Names of the Romani people
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The
In the English language (according to the Oxford English Dictionary), Rom is a noun (with the plural Romá or Roms) and an adjective, while Romany is also a noun (with the plural Romanies) and an adjective. Both Rom and Romany have been in use in English since the 19th century as an alternative for Gypsy. Romany is also spelled Romani, or Rommany.[1]
Sometimes, rom and romani are spelled with a double r, i.e., rrom and rromani, particularly in
Roma is a term primarily used in political contexts to refer to the Romani people as a whole.[3][4] Still, some subgroups of Romani do not self-identify as Roma, therefore some scholars avoid using the term Roma as not all Romani subgroups accept the term.[5]
Because all Romanies use the word Romani as an adjective, the term began to be used as a noun for the entire ethnic group.[6]
The term Romani is used by some organizations, including the United Nations and the US Library of Congress.[2] However, the Council of Europe and other organizations use the term Roma to refer to Romani people around the world, and recommended that Romani be restricted to the language and culture: Romani language, Romani culture.[7][8][9]
Etymology
The
The ultimate origin of the Sanskrit term ḍoma (perhaps from
Gypsy and gipsy
The English term gipsy or gypsy
A British House of Commons Committee parliamentary inquiry, as described in their report "Tackling inequalities faced by Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities" (published 2019),[20] stated about their findings in the United Kingdom that: "We asked many members of the Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities how they preferred to describe themselves. While some find the term "Gypsy" to be offensive, many stakeholders and witnesses were proud to associate themselves with this term and so we have decided that it is right and proper to use it, where appropriate, throughout the report."
The Oxford English Dictionary states a 'gipsy' is a
member of a wandering race (by themselves called Romany), of Indian origin, which first appeared in England about the beginning of the 16th c.
The first usage of the word in English found by the OED was 1514, with several more usages in the same century, and both Edmund Spenser and William Shakespeare used this word.[21]
This
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the name was written in various ways: Egipcian, Egypcian, 'gypcian. The word gipsy/gypsy comes from the spellings which had lost the initial capital E, and that is one reason that it is often spelled with the initial g in lowercase. Colloquially, gipsy/gypsy is used refer to any person perceived by the speaker as fitting the
Use in English law
Gipsy has several developing and overlapping meanings under
"Gipsies" of Romany origins have been a recognised ethnic group for the purposes of Race Relations Act 1976 since Commission for Racial Equality v Dutton 1989, as have Irish Travellers in England and Wales since O'Leary v Allied Domecq 2000 (having already gained recognition in Northern Ireland in 1997).[29][30][31]
List of names
Gipsy
In several countries, they were thought to come from Egypt.
Tsinganoi
In much of continental Europe, Romanies are known by names related to the Greek term τσιγγάνοι (tsinganoi):
- Slavic
- Belarusian: цыгане
- Bulgarian:
- цигани, zigani (Roma people)
- циганин, ziganin (male Roma)
- циганка, ziganka (female Roma)
- циганче, zigance (Roma child)
- Czech: cikáni (synonym: Romové)
- Macedonian: цигани, zigani (synonym: ѓупци)
- Polish: Cyganie (synonym: Romowie)
- Russian: цыгане, z'igane
- Serbo-Croatian: цигани, cigani
- Slovak: cigáni
- Slovene: cigani
- Ukrainian: цигани, zigani
- Uralic
- Hungarian: cigány; use of "roma" is also widespread and supported
- Germanic
- Romance
- Other Indo-European
- Albanian: Cigan
- Armenian: գնչու, gnčʿu
- Balkan Romani: Čingaren
- Caló (Spanish Romani): čingarár
- Esperanto: Cigano
- Hindi: चिंगारी Chingaari
- Latvian: čigāni
- Lithuanian: Čigonai
- Persian: کولی, Koli
- Turkish: Çingene (dialect: Çingan or Cingan)
- Urdu: چنگھ, Changar
The name originates with
Bohémiens
Because many Romanies living in France had come via Bohemia, they were referred to as Bohémiens.[40] This term would later be adapted by the French to refer to a particular artistic and impoverished lifestyle of an individual, known as Bohemianism.
Roma
- Czech: Romové (synonym)
- Polish: Romowie (synonym)
- Basque: erromintxelaor txingartu (for Basque-speaking Romanies)
- Chinese: 罗姆人 Luōmǔrén
- Coptic language: ⲣⲱⲙⲁ Roma
- Japanese: ロマ Roma
Other
- Albanian: Arixhi (handler of bears)
- Arabic: غجر ghájar
- Azerbaijani: Qaraçı
- Estonian: mustlased
- Finnish: mustalaiset
- Georgian: ბოშები bošebi
- Hebrew: צוענים tsoʿănim (from the city Soan in Egypt)
- Kurdish قەرەچی, qaraçı (from Turkish); دۆم, dom
- Mingrelian: ჩაჩანეფი çaçanephi
- Spanish: calé[43]
See also
- Didicoy
- Dom people
- List of Romani people
- Lom people
- Lyuli
- Origin of the Romani people
- Romani people by country
- White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller
- Zott
References
- ^ *Definition at dictionary.cambridge.org
- Definition at Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
- Definition at oxforddictionaries.com
- Definition at merriam-webster.com
- Definition at collinsdictionary.com
- ^ ISBN 978-1-902806-19-8. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
- ^ p. 13 in Illona Klimova-Alexander's The Romani Voice in World Politics: The United Nations and Non-State Actors (2005, Burlington, VT.: Ashgate
- ^ Rothéa, Xavier. "Les Roms, une nation sans territoire?" (in French). Retrieved 2008-07-31.
- ^ p. 52 in Elena Marushiakova and Vesselin Popov's "Historical and ethnographic background; Gypsies, Roma, Sinti" in Will Guy [ed.] Between Past and Future: The Roma of Central and Eastern Europe [with a Foreword by Dr. Ian Hancock], 2001, UK: University of Hertfordshire Press
- ISBN 978-1-902806-19-8. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
- ISBN 978-1-902806-19-8. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
- ISBN 978-1-932716-33-7. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
- ^ Roma, Sinti, Gypsies, Travellers...The Correct Terminology about Roma Archived 2014-07-19 at the Wayback Machine at In Other WORDS project - Web Observatory & Review for Discrimination alerts & Stereotypes deconstruction
- ^ The Institute for Middle East Understanding Archived 2007-05-23 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary - Douglas Harper
- ISBN 0-19-214183-X
- Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)
- ^ Abhijit Ghosh, Non-Aryan linguistic elements in the Atharvaveda: a study of some words of Austric origin, Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar, 2000, p. 10, 76.
- ^ T. Burrow and M.B. Emeneau, A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary 2nd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), p. 257, entry #2949.
- ^ From the Oxford English Dictionary (second edition, 1989; online version December 2011) Etymology section for the word gipsy:
From the quotations collected for the dictionary, the prevalent spelling of late years appears to have been gipsy. The plural gypsies is not uncommon, but the corresponding form in the singular seems to have been generally avoided, probably because of the awkward appearance of the repetition of y.
- S2CID 201423395.
- ^
- Randall, Kay. "What's in a Name? Professor take on roles of Romani activist and spokesperson to improve plight of their ethnic group". Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - Weyrauch, Walter Otto (2001). Gypsy law: Romani legal traditions and culture. University of California Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-520-22186-4.
- ISBN 978-1-902806-71-6. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
- Klímová-Alexander, Ilona (2005). The Romani voice in world politics: the United Nations and non-state actors. Non-state actors in international law. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7546-4173-5. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
- Tebbutt, Susan (1998). Sinti and Roma: Gypsies in German-Speaking Society and Literature. Oxford: Berghahn Books, Inc. p. x. ISBN 978-1571819215.
- Liégeois, Jean-Pierre (2007). Roma in Europe (3rd ed.). Strasbourg: Council of Europe Pub. p. 159. ISBN 978-9287160515.
- Totten, Samuel; Paul R. Bartrop; Steven Leonard (2008). Dictionary of genocide. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 371. ISBN 978-0313329678.
- Randall, Kay. "What's in a Name? Professor take on roles of Romani activist and spokesperson to improve plight of their ethnic group". Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
- ^
- Tom Dalzell, ed. (2007). The new Partridge dictionary of slang and unconventional English (Reprint. ed.). London [u.a.]: Routledge. p. 943. ISBN 978-0415259378.
- Merriam-Webster's pocket guide to English usage. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. 1998. p. 178. ISBN 978-0877795148.
- Garner, Bryan A. (2009). Garner's modern American usage (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 405. ISBN 978-0195382754.
- ISBN 978-0806529851.
- Garner, Bryan A. (2011). A dictionary of modern legal usage (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 400. ISBN 978-0195384208.
- Guido Bolaffi, ed. (2002). Dictionary of race, ethnicity and culture (1. publ., [Nachdr.]. ed.). London: Sage. p. 291. ISBN 978-0761969006.
- Tom Dalzell, ed. (2007). The new Partridge dictionary of slang and unconventional English (Reprint. ed.). London [u.a.]: Routledge. p. 943.
- ^ House of Commons Women & Equalities Committee (5 April 2019). "Tackling inequalities faced by Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities". UK Parliament. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2nd Edition 1989. "Gipsy, gypsy, n."
- ISBN 978-0-89357-258-7.
- ^ "gitan" (in French). Dictionnaire de l'Académie française. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
Emprunté de l'espagnol gitano, gitana, altération de Egiptano, proprement « Égyptien », car on attribuait aux bohémiens une origine égyptienne.
- ISBN 978-1-902806-19-8.
- ^ "Hancock, Ian The 'Gypsy' stereotype and the sexualisation of Romani women". Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ISBN 978-0-7472-7928-0.
- ^ Hancock, Ian. "PERSPECTIVES The Struggle for the Control of Identity". Roma Participation Program. pp. 1–8. Archived from the original on 2009-04-09. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
- ^ Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act 1960 (c.62) The UK Statute Law Database.
- ^ a b Ravi Low-Beer Challenging Gypsy planning policies occasional discussion paper number 1, Traveller Law Research Unit, Cardiff Law School, P O Box 427, Cardiff CF1 1XD. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
- ^ a b Thomas Acton. Human Rights as a Perspective on Entitlements: The Debate over 'Gypsy Fairs' in England Archived 2011-08-25 at the Wayback Machine, Essex Human Rights Review Archived 2010-04-23 at the Wayback Machine Vol. 1 No. 1. July 2004, pp. 18-28, ISSN 1756-1957. See footnote 5 page 19 (page 2 of the PDF document).
- ^ Traveller Law Research Unit, Cardiff University, (From March 1995 to December 2002). Retrieved 2008-10-09. Archived from original 2008
- ^ "ijito - Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia bilaketa". www.euskaltzaindia.eus.
- ^ "ijito - Harluxet Hiztegi Entziklopedikoa". www1.euskadi.net.
- ^ Royal Galician Academy "cigano"
- ^ Royal Galician Academy "cíngaro"
- ^ White, Karin (1999). "Metal-workers, agriculturists, acrobats, military-people and fortune-tellers: Roma (Gypsies) in and around the Byzantine empire". Golden Horn. 7 (2). Archived from the original on 2014-09-20. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
- ^ Bates, Karina. "A Brief History of the Rom". Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
- doi:10.1080/0032472031000147856. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2009-09-14.
- Analecta Bollandiana, 36-37, 1917-19.
- OCLC 54529869.
- ^ "buhame". Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia (in Spanish) (10 ed.). Euskaltzaindia. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ "buhame - Harluxet Hiztegi Entziklopedikoa". www1.euskadi.net.
- ^ "calé". Diccionari de la lengua española (in Spanish) (23.6 ed.). RAE - ASALE. 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2023.