Gyeongju

The Book of Roads and Kingdoms.^[28] The historical text Samguk yusa give the city's population in its peak period^[when?] as 178,936 households,^[25] suggesting that the total population was almost one million.^[29][30][31] Many of Gyeongju's most famous sites date from this Unified Silla period, which ended in the beginning of 10th century by Goryeo (918–1392).^[23][24]

In 940, the founder of Goryeo, King Taejo, changed the city's name to "Gyeongju",^[32] which literally means "Congratulatory district".^[33] In 987, as Goryeo introduced a system in which three additional capitals were established in politically important provinces outside Gaegyeong (nowadays Kaesong), and Gyeongju was designated as "Donggyeong" ("East Capital"). However, that title was removed in 1012, the third year of King Hyeongjong's reign, due to political rivalries at that time,^[32][34] though Gyeongju was later made the seat of Yeongnam Province.^[23] It had jurisdiction over a wide area, including much of central eastern Yeongnam,^[23] although this area was greatly reduced in the 13th century.^[32] Under the subsequent Joseon (1392–1910) dynasties, Gyeongju was no longer of national importance, but remained a regional center of influence.^[23] In 1601, the city ceased to be the provincial capital.^[35]

Over these centuries, the city suffered numerous assaults. In the 13th century, Mongol forces destroyed a nine-story wooden pagoda at Hwangnyongsa.^[23][36] During the Japanese invasions of Korea, the Gyeongju area became a heated battlefield,^[23] and Japanese forces burned the wooden structures at Bulguksa.^[37][38] Not all damage was due to invasions, however. In the early Joseon period, a great deal of damage was done to Buddhist sculptures on Namsan by Neo-Confucian radicals, who hacked arms and heads off statuary.^[39]

In the 20th century, the city remained relatively small, no longer ranking among the major cities of Korea.^[40] During the early 20th century, many archaeological excavations were conducted, particularly inside the tombs which had remained largely intact over the centuries.^[41] A museum, the forerunner of the present-day Gyeongju National Museum, was inaugurated in 1915 to exhibit the excavated artifacts.^[42]

Gyeongju emerged as a railroad junction in the later years of the Japanese occupation, as the Donghae Nambu Line and Jungang line were established in preparation for the Second Sino-Japanese War and to exploit the rich resources of the eastern part of the Korean peninsula.^[43][44] Following liberation in 1945, Korea was plunged into turmoil, and Gyeongju was no exception. Returnees from abroad were numerous; a village for them was constructed in present-day Dongcheon-dong.^[45] In a period marked by widespread conflict and unrest, the Gyeongju area became particularly notorious for the level of guerrilla activity in the mountains.^[46]

Despite the outbreak of the

In the 1970s, Korea saw substantial industrial development, much of it centered in the Yeongnam region of which Gyeongju is a part.[48]^[49] The POSCO steel mill in neighboring Pohang commenced operations in 1973,^[50] and the chemical manufacturing complex in Ulsan emerged in the same year.^[51] These developments helped to support the emergence of Gyeongju's manufacturing sector.^[20]

Geography and climate

Gyeongju lies in the southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang Province, and is bounded by the metropolitan city of Ulsan on the south. Within the province, its neighbors include Pohang on the north, Cheongdo County on the southwest, and Yeongcheon on the northwest.^[1] Gyeongju is located about 50 kilometers (31 mi) north of Busan.^[2] To the east, it has no neighbor but the sea.^[1]

Most of Gyeongju lies in the

Low mountains are widespread throughout Gyeongju. The highest of these are the Taebaek Mountains, which run along the city's western border. Gyeongju's highest point, Munbok Mountain (문복산), is 1,015 meters (3,330 ft) above sea level. This peak lies in Sannae-myeon, on the border with Cheongdo.^[54] East of the Taebaek range, other western peaks such as Danseok Mountain lie within the Jusa subrange.^[55] The city's eastern peaks, including Toham Mountain, belong to the Haean Mountains and Dongdae Mountains.^[56][57]

Gyeongju's drainage patterns are shaped by these lines of mountains.^[6] The Dongdae Mountains divide a narrow foothills area on their east, and various internal river systems to the west. Most of the city's interior is drained by the small Hyeongsan River, which flows north from Ulsan and meets the sea at Pohang Harbor. The Hyeongsan's chief tributaries include the Bukcheon and Namcheon, which join it in Gyeongju Basin.^[6] The southwestern corner of Gyeongju, on the far side of the Taebaek range, drains into the Geumho River, which then flows into the Nakdong. A small area of the south, just west of the Dongdae range, drains into the Taehwa River, which flows into the Bay of Ulsan.^[58][59]

The Gyeongju coastline runs for 36.1 kilometers (22.4 mi) between Pohang in the north and Ulsan in the south.^[60] There are no islands or large bays, only the small indentations made by the small streams flowing off the Dongdae ridgeline. Because of this, the city has no significant ports, though there are 12 small harbors.^[61] One such harbor in Gyeongju's southeast corner is home to the Ulsan base of the National Maritime Police. This base is responsible for security over a wide area of South Korea's east-central coast.^[62][63][64]

Climate

Gyeongju has a cooler version of a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa). Due to its coastal location, Gyeongju has a slightly milder climate than the more inland regions of Korea. In general, however, the city's climate is typical of South Korea. It has hot summers and cool winters, with a monsoon season between late June and early August. As on the rest of Korea's east coast, autumn typhoons are not uncommon. The average annual rainfall is 1,091 millimeters (43.0 in), and the average annual high temperatures range from 8.6–31.1 °C (47–88 °F).^[65]

Gyeongju's historic city center lies on the banks of the Hyeongsan in Gyeongju Basin. This lowlying area has been subject to repeated flooding throughout recorded history, often as a result of typhoons. On average, chronicles report a major flood every 27.9 years, beginning in the 1st century.^[66] Modern flood control mechanisms brought about a dramatic reduction in flooding in the later 20th century. The last major flood occurred in 1991, when the Deokdong Lake reservoir overflowed due to Typhoon Gladys.^[67]

Government

The executive branch of the government is headed by a mayor and vice-mayor. As in other South Korean cities and counties, the mayor is elected directly, while the vice-mayor is appointed.^[70] As of 2019, the mayor is Joo Nak-young, who was elected on June 13, 2018, in the local elections.^[71][72] He is Gyeongju's fifth mayor to be directly elected, the sixth to preside over the city in its present form, and the 31st mayor since 1955.^[73] Like most heads of government in the Yeongnam region, he is a member of the conservative Liberty Korea Party.^[74][75][76]

The legislative branch consists of the Gyeongju City Council, with 21 members as of 2009.^[77][78] The present City Council was formed from the merger of the old Gyeongju City Council with the Wolseong County Council in 1991. Most subdivisions of Gyeongju elect a single member to represent them in the council, but Angang-eup is represented by two members because of its large population, and two of the representatives serve combined districts composed of two dong. Like the mayor, the council members were last elected in 2006, except for a small number elected in more recent by-elections.

The central administration is composed of a City Council committee, five departments, two subsidiary organs, a chamber (the auditor), and six business offices. The five departments are the departments of Planning and Culture, Autonomous Administration, Industry and Environment, Construction and Public Works, and the National Enterprise Committee; these oversee a total of 29 subdivisions. The two subsidiary organs are the Health Care Center and Agro-technology Center; these belong directly to the central administration and have a total of 4 subdivisions. In addition, there are 23 local administrative subdivisions. Each of these subdivisions has a local office with a small administrative staff.^[79] As of December 2008, the city government employed 1,462 people.^[80]

Subdivisions

The city is divided into 23 administrative districts: 4

The city's boundaries and designation changed several times in the 20th century. From 1895 to 1955, the area was known as Gyeongju-gun ("Gyeongju County"). In the first decades of the century, the city center was known as Gyeongju-myeon, signifying a relatively rural rea. In 1931, the downtown area was designated Gyeongju-eup, in recognition of its increasingly urban nature. In 1955, Gyeongju-eup became Gyeongju-si ("Gyeongju City"), the same name as today, but with a much smaller area. The remainder of Gyeongju-gun became "Wolseong County." The county and city were reunited in 1995, creating Gyeongju City as it is today.[23]

Map of Gyeongju
#	Place	Population (2007)[60]	Households	Area (km2)	#	Place	Population	Households	Area (km2)
1	Sannae-myeon	3,561	1,779	142.6	13	Seondo-dong	13,813	2,831	28.0
2	Seo-myeon	4,773	1,779	52.1	14	Seonggeon-dong	18,378	7,562	6.4
3	Hyeongok-myeon	16,829	5,726	55.7	15	Hwangseong-dong	29,660	9,415	3.8
4	Angang-eup	33,802	12,641	138.6	16	Yonggang-dong	15,959	5,244	5.1
5	Gangdong-myeon	8,834	3,659	81.4	17	Bodeok-dong	2,296	977	81.0
6	Cheonbuk-myeon	6,185	2,328	58.2	18	Bulguk-dong	9,001	3,722	37.4
7	Munmudaewang-myeon	4,535	2,026	120.1	19	Hwangnam-dong*	8,885	3,875	20.5
8	Gampo-eup	7,099	3,084	44.9	20	Jungbu-dong	7,003	3,022	0.9
9	Yangnam-myeon	7,131	2,941	85.1	21	Hwango-dong*	10,225	4283	1.5
10	Oedong-eup	19,006	6,965	109.8	22	Dongcheon-dong	26,721	9,228	5.3
11	Naenam-myeon	6,142	2,526	122.1	23	Wolseong-dong	6,522	4,842	31.4
12	Geoncheon-eup	11,217	4,533	92.4

Eup Myeon Dong

*Figures based on resident registration figures made available by local government offices. For more detailed source information, see Subdivisions of Gyeongju.

Demographics

When the Silla kingdom reached the peak of its development, Gyeongju was estimated to have a million residents, four times the city's population in 2008.^[1][30] In recent years, Gyeongju has followed the same trends that have affected the rest of South Korea. Like the country as a whole, Gyeongju has seen its population age and the size of families shrink. For instance, the mean household size is 2.8 people. Because this has fallen in recent years, there are more households in the city as of 2008 (105,009) than there were in 2003, even though the population has fallen.^[84]

Like most of South Korea's smaller cities, Gyeongju has seen a steady drop in population in recent years. From 2002 to 2008, the city lost 16,557 people.^[85] This is primarily due to the migration of workers seeking employment in the major South Korean cities. In 2007, about 1,975 more people moved away from the city each year than moved in.^[86] During the same period, births exceeded deaths by roughly 450 per year, a significant number but not enough to offset the losses due to migration.^[87]

Gyeongju has a small but growing population of non-Koreans. In 2007, there were 4,671 foreigners living in Gyeongju. This number corresponds to 1.73% of the total population, more than double the figure from 2003. The growth was largely in immigrants from other Asian countries, many of whom are employed in the automotive parts industry. Countries of origin whose numbers have risen include the Philippines, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Vietnam. The number of residents from Japan, the United States, and Canada fell significantly in the 2003–2007 period.^[88]

Dialect

The city has a distinctive

Silla language. For instance, the contrast between the local dialect form "소내기" (sonaegi) and the standard "소나기" (sonagi, meaning "rainshower") has been seen as reflecting the ancient phonemic character of the Silla language.^[89]

Culture and people

Cultural properties

Gyeongju is the main destination in South Korea for visitors interested in the cultural heritage of Silla and the architecture of Joseon. The city has 31

National Treasures, and Gyeongju National Museum houses 16,333 artifacts.^[90] There are four broad categories of relics and historical sites: tumuli and their artifacts; Buddhist sites and objects; fortresses and palace sites; and ancient architecture. Prehistoric remains including Mumun pottery have been excavated in central Gyeongju, in the Moa-ri and Oya-ri villages of the Cheonbuk-myeon district, and in the Jukdong-ri village of the Oedong district. Dolmens are found in several places, especially in Gangdong-myeon and Moa-ri. Bronze Age relics found in Angye-ri village of Gangdong-myeon, Jukdong-ri and Ipsil-ri villages of Oedong-eup and graveyards in the Joyang-dong district represent the Samhan confederacy period of around the 1st century BC to the 3rd century AD.^[91]

There are 35 royal tombs and 155 tumuli in central Gyeongju, and 421 tumuli in the outskirts of the city.

Geumgwanchong (gold crown tomb), Seobongchong (western phoenix tomb), Cheonmachong (heavenly horse tomb) and northern and southern parts of Tomb No. 98 are good examples of Silla culture.^[91]

Notable people

See also: Category:People from Gyeongju

Gyeongju has produced notable individuals throughout its history. As the capital of Silla, Gyeongju was a center of culture in its heyday.

Choe Hang played an important role in establishing the structures of early Goryeo.^[32][97][98] In the Joseon period, Gyeongju joined the rest of Gyeongsang in becoming a hotbed of the conservative Sarim faction. Notable Gyeongju members of this faction included the 15th century intellectual Yi Eonjeok. He has been enshrined in the Oksan Seowon since 1572.^{[99][100][101]} In modern times, the city produced writers such as Kim Dongni and Pak Mok-wol, both of whom did a great deal to popularize the region's culture,^{[40][102][103]} as well as Choe Jun, a wealthy businessman who established the Yeungnam University Foundation.^[104]

Some Korean family clans trace their origins to Gyeongju, often to the ruling elites of Silla. For example, the

Samsung Group.^[107] However, not all Gyeongju clans date to the Silla period; for instance, the Gyeongju Bing clan was founded in the early Joseon period.^[108][109]

Religion

The city remains an important centre of Korean Buddhism. East of the downtown area lies Bulguksa, one of South Korea's largest Buddhist temples; nearby is Seokguram, a famed Buddhist shrine. Traditional prayer locations are found on mountains throughout Gyeongju. Such mountains include Namsan near the city center,^[110] Danseok-san and Obong-san in the west, and the low peak of Hyeong-san on the Gyeongju-Pohang border.^[111] Namsan in particular is often referred to as "the sacred mountain" due to the Buddhist shrines and statues which cover its slopes.^[112] In addition, Gyeongju is the birthplace of Cheondoism, an indigenous religion to Korea based on Korean shamanism, Taoism and Korean Buddhism, with elements drawn from Christianity. The religion evolved from Donghak (lit. East learning) disciplines established by Choe Je-u. His birthplace of Yongdamjeong, located in Hyeongok-myeon, is regarded as a sacred place to followers of Cheondogyo.^{[101][113][114]}

Cuisine

See also: Korean cuisine

Gyeongju bread

, a local speciality.

The cuisine of Gyeongju is generally similar to other areas of

Important Intangible Cultural Properties by South Korea government.^{[122][123][124]}

As of 2007, Gyeongju city had two stadiums, two gymnasiums, two tennis courts, one swimming pool and others as public sport facilities as well as various registered private sports venues.

Angang Field Hockey Stadium, located in the district of Angang-eup, is home to Gyeongju City Hockey, which is one of four professional women's field hockey teams in South Korea.^[140][141] The team was formed in 1994,^[142] and is governed by the Sport and Youth Division of Gyeongju City.^[143] Although not an initial successful team, Gyeongju City Hockey won the first trophies both at National Division Hockey Championships and National Sports Festival in 2000. In 2002, Gyeongju City Hockey took a first prize and three second prizes,^[142] and in 2008, the team won the first prize at the 51st National Division Hockey Championships.^[144]

The city plays host to two annual marathon events. The Gyeongju International Marathon, held in October, garners elite level competition while the larger Gyeongju Cherry Blossom Marathon caters more for amateur fun runners. The Cherry Blossom Marathon has been held each year in Gyeongju since 1992, usually in April, to improve relations with Japan (a country with a long history of marathon running).^[145] The race, mainly sponsored by Gyeongju city and the district, attracted 13,600 participants in 2009 including about 1,600 foreigners.^[146]

Economy

The economy of Gyeongju is diverse.^[20][21] Although tourism is important to the economy, most residents work in other fields. Over 27,000 are employed in manufacturing compared to roughly 13,500 in the hospitality industry. The number involved in tourism has remained constant over recent years, while the manufacturing sector added about 6,000 jobs from 1999 to 2003.^[147] The manufacturing sector is closely tied to nearby cities, utilizing Gyeongju's transit links with Ulsan, Pohang, and Daegu.^{[20][22][148]} As in Ulsan and Daegu the automotive parts industry plays an important role.^[48] Of the 1,221 businesses incorporated in Gyeongju almost a third are involved in auto-parts manufacture.^[149]

Fishing takes place in coastal towns, especially in

Agriculture is still important, particularly in the outlying regions of Gyeongju. According to the 2006 statistical yearbook of Gyeongju, rice fields occupy an area of 169.57 km² (65.47 sq mi), which is 70% of the total cultivated acreage of 24,359 km² (9,405 sq mi). The remaining 74.02 km² (28.58 sq mi) consists of fields under other crops and farmsteads. Crop production is centered in the fertile river basins near the

As the capital of Silla, commerce and trading in Gyeongju developed early on.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Gyeongju

Gyeongju is a major

tourist destination for South Koreans as well as foreign visitors. It boasts the 1000 years of Silla heritage with vast number of ancient ruins and archaeological sites found throughout the city,^[27] which help to attract 6 million visiting tourists including 750,000 foreigners per year.^[4] The city government has parlayed its historic status into a basis for other tourism-related developments such as conferences, festivals, and resorts.^[153]

Many Silla sites are located in

astronomical observatories

in

Anapji royal pond garden,^[153] and the Gyerim forest.^[155] Gyeongju National Museum hosts many important artifacts and national treasures that have been excavated from sites within the city and surrounding areas.^[153]

National Treasure of Korea

No. 30

Much of Gyeongju's heritage are related to the Silla kingdom's patronage of

World Heritage List in 1995.^[153][156] In addition, the ruins of the old Hwangnyongsa temple, said to have been Korean's largest, are preserved on the slopes of Toham Mountain. Various Silla-era stone carvings of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas are found on mountainsides throughout the city, particularly on Namsan.^[153]

A significant portion of Gyeongju's tourist traffic is due to the city's promotion of itself as a site for various festivals, conferences, and competitions. Every year since 1962, the Silla cultural festival has been held in October to celebrate and honour the dynasty's history and culture. It is one of the major festivals of Korea.[157]^[158][159] It features athletic events, folk games, music, dance, literary contests and Buddhist religious ceremonies. Other festivals include the Cherry Blossom Marathon in April,^[160] the Korean Traditional Liquor and Cake festival in March,^[14] and memorial ceremonies for the founders of the Silla Dynasty and General Kim Yu-sin.^[133]

There were 15 hotels including

Hilton Hotel, Gyeognju Chosun Hotel, and 276 lodging facilities, and 2,817 restaurants in Gyeongju in 2006.^[21]

Gyeongju's emerging tourist attraction is the Hwangnidan-gil. The address of Hwangnidan-gil is 1080, Poseok-ro, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province. There are about 80 stores, including restaurants, cafes, bookstores, and gift shops. Hwangnidan-gil became popular through social networking sites, and neighboring Gyeongju's historical site is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The advantage of the Hwangnidan-gil is the result of voluntary efforts by merchants without help from local governments.[161]

Tourist spots

Places recommended by Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture & Tourism Organization

Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond

Gyeongju World Culture Expo Park

Yangdong Folk Village

Silla Oreung Tombs

Tohamsan

Gyeongju Gameunsa Temple Site

Gyeongju East Palace Garden (Donggungwon)

Gyeongju World

Gyeongju Gyochon Traditional Village

Gumisan Mountain[permanent dead link]

Girimsa Temple

Tomb of General Kim Yusin

Gyeongju Namsan Mountain

Danseoksan Mountain

Daereungwon Tomb Complex

Royal Tomb of King Taejong Muyeol

Bunhwangsa Temple

Bulguksa Temple

Seokguram Grotto

Sogeumgangsan Mountain

Silla Arts and Science Museum

Yangnam Jusangjeolli Cliff Observatory

Tongiljeon

Poseokjeong Pavilion

Media

Gyeongju has two main local newspapers; the Gyeongju Sinmun and the Seorabeol Sinmun.^[162] Both are weekly newspapers providing news via online as well and their headquarters are located in the neighborhood of Dongcheon-dong.^[163][164] The Gyeongju Sinmun was founded in 1989 and provides various news and critics on anything concerning Gyeongju.^[165] Its online newspaper, Digital Gyeongju Sinmun opened in December, 2000 to provide live local news out of the limit as a weekly newspaper and to establish mutual information exchanges from Gyeongju locals. In 2001, Gyeongju Sinmun started to present Gyeongju Citizen Awards to people who try to develop the local industry and economy, culture and education, and welfare service. Since 2003, the Wolseong Nuclear Power Plant headquarter co-hosts the awards with Gyeongju Sinmun.^[166]

The Seorabeol Sinmun was established in 1993,^[167] however, from November 15, 2000, to November 10, 2005, its publication was stopped for financial difficulties after the 1997 Asian economic crisis had left a strong impact on the nationwide economy.^[168] Since 2006, Seorabeol Sinmun presents Serabeol Awards to people having devouring to develop Gyeongju.^[167][169]

Several major feature films have been filmed in the city, including

Chwihwaseon^[173] and others. In 2009, the filming of the Queen Seondeok, a popular MBC TV series took place in a studio at Silla Millennium Park located in Bomun Lake Resort.^[174][175]

Education

See also: Education in South Korea

Gyeongju is strongly associated with the education tradition of

Joseon dynasty. However, the spirit and discipline were revived in the second half of the 20th century as a form of Korean martial arts with the same name.^[176][177]

Formal education has a longer history in Gyeongju than anywhere else in South Korea. The

Joseon dynasties, the city was home to state-sponsored provincial schools (hyanggyo) under both dynasties such as Gyeongju Hyanggyo. During the later Joseon dynasty there were several seowon, or private Confucian academies, were set up in the city such as Oksan Seowon and Seoak Seowon.^[179]

The education system of Gyeongju is the same as elsewhere in the country. Schooling begins with

mentally disabled, which provides education to students from preschool to adult age.^[90]

Gyeongju is home to four institutions of tertiary education.^[90] Sorabol College is a technical college in the district of Chunghyo-dong that offers majors specializing in tourism, leisure, health care and cosmetic treatments.^[181][182]

Each of Gyeongju's three universities reflects the city's unique role. Dongguk and Uiduk universities are Buddhist institutions,^[183][184] reflecting that religion's link to the city.^[185][186] Gyeongju University, formerly Korea Tourism University, is strongly focused on tourism, reflecting its importance in the region.^[187]

Infrastructure

Healthcare

According to the 2008 yearbook of Gyeongju, the total number of medical institutions was 224 with 3,345 beds, including two general hospitals, thirteen hospitals, 109 clinics, five nursing homes, forty two dental hospitals, two

Korean traditional medicine hospitals and 50 Korean traditional medicine clinics.^[188] There are also twenty eight medical institutions related to Gyeongju Health Center affiliated to the Gyeongju City government.^[90]

The two general hospitals are associated with two major universities in Gyeongju and nearby Daegu. One is the Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, located in the district of Seokjang-dong, which is affiliated with Dongguk University Medical School and Center. The Gyeongju Hospital was opened in a seven-story building in 1991 to provide Gyeongju locals with a quality medical service and train medical specialists in the region.^[189] After various renovations the hospital currently has 24 departments including a radiation oncology center and 438 beds.^[190] It is also assigned as a teaching and learning hospital and in partnership with Dongguk University Oriental Hospital.^[191] The other general hospital is a branch of Keimyung University, Dongsan Medical Hospital in Daegu. It is the successor of Gyeongju Christianity Hospital founded in 1962, and was reborn as the current general hospital in 1991. The Gyeongju Dongsan Hospital is located in the district of Seobu-dong and has 12 departments in a three-story building.^[192]

Utilities

Water supply and sewage disposal are municipal services which are respectively handled by the Water Supply Office and Water Quality and Environment Office. Water comes from the

agricultural water in case a drought occurs.^[194]

The city had managed its own recycling service, but privatized it since July 1, 2009.[195]

Other utilities are provided by private entities or South Korean government-owned companies. Seorabeol City Gas, an affiliate of

Wolseong Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Center, which treats and stores low and intermediate level radioactive waste from the local power plants,^[201] is overseen and inspected by the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS).^[202]

Transportation

The city lies at the junction of two minor lines operated by the

South Chungcheong province to Gyeongju.^[203] Additionally national highways such as Route 4,^[204] 7,^[205] 14,^[206] 20,^[207] 28,^[208] 31,^[209] and 35^[210] crisscross the city. Since the city is a popular tourist destination, nonstop bus services are available from most major cities in South Korea.^[211]

Geoncheon-eup, west of Gyeongju's city center.^[212][213]

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in South Korea

Gyeongju is twinned with:^[214]

• Iksan, South Korea (1998)
• Nara
  , Japan (1970)
• Obama, Japan (1977)
• Pompei, Italy (1985)
• Versailles, France (1987)
• Xi'an, China (2007)
• Huế, Vietnam (2007)
• Nitra, Slovakia (2014)
• Isfahan, Iran (2016)

Gyeongju also corporates with:

• Canberra, Australia

See also

• Geography of South Korea
• List of cities in South Korea
• Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region
• World Heritage Site

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} 경주시 [Gyeongju-si] (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Archived from the original on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
2. ^
   Xinhua News. 2005-10-18. Archived from the original
   on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
3. ^ "Population Gyeongju". Population City. 2015.
4. ^
   ISBN 9781565910461
   . Retrieved 2018-04-24.
5. ^ ^{a b} "Kyŏngju". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
6. ^ ^{a b c} 경주시의 자연환경 [Natural environment of Gyeongju] (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Archived from the original on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
7. ISBN 9780141966830
   . Retrieved 30 September 2016.
8. ISBN 9780870998508
   . Retrieved 30 September 2016.
9. ^ Adams, Edward B. (April 1989). "The Legacy of Kyongju". The Rotarian: 28. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
10. ISBN 9780571299355
    . Retrieved 30 September 2016.
11. ^ Mason, David A. "Gyeongju, Korea's treasure house". Korea.net. Korean Culture and Information Service. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
12. ISBN 9788985113069
    . Retrieved 30 September 2016.
13. ^ Robinson et al. 2007. p.187
14. ^ ^{a b} "Spring into Korea's Cultural Festivals". Travel Blackboard. 2005-03-04. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
15. ^ "Korea, Republic of". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
16. ^ "Gyeongju Yangdong Folk Village (UNESCO World Heritage)". Korea Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
17. ^ "Insa-dong Rivals Jeju as Most Popular Tourist Spot". The Chosun Ilbo. 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
18. ^ Lee, Jae Won; Lee, Man Hyung (1997). "Urban-Rural Integration Conflicts After 1994's Reform in Korea" (PDF). Dosi Yeongu, Korea Center for City and Environment Research. 3: 103–121. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Gyeongju (category)

• Gyeongju travel guide from Wikivoyage
• City of Gyeongju Government official website
• Gyeongju Guide official website