Gyeongsang dialect
Gyeongsang | |
---|---|
Southeastern Korean | |
경상도 방언(사투리) 慶尙道 方言 | |
Native to | South Korea |
Region | Yeongnam (Gyeongsang Province) |
Dialects |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | kyon1247 |
The Gyeongsang dialects (Korean: 경상도 사투리; RR: Gyeongsangdo Satoori) are also known as Southeastern Korean (Korean: 동남 방언; RR: Dongnam Bangeon; lit. Southeastern Dialect).
They are variants of the Korean language originating from the historic administrative district of Gyeongsangdo (Korean: 경상도; Hanja: 慶尙道) which was abolished in 1895 and is organised today as Daegu, Busan, Ulsan, North Gyeongsang Province & South Gyeongsang Province.
Gyeongsang dialects vary. A native speaker can distinguish the dialect of
After Standard Korean, it is the next most prevalent Korean dialect.[1] There are approximately 13,000,000 speakers.
Vowels
Most Gyeongsang dialects have six vowels, a (ㅏ), e (ㅔ), i (ㅣ), eo (ㅓ), o (ㅗ), u (ㅜ).
In most areas, the vowelsㅐ(ae) and ㅔ (e) are conflated. A 2015 study found that Gyeongsang dialect speakers merged these sounds more significantly than speakers from central regions of Korea, but less so than speakers from southwestern Korea in
W and y are generally dropped after a consonant, especially in South Gyeongsang dialects. For example, soegogi (쇠고기) 'beef' is pronounced sogogi (소고기), and gwaja (과자) 'confectionery' is pronounced ggaja (까자).
Vowels are fronted when the following syllable has a y or i, unless a coronal consonant intervenes. For example, eomi 'mother' is emi, and gogi 'meat' is gegi.[3][4]
Consonants
Southern Gyeongsang (specifically, nearby Namhae) dialects lack the tense consonant ss (ㅆ). Thus, the speakers pronounce ssal (쌀), meaning "rice", as sal (살) meaning "flesh". Palatalization is widespread: gy-, gi, ki and ky- are pronounced j and ch, e.g. 귤 is jul and 기름 is jileum, while hy- is pronounced s, e.g. 힘 is sim. Many words have tense consonants where the standard is tenuis. Middle Korean z and β are preserved as s and b, as in 새비 saebi for Standard Korean 새우 saeu "shrimp" or 가새 gasae for Standard Korean 가위 gawi "scissors".[3][4]
Tone
The tonal system of Middle Korean became largely extinct around the 17th century, but it lives on in the Gyeongsang dialects. [5]
Dialects are classified as North Gyeongsang or South Gyeongsang based on
In North Gyeongsang, any syllable may have pitch accent in the form of a high tone, as may the two initial syllables. For example, in trisyllabic words, there are four possible tone patterns:[10]
- 메누리[mé.nu.ɾi] ('daughter-in-law')
- 어무이[ʌ.mú.i] ('mother')
- 원어민[wʌ.nʌ.mín] ('native speaker')
- 오래비[ó.ɾé.bi] ('elder brother')
Grammar
The Gyeongsang dialect maintains a trace of Middle Korean: the grammar of the dialect distinguishes between a yes–no question and a wh-question, while Standard Modern Korean does not. With an informal speech level, for example, yes–no questions end with "-a (아)" and wh-questions end with "-o (오)" in the Gyeongsang dialect, whereas in standard speech both types of questions end in either "-ni (니)" or "-eo (어)" without a difference between the types of questions. For example:
- "밥 뭇나?" [Bap múnna?] or "밥 묵읏나?" [Bap múgeunna?] as opposed to "밥 먹었니?" [Bap meogeonní?] or "밥 먹었어?" [Bap meogeosséo?] (casual greetings in Korean.)
— "Did you have a meal?" or "Did you eat?"
- "머 뭇노?" [Meo munno?] as opposed to "뭘 먹었니?" [Meol meogeonni?] or "뭘 먹었어?" [Meol meogeosseo?]
— "What did you eat?"
Notice that the first question can be answered with a yes or no, while the latter question requires detail explanation of the food eaten.
However, -no also works as a rhetorical question ending.
- "이거 와 이래 맛있노" [Igeo wa irae masinno.]
- Literal meaning "Why is this so delicious?", actual meaning "This is so delicious."
This phenomenon can also be observed in tag questions, which are answered with a yes or no.
- "Eopje, geújya?" (업제, 그쟈?) as opposed to "Eopji, geureotchí?" (없지, 그렇지?)
— "It isn't there, is it?"
Sociolinguistics
This section needs expansion with: The sociolinguistics of this dialect in modern South Korea, including its significant covert prestige, needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2020) |
While most Korean speakers favour their home dialects, Gyeongsang speakers do not view their own dialect positively and prefer Standard Korean.[11] In 1993, a study of 1365 people from across Korea revealed that Gyeongsang speakers felt less affection and pride towards their dialect compared to speakers of other dialects.[12] In a 2010 study by the National Institute of Korean Language, 20% of speakers from the Gyeongsang region reported feeling 'awkward' when conversing with Standard Korean speakers.[1] This suggests that some Gyeongsang speakers may feel linguistic inferiority.
From the
See also
References
- ^ a b "People's sense of language in 2010". The National Institute of The Korean Language. 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
- ^ a b Tae-Jin Yoon; Yoonjung Kang; Sungwoo Han; Hyeseon Maeng; Jiae Lee; Kyounghue Kim (2015). "A CORPUS-BASED APPROACH TO DIALECTAL VARIATION IN KOREAN VOWELS" (PDF). Retrieved 22 January 2024.
- ^ a b c Ho-min Sohn, 2006. Korean language in culture and society
- ^ a b c Yeon, Jaehoon. "Korean dialects: a general survey" (PDF).
- ^ Kenstowicz, M., Cho, H., & Kim, J. (2008). 'A note on contrasts, mergers and acquisitions in Kyungsang accents'. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics, 28, pp. 107-122.
- ^ Chung, Young-Hee (2002). "Contour tone in the North Kyungsang dialect: evidence for its existence" (PDF). Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology. 8 (1): 135–47.
- ^ Utsugi, Akira (2007). The interplay between lexical and postlexical tonal phenomena and the prosodic structure in Masan/Changwon Korean (PDF) (Thesis).
- ^ Utsugi, Akira; Jang, Hyejin (2007). Lexical pitch accent and tonal targets in Daegu Korean (MS thesis). University of Edinburgh.
- ^ Kenstowicz, Michael; Park, Chiyoun (2006). "Laryngeal features and tone in Kyungsang Korean: a phonetic study" (PDF). Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology.
- ^ The Prosodic Structure and Pitch Accent of Northern Kyungsang Korean, Jun et al., JEAL 2005[ling.snu.ac.kr/jun/work/JEAL_final.pdf]
- ^ Long, D & Yim, Y.-C. (2002). Regional differences in the perception of Korean dialects. In D. Long & D. Preston (eds.). Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology Volume II, pp. 249-275.
- ^ Yim, Y.-C. (1993). Zainichi, azibei kankokujin, oyobi kankokujin no gengo seikatsu no jittai [Language life of Koreans, Korean-Japanese and Korean-Americans]. Tokyo: Kuroshio.
- ^ ""제주 '강간'의 도시" YS 일화, 사실일까" (in Korean). November 28, 2015.