Hưng Hóa province
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (August 2021) |
| Tỉnh Hưng Hóa (省興化) | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Province of the Nguyễn dynasty and the French protectorate of Tonkin, French Indochina | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1830–1903 | |||||||||||||||||||
 Hưng Hóa province in 1891 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Hưng Hóa | ||||||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||||||
• Established | 1830 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1903 | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Today part of | Vietnam | ||||||||||||||||||
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Hưng Hóa was a former province of
Background
Before the 15th century, the Black River basin was the homeland of various hill polities and ethnic groups, such as Muang Then and Ngưu Hống of Tai Dam people. Among them, Ngưu Hống was a Vietnamese tributary state. In 1416, the Chinese Ming dynasty annexed Ngưu Hống. In 1431 the Vietnamese king Lê Lợi subdued them and captured the Muang Le leader Đèo Cát Hãn, who submitted as a vassal. Since then, the Đèo clan of White Tai had maintained themselves as the autonomous head of counties (tri châu) of Hưng Hóa region (Vietnamese collective designation for the whole region). They also paid tribute to neighbouring China, Burma, and Luang Phabang.
The Vietnamese tightened their control over Hưng Hóa in the eighteenth century. Both the heads of counties (châu) and districts (huyện) were held by Kinh (Vietnamese) mandarins tri châu and tri huyện. Hưng Hóa was divided into 44 châu and 163 huyện.[1]
Reorganization
At the time when the Nguyễn dynasty was established in 1802, Hưng Hóa was categorised as a trấn (protectorate). In 1830, Hưng Hóa was reorganised as a province with following districts:
- Tam Nông District
- Thanh Sơn
- Thanh Thủy
- Mai Châu
- Đà Bắc
- Phù Yên
- Mộc Châu
- Yên Châu
- Mai Sơn
- Sơn La
- Thuận Châu
- Quỳnh Nhai
- Tủa Chùa
- Tuần Giáo
- Lai Châu
- Ninh Biên
- Yên Lập
- Văn Chấn
- Trấn Yên
- Văn Bàn
- Chiêu Tấn
- Thủy Vĩ
The Deos continued to pay annual tribute to the Hue court to assert their semi-autonomous status while also paying tribute to the Thai court via Laotian kingdoms. The headquarters of the Deos were relocated to
Notes
- ^ Lee (2015), p. 71.
- ^ Culas (2009), p. 17.
- ^ Lee (2015), p. 72.
References
- Lee, Mai Na M. (2015). Dreams of the Hmong Kingdom: The Quest for Legitimation in French Indochina, 1850–1960. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-29884-5.
- Culas, Christian (2009), "Chapter 8: The ethnonyms of the Hmong in Vietnam: Early history (1856-1924) and practical epistemology", in Culas, Christian; Robinne, François (eds.), Inter-Ethnic Dynamics in Asia: Considering the Other Through Ethnonyms, Territories and Rituals, Taylor & Francis, pp. 13–42, ISBN 978-1-78238-214-0