahsa |
Mirage F1 C
|
Multirole fighter | 8 | Assigned to Doha (Opération Meteil) |
Mirage F1CR
|
Reconnaissance | 4 | Assigned to Al-Ahsa |
SEPECAT Jaguar A | Attack aircraft | 24 | Assigned to Al-Ahsa |
C-160G Gabriel | SIGINT | 1 | Assigned to Al-Ahsa |
DC-8F Sarigue | Electronic warfare | 1 | Operated from France |
Transall C-160 | Transport aircraft | 5 | Assigned to Riyadh |
KC-135FR | Tanker aircraft | 5 | Assigned to Riyadh |
Nord 262
|
Airliner | 1 | Assigned to Riyadh |
Mystère XX | VIP Transport | 1 | Assigned to Riyadh |
SA 330 Puma
|
Search & Rescue | 2 | Assigned to Al-Ahsa |
Royal Canadian Air Force[18] | |||
CF-18 Hornet
|
Multirole fighter | 18[19] | |
CC-130 Hercules
|
Transport aircraft | ||
Boeing CC-137 | Aerial refueling | 3 | |
CC-144 Challenger
|
VIP transport | ||
Italian Air Force[18] | |||
Tornado IDS | Interdictor/Strike | 10[20] | |
Aeritalia G.222 | Transport aircraft | ||
Kuwaiti Air Force[18]
| |||
Mirage F1 | Multirole fighter | 15[20] | |
A-4 Skyhawk
|
Attack aircraft | 20[20] | |
Royal Bahraini Air Force[18] | |||
F-16 Fighting Falcon | Multirole fighter | 12[19] | |
F-5 Freedom Fighter | Light fighter | 12[20] | |
Bell 212 | Utility helicopter | ||
United Arab Emirates Air Force[18] | |||
Mirage 2000 | Multirole fighter | ||
C-130 Hercules | Tactical airlift | ||
Bell 212 | Utility helicopter | ||
Qatar Air Force[18]
| |||
Mirage F1 | Multirole fighter | ||
Alpha Jet
|
Light attack/trainer |
Iraqi Armed Forces
At the time of the Gulf War the
Much of this equipment was combined into an integrated air defense system (IADS) overseen by Kari, an automated
Aircraft | Origin | Type | Variant | In service |
---|---|---|---|---|
Combat Aircraft | ||||
Mirage F1 | France | Multi-role aircraft | F1EQ/BQ | 88 |
F1K (captured from Kuwait) | 8 | |||
Mikoyan MiG-29 | Soviet Union | Fighter aircraft | MiG-29A (Product 9.12B) | 33 |
Mikoyan MiG-25
|
Soviet Union | Interceptor aircraft | MiG-25PD/PDS | 19 |
Reconnaissance-bomber | MiG-25RB | 9 | ||
Mikoyan MiG-23
|
Soviet Union | Fighter aircraft | MiG-23ML/MF/MS | 68 |
Fighter-bomber | MiG-23BN | 38 | ||
Mikoyan MiG-21/Chengdu J-7
|
Soviet Union/China | Fighter aircraft | MiG-21MF/Bis/F-7M | 174 |
MiG-19C/Shenyang J-6 | Soviet Union/China | Fighter aircraft | 45 | |
Sukhoi Su-25 | Soviet Union | Attack aircraft | Su-25K | 62 |
Sukhoi Su-24 | Soviet Union | Attack/Interdictor | Su-24MK | 30 |
Sukhoi Su-22 | Soviet Union | Fighter-bomber | Su-22M2/M3/M4 | 68 |
Sukhoi Su-20 | Soviet Union | Fighter-bomber | 18 | |
Sukhoi Su-7 | Soviet Union | Fighter-bomber | Su-7BKL | 101 |
Tupolev Tu-16 | Soviet Union | Bomber
|
Tu-16KSR-2-11 | 3 |
Tupolev Tu-22 | Soviet Union | Bomber | Tu-22B/U | 4 |
Xian H-6
|
China | Bomber | H-6D | 4[30] |
Transport | ||||
Antonov An-26 | Soviet Union | Transport | 5 | |
Ilyushin Il-76 | Soviet Union | Cargo | 19 | |
Dassault Falcon 20 | France | VIP Transport | 2 | |
Dassault Falcon 50 | France | VIP Transport | 3 | |
Lockheed Jetstar | USA | VIP Transport | 6 | |
Trainers | ||||
Mikoyan MiG-29 | Soviet Union | Conversion Trainer | MiG-29UB | 4 |
Mikoyan MiG-25 | Soviet Union | Conversion Trainer | MiG-25PU | 7 |
Mikoyan MiG-23 | Soviet Union | Conversion Trainer | MiG-23U | 21 |
Mikoyan MiG-21 | Soviet Union | Conversion Trainer | MiG-21U | 62 |
Sukhoi Su-25 | Soviet Union | Trainer/Attack | Su-25U | 4 |
Sukhoi Su-22 | Soviet Union | Trainer/Attack | Su-22U | 10 |
BAC Jet Provost | United Kingdom | Trainer | 20 | |
Aero L-39 Albatros | Czechoslovakia | Trainer/Attack | 67 | |
Embraer Tucano | Brazil | Trainer/COIN | 78 | |
FFA AS-202 Bravo
|
Switzerland | Trainer | 34 |
Type | Origin | In Service | Deployment | Organization |
---|---|---|---|---|
Major SAMs | ||||
SA-2 Guideline
|
Soviet Union | 160[27][31] | Major cities[32] | 20-30 batteries[27] |
SA-3 Goa
|
Soviet Union | 140[27][31] | Major cities[32] | 25-50 batteries[27] |
SA-6 Gainful
|
Soviet Union | 100+[27] to 140-150[31] | Strategic targets[32] Republican Guard[33] Armored Divisions[33] |
36-55 batteries[27] |
Light SAMs | ||||
SA-8 Gecko
|
Soviet Union | 30-40[27] to 170-190[31] | Strategic targets[32] Republican Guard[33] Armored Divisions[33] |
20+ batteries[27] |
Roland
|
France | 50-60[27] to 90-100[31] | Airfields[32] | |
I-HAWK
|
United States | 3 (captured from Kuwait)[31] | ||
SA-9 Gaskin
|
Soviet Union | 400[27] | Regular Army[34] | |
SA-13 Gopher
|
Soviet Union | 192[27] | Republican Guard[34] | |
SA-7 Grail
|
Soviet Union | 6,500[27] | MANPADS
|
|
SA-14 Gremlin
|
Soviet Union | 288[27] to "thousands"[31] | MANPADS |
Type | Calibre | Origin | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Self-Propelled | ||||
ZSU-57-2 | 57mm | Soviet Union | ||
M53/59 Praga | 30mm | Czechoslovakia | ||
ZSU-23-4
|
23mm | Soviet Union | ||
Towed
| ||||
KS-30
|
130mm | Soviet Union | ||
KS-19 | 100mm | Soviet Union | ||
KS-12/12a/18 | 85mm | Soviet Union | ||
AZP S-60 | 57mm | Soviet Union | ||
Type 59 | 57mm | China | ||
Bofors L-70 | 40mm | Sweden | ||
M1939 | 37mm | Soviet Union | ||
Type 55 | 37mm | China | ||
Oerlikon GDF | 35mm | Switzerland | ||
ZU-23-2 | 23mm
|
Soviet Union | ||
Zastava M55 | 20mm | Yugoslavia | ||
ZPU-4/ZPU-2 | 14.5mm | Soviet Union/Bulgaria | ||
Type 56 | 14.5mm | China | ||
MR-4 | 14.5mm | Romania |
Though impressive on paper, the Iraqi Air Force's primary role was to act as a
Likewise, Kari itself had a number of deficiencies of which Coalition air forces would take advantage. The system was primarily oriented towards defending against much smaller attacks from Iraq's most likely enemies—
Main air campaign starts
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2009) |
A day after the deadline set in
At 2:43 A.M. two USAF
At 3:00 AM, ten USAF
Within hours of the start of the coalition air campaign, a
Concurrently, US Navy
Five hours after the first attacks, Iraq's state radio broadcast a voice identified as Saddam Hussein declaring that "The great duel, the mother of all battles has begun. The dawn of victory nears as this great showdown begins."
The Gulf War is sometimes called the "computer war", due to the advanced computer-guided weapons and munitions used in the air campaign, which included
Iraq responded by launching eight
On the first night of the war, two F/A-18s from the carrier USS Saratoga were flying outside of Baghdad when two Iraqi MiG-25s engaged them. In the beyond-visual-range (BVR) kill, an Iraqi MiG-25 piloted by Zuhair Dawood fired an
In an effort to demonstrate their own air offensive capability, on 24 January the Iraqis attempted to mount a strike against the major Saudi oil refinery, Ras Tanura. Two Mirage F1 fighters laden with incendiary bombs and two MiG-23s (acting as fighter cover) took off from bases in Iraq. They were spotted by US AWACs, and two Royal Saudi Air Force F-15s were sent to intercept. When the Saudis appeared the Iraqi MiGs turned tail, but the Mirages pressed on. Captain Iyad Al-Shamrani, one of the Saudi pilots, maneuvered his jet behind the Mirages and shot down both aircraft. A few days later the Iraqis made their last true air offensive of the war, unsuccessfully attempting to shoot down F-15s patrolling the Iranian border. After this episode, the Iraqis made no more air efforts of their own, sending most of their jets to Iran in hopes that they might someday get their air force back.
The first priority for Coalition forces was the destruction of Iraqi
Persian Gulf CVBGs included
Wild Weasels were very effective; unlike North Vietnamese, Iraqi SAM operators did not turn radar off until just before launch.[41] Antiaircraft defenses, including shoulder-launched ground-to-air missiles, were surprisingly ineffective against coalition aircraft and the coalition suffered only 75 aircraft losses in over 100,000 sorties, though only 42 of these were the result of Iraqi action. The other 33 were lost to accidents.[42] In particular, RAF and US Navy aircraft which flew at low altitudes to avoid radar were particularly vulnerable, though this changed when the aircrews were ordered to fly above the AAA.[43]
The next coalition targets were command and communication facilities. Saddam Hussein had closely micromanaged the Iraqi forces in the Iran–Iraq War, and initiative at lower levels was discouraged. Coalition planners hoped that Iraqi resistance would quickly collapse if deprived of command and control.
Iraq's air force units flight to Iran
The first week of the air war saw a few Iraqi sorties, but these did little damage, and 36 Iraqi fighter aircraft were shot down by Coalition planes. Soon after, the Iraqi Air Force began fleeing to Iran, with 115 to 140 aircraft flown there.[44] This mass exodus of Iraqi aircraft took coalition forces by surprise as the Coalition had been expecting them to flee to Jordan, a nation friendly to Iraq, rather than Iran, a long-time enemy. As the purpose of the war was to destroy Iraq militarily, the coalition had placed aircraft over western Iraq to try to stop any retreat into Jordan. This meant they were unable to react before most of the Iraqi aircraft had made it "safely" to Iranian airbases. The coalition eventually established a virtual "wall" of F-15 Eagles, F-14 Tomcats, and F-16 Fighting Falcons on the Iraq–Iran border (called MIGCAP), thereby stopping the exodus of fleeing Iraqi fighters. In response, the Iraqi Air Force launched Operation Samurra in an attempt to break the blockade imposed on them. The resulting air battle would be the last offensive action of the war for the Iraqi Air Force. [45]
It was unclear if there had been a formal agreement between Iraq and Iran, with some suggesting that the deal had been hastily drawn up, and initially only permitted sanctuary for Iraqi civilian and transport aircraft. Iran did not allow the Iraqi aircrews to be released until years later.[46] Iran held on to the Iraqi aircraft for over 20 years, whose value was collectively estimated at $2.5 billion, as partial payment of the $900 billion in reparations but eventually returned 88 of them in 2014.[47] However, many Iraqi planes remained in Iran, and several were destroyed by coalition forces.[48]
Infrastructure bombing
The third and largest phase of the air campaign ostensibly targeted military targets throughout Iraq and Kuwait:
Civilian infrastructure
Coalition bombing raids destroyed Iraqi civilian infrastructure. 11 of Iraq's 20 major power stations and 119 substations were totally destroyed, while a further six major power stations were damaged.[49][50] At the end of the war, electricity production was at four percent of its pre-war levels. Bombs destroyed the utility of all major dams, most major pumping stations, and many sewage treatment plants, telecommunications equipment, port facilities, oil refineries and distribution, railroads and bridges were also destroyed.[citation needed]
Iraqi targets were located by
The U.S. bombed highways and bridges linking Jordan and Iraq, crippling infrastructure on both sides.[citation needed]
Civilian casualties
The U.S. government claimed Iraqi officials fabricated numerous attacks on Iraqi holy sites in order to rally the Muslim world to support Iraq during the conflict, pointing to Iraq's claim that Coalition forces had attacked the holy cities of Najaf and Karbala. At the end of the war, the estimated number of Iraqi civilians killed was 2,278 killed and 5,965 wounded.[52]
On 13 February 1991, a United States Air Force (USAF) warplane fired two laser-guided missiles at an air raid shelter in the Al-A'amiriya neighborhood of Baghdad, killing at least 408 civilians sheltering there. U.S. officials subsequently claimed that the shelter also served as a communications center for the Iraqi military. BBC correspondent Jeremy Bowen, who was one of the first television reporters on the scene, was given access to the shelter and claimed that he did not find any evidence of it being used by the Iraqi military.[53] His claims were later contradicted by Iraqi general Wafiq al-Samarrai, who claimed that the shelter was used by the Iraqi Intelligence Service, and that Saddam Hussein had personally made visits to it.[54] The day after the bombing of the shelter, a Royal Air Force (RAF) fighter jet fired two laser-guided missiles which were aimed at a bridge in Fallujah which was used as part of an Iraqi military supply line. The missiles malfunctioned and struck Fallujah's largest marketplace (which was situated in a residential area), killing between 50 and 150 non-combatants and wounding many more. After news of the mistake became public, an RAF spokesman, Group Captain David Henderson issued a statement noting that the missile had malfunctioned but admitted that the Royal Air Force had made an error.[55][56]
Losses
An estimated 407 Iraqi aircraft were either destroyed or flown to Iran and permanently impounded there.[3] During Desert Storm, 36 aircraft were shot down in aerial combat.[57] Three helicopters and 2 fighters were shot down during the invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990. Kuwait claims to have shot down as many as 37 Iraqi aircraft. These claims have not been confirmed.[58] In addition, 68 fixed wing aircraft and 13 helicopters were destroyed while on the ground, and 137 aircraft were flown to Iran and never returned.[59]
The Coalition lost a total of 75 aircraft—52 fixed-wing aircraft and 23 helicopters–during Desert Storm, with 39 fixed-wing aircraft and 5 helicopters lost in combat.[59] One coalition fighter was lost in air-air combat, a U.S. Navy F/A-18 piloted by Scott Speicher. Other Iraqi air to air claims surfaced over the years, all were disputed.[60][61] One B-52G was lost while returning to its operating base on Diego Garcia, when it suffered a catastrophic electrical failure and crashed into the Indian Ocean killing 3 of the 6 crew members on board. The rest of the Coalition losses came from anti-aircraft fire. The Americans lost 28 fixed-wing aircraft and 15 helicopters; the British lost 7 fixed-wing aircraft; the Saudi Arabians lost 2; the Italians lost 1; and the Kuwaitis lost 1. During the invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990, the Kuwaiti Air Force lost 12 fixed-wing aircraft, which were destroyed on the ground, and 8 helicopters, 6 of which were shot down and 2 of which were destroyed while on the ground.[58]
See also
References
- ^ a b Conduct of the Persian Gulf War: Chapters I through VIII. (1992). United States: United States Department of Defense. pg. 221-222
- ^ Keany, Thomas; Eliot A. Cohen (1993). Gulf War Air Power Survey. United States Dept. of the Air Force
- ^ a b https://www.afhra.af.mil/Portals/16/documents/Airmen-at-War/Haulman-WhatHappenedIraqiAF.pdf?ver=2016-08-22-131410-023#:~:text=During%20Operation%20DESERT%20STORM%2C%20the,open%2C%20and%20141%20in%20shelters. [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Allen; Thomas, Berry F; Polmar, Norman (1991), War in the Gulf, Turner, p. 147.
- ^ Operation Desert Storm, Global security.
- ^ "No. 52589". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 June 1991. p. 46.
- ^ a b c d e Boyne (2003), pp. 359, 360
- ^ a b Gross (2002), pp. 226–7
- ^ Gross (2002), p. 235.
- ^ Conduct of the Persian Gulf War: Chapters I through VIII. (1992). United States: United States Department of Defense. pg. 141
- ^ Cohen, E. A., Keaney, T. A. (1993). Gulf War Air Power Survey: Summary Report. United States: Office of the Secretary of the Air Force. pg. 181
- ^ Cohen, E. A., Keaney, T. A. (1993). Gulf War Air Power Survey: A statistical compendium and chronology. United States: Office of the Secretary of the Air Force. pg. 42-45
- ^ Gulf War Air Power Survey: Summary Report. pg. 204
- ^ Gulf War Air Power Survey: Summary Report. pg. 193
- ^ a b Gulf War Air Power Survey: Summary Report. pg. 194
- ^ a b Gulf War Air Power Survey: Summary Report. p. 195
- ^ Cohen, E. A, Keaney, T. A. (1993). Gulf War Air Power Survey: A statistical compendium and chronology. United States: Office of the Secretary of the Air Force. Pg. 27-28
- ^ a b c d e f g Cohen, Keaney (1993), Volume V, Pg. 317
- ^ a b c d Gulf War Air Power Survey: Summary Report. pg. 197
- ^ a b c d e f Gulf War Air Power Survey: Summary Report. pg. 199
- ^ Flintham, V. (2009). High Stakes: Britain's Air Arms in Action 1945-1990. United Kingdom: Pen & Sword Aviation. Ch 9.4 - The Second Gulf War (1990-1991)
- ^ Micheletti (1991), Introduction
- ^ a b Davis, Richard G. On Target: Organizing and Executing the Strategic Air Campaign Against Iraq. DIANE Publishing. (2002) p 152
- ^ Davis, Richard G. Decisive Force: Strategic Bombing in the Gulf War DIANE Publishing. (1996) p. 29
- ^ "Iraqi Air Force [IQAF]". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
- ^ Davis (2002), p. 254
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Cordesman, Anthony H. Iraq and the War of Sanctions: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p. 135-136
- ^ a b c Davis (2002), p. 172-179
- ^ Iraqi Perspectives Project Phase II. Um Al-Ma'arik (The Mother of All Battles): Operational and Strategic Insights from an Iraqi Perspective Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine, Volume 1 (Revised May 2008)
- ^ Aviation Museum, Northwestern Polytechnical University. "馆藏飞机介绍:轰-6-航空学院". hangkong.nwpu.edu.cn. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g Eisel, B., Schreiner, J. '., Schreiner, J. A. (2009). Magnum! The Wild Weasels in Desert Storm: The Elimination of Iraq's Air Defence. United Kingdom: Pen & Sword Books. Appendix II
- ^ a b c d e Tucker, Spencer C. (Editor), The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p. 829-832
- ^ a b c d Davis (2002), p. 175
- ^ a b Davis (2002), p. 306-307
- ^ Keaney, T. A., Cohen, E. A. (1993). Gulf War Air Power Survey Volume IV: Weapons, Tactics, and Training and Space Operations. United States: Office of the Secretary of the Air Force. P. 16
- ^ Keany, Thomas; Eliot A. Cohen (1993). Gulf War Air Power Survey - Operations and Effects and Effectiveness. United States Dept. of the Air Force. p. 71-77
- ^ "U.S. And allied forces open air war on Iraq to force Saddam Hussein's army from Kuwait 30 years ago this hour #OnThisDay #OTD (Jan 17 1991)". 16 January 2021.
- ^ Clancy & Horner 2000, pp. 334–35.
- ^ Clancy & Horner 2000, p. 335.
- ^ Clancy & Horner 2000, pp. 334, 343.
- ^ Joiner, Stephen (March 2015). "What Couldn't the F-4 Phantom Do?". Air & Space. Retrieved 2020-06-05.
- ^ "In-depth specials — Gulf War". CNN. 2001. Archived from the original on 2008-03-17. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
- ^ Atkinson, Rick (2003). "frontline: the gulf war: chronology". SBS. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
- ^ "Iraqi Air Force Equipment — Introduction". Retrieved 18 January 2005.
- ^ "Iran To Iraq: Minders Keepers". Time. 8 April 1991. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- ^ "Iran To Iraq: Minders Keepers". Time. 8 April 1991. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- ^ "Iran transfers 88 Russian Sukhoi fighter planes to Iraq". 23 June 2014.
- ^ "Iraqi Air Force Equipment - Introduction".
- ^ IRAQ & AFGHANISTAN: DEJA VU ALL OVER AGAIN Archived 2009-06-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ John Sweeney Responds on Mass Death in Iraq Archived 2010-02-24 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 0-425-15836-5.
- ^ Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh, The Gulf Conflict: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order, 1990–1991 (Princeton, 1993), 324–29.
- ^ Report aired on BBC 1, 14 February 1991
- ^ Frontline: The Gulf War (1990 1991), archived from the original on 2021-12-15, retrieved 2019-11-13
- ISBN 978-0-3000-5599-3.
- ISBN 978-0-7190-6136-3.
- ^ Air-To-Air Victories in Desert Storm, archived from the original on 2009-06-04.
- ^ a b Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait, ACIG[permanent dead link].
- ^ a b The Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm Timeline, Defenselink.
- ^ "Iraqi MiG-29 Pilot Explains how he was able to Shoot Down a RAF Tornado during Operation Desert Storm". 15 July 2019.
- ^ "In January 1991, Both Iraq and America Claimed Fictional Air-to-Air Victories". 28 September 2017.
Bibliography
- ISBN 1-58980-034-6.
- Clancy, Tom; Horner, Chuck (2000). Every Man a Tiger: The Gulf War Air Campaign. Berkley. ISBN 978-0-425-17292-6.
- de Gullebon, Hugues (May 2019). "Opération Fox: Les missions secrètes des F1 "Aggresseurs" (1)" [Operation Fox: The Secret Missions of the F1 Aggressors, Part 1]. Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French) (594): 16–27. ISSN 0757-4169.
- Micheletti, Eric (1991). Operation Daguet: French Air Force in the Gulf War. Hong Kong: Concord Publications. ISBN 962-361-022-X.
External links
- Bibliography of the Desert Shield and Desert Storm Archived 2007-12-12 at the Wayback Machine compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History