Guttural
Guttural speech sounds are those with a primary place of articulation near the back of the oral cavity, where it is difficult to distinguish a sound's place of articulation and its phonation. In popular usage it is an imprecise term for sounds produced relatively far back in the vocal tract, such as the German ch or the Arabic ayin, but not simple glottal sounds like h. The term 'guttural language' is used for languages that have such sounds.
As a technical term used by
Meaning and etymology
The word guttural literally means 'of the throat' (from Latin guttur, meaning throat), and was first used by phoneticians to describe the Hebrew glottal [ʔ] (א) and [h] (ה), uvular [χ] (ח), and pharyngeal [ʕ] (ע).[4]
The term is commonly used non-technically by English speakers to refer to sounds that subjectively appear harsh or grating. This definition usually includes a number of consonants that are not used in English, such as epiglottal [ʜ] and [ʡ], uvular [χ], [ʁ] and [q], and velar fricatives [x] and [ɣ]. However, it usually excludes sounds used in English, such as the velar stops [k] and [ɡ], the velar nasal [ŋ], and the glottal consonants [h] and [ʔ].[5][6]
Guttural languages
In popular consciousness, languages that make extensive use of guttural consonants are often considered to be guttural languages. English-speakers sometimes find such languages strange and even hard on the ear.[7]
Examples of significant usage
Languages that extensively use [x], [χ], [ʁ], [ɣ] and/or [q] include:
- Afrikaans[8]
- Arabic
- Armenian[9]
- Assamese
- Azerbaijani[12]
- Crimean Tatar[13]
- Dutch[14]
- French
- German[15]
- Greek
- Hebrew
- Hindustani (Hindi, Urdu)
- Irish
- Lakota
- Manx
- Mongolian language
- Kartvelian languages (i.e. Georgian, Mingrelian, Laz, Svan)[16][17][18][19]
- Kurdish
- Pashto[20]
- Persian[21]
- Punjabi
- Scottish Gaelic[22]
- Sindhi
- Spanish
- Tajik Persian[23]
- Tswana
- Welsh[24]
In addition to their usage of [q], [x], [χ], [ʁ] and [ɣ], these languages also have the
- Berber languages (i.e. Kabyle, Tamasheq)[25][26][27][28]
- Cushitic languages (i.e. Somali and Oromo)[29][30][31]
- Some Kurdish dialects (as a result of borrowings from Arabic)[32]
- Northeast Caucasian languages (i.e. Chechen, Lezgian, Avar)[33][34]
- Salishan and Wakashan language families in British Columbia[37][38]
Examples of partial usage
In French, the only truly guttural sound is (usually) a uvular fricative (or the guttural R). In Portuguese, [ʁ] is becoming dominant in urban areas. There is also a realization as a [χ], and the original pronunciation as an [r] also remains very common in various dialects.
In Russian, /x/ is assimilated to the palatalization of the following velar consonant: лёгких ⓘ. It also has a voiced allophone [ɣ], which occurs before voiced obstruents.[41] In Romanian, /h/ becomes the velar [x] in word-final positions (duh 'spirit') and before consonants (hrean 'horseradish').[42] In Czech, the phoneme /x/ followed by a voiced obstruent can be realized as either [ɦ] or [ɣ], e.g. abych byl ⓘ.[43]
In Kyrgyz, the consonant phoneme /k/ has a uvular realisation ([q]) in back vowel contexts. In front-vowel environments, /ɡ/ is fricativised between continuants to [ɣ], and in back vowel environments both /k/ and /ɡ/ fricativise to [χ] and [ʁ] respectively.[44] In Uyghur, the phoneme /ʁ/ occurs with a back vowel. In the Mongolian language, /x/ is usually followed by /ŋ/.[45]
The
In
See also
References
- .
- ISBN 978-0226685359.
- ^ Scott Moisik, Ewa Czaykowska-Higgins & John Esling (2021) Phonological potentials and the lower vocal tract
- ^ See Oxford English Dictionary entry
- ^ McCarthy, John J. 1989. 'Guttural Phonology', ms., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
- ^ McCarthy, John J. Forthcoming. 'Guttural Transparency', ms., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
- ^ Hayward, K. M. and Hayward, R. J. 1989. '"Guttural": Arguments for a New Distinctive Feature', Transactions of the Philological Society 87: 179-193.
- ^ "John Wells's phonetic blog: velar or uvular?". 5 December 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:17–20)
- ISBN 3-525-53573-2.
- ISBN 1-59333-349-8.
- ^ Shiraliyev, Mammadagha. The Baku Dialect. Azerbaijan SSR Academy of Sciences Publ.: Baku, 1957; p. 41
- ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p. 10
- ^ Friedrich Maurer uses the term Istvaeonic instead of Franconian; see Friedrich Maurer (1942), Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Bern: Verlag Francke.
- ^ For a history of the German consonants see Fausto Cercignani, The Consonants of German: Synchrony and Diachrony, Milano, Cisalpino, 1979.
- ^ Boeder (2002), p. 3
- ^ Boeder (2005), p. 6
- ^ Gamkrelidze (1966), p. 69
- ^ Fähnrich & Sardzhveladze (2000)
- ^ Habib, Abdul (1967). The Two Thousand Years Old Language of Afghanistan or The Mother of Dari Language (An Analysis of the Baghlan Inscription) (PDF). Historical Society of Afghanistan. p. 6.
- ^ Lazard, Gilbert, "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa" in R.N. Frye, Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky, Edinburgh University Press, 1971.
- ISBN 978-1-907165-00-9
- ^ A Beginners' Guide to Tajiki by Azim Baizoyev and John Hayward, Routledge, London and New York, 2003, p. 3
- ISBN 9780521285407
- ^ Brenzinger (2007:128)
- ^ Chaker (1996:4–5)
- ^ Abdel-Massih (1971b:11)
- ^ Creissels (2006:3–4)
- ^ Richard Hayward, "Afroasiatic", in Heine & Nurse, 2000, African Languages
- ^ Savà, Graziano; Tosco, Mauro (2003). "The classification of Ongota". In Bender, M. Lionel; et al. (eds.). Selected comparative-historical Afrasian linguistic studies. LINCOM Europa.
- .
- ^ Haig, Geoffrey; Yaron Matras (2002). "Kurdish linguistics: a brief overview" (PDF). Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung. 55 (1). Berlin: 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- ^ Hewitt, George (2004). Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus. Munich: Lincom Europaq. p. 49.
- ^ Plaster, Keith; et al. Noun classes grow on trees: noun classification in the North-East Caucasus. Language and Representations (Tentative). Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ Nichols, J. 1997 Nikolaev and Starostin's North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary and the Methodology of Long-Range Comparison: an assessment Paper presented at the 10th Biennial Non-Slavic Languages (NSL) Conference, Chicago, 8–10 May 1997.
- ^ Row 7 in Приложение 6: Население Российской Федерации по владению языками [Appendix 6: Population of the Russian Federation by languages used] (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLS) on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2015-02-21.
- ^ "First Nations Culture Areas Index". the Canadian Museum of Civilization.
- ^ Jorgensen, Joseph G. (1969). Salishan language and culture. Language science monographs. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University. p. 105.
- ^ Kaufman, Stephen (1997), "Aramaic", in Hetzron, Robert (ed.), The Semitic Languages, Routledge, pp. 117–119.
- S2CID 16649580.
- ^ Аванесов, Р. И. (1984). Русское литературное произношение. М.: Просвещение. pp. 145–167.
- ^ Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Kučera, H. (1961). The Phonology of Czech. s’ Gravenhage: Mouton & Co.
- ISBN 5-02-017741-5, with further bibliography.
- ^ Anastasia Mukhanova Karlsson. "Vowels in Mongolian speech: deletions and epenthesis". Retrieved 2014-07-26.
- ^ a b Markus Hiller. "Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality" (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-28.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:323)
Bibliography
- Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1971b). A Reference Grammar of Tamazight. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. ISBN 0-932098-05-3.
- Bauer, Michael Blas na Gàidhlig - The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation (2011), Akerbeltz. ISBN 978-1-907165-00-9
- Beyer, Klaus (1986). The Aramaic language: its distribution and subdivisions. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-53573-2.
- Brenzinger, Matthias (2007). Language Diversity Endangered. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017049-8.
- INALCO. Archived from the original(PDF) on November 29, 2008. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
- Creissels, Denis (2006). The construct form of nouns in African languages: a typological approach (PDF). 36th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- An Introduction to Syriac Studies. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 1-59333-349-8.
- Kavitskaya, Darya (2010). Crimean Tatar. Munich: Lincom Europa.
- Kyzlasov I.L. Runic scripts of Eurasian steppes, Восточная литература (Eastern Literature), Moscow, 1994, pp. 80 on, ISBN 5-02-017741-5
- ISBN 0-631-19815-6.