Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)

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(Redirected from
HIV protease inhibitors
)
For natural protease inhibitors, see Protease inhibitor (biology).

Protease inhibitors (PIs) are

viral particles
.

Protease inhibitors that have been developed and are currently used in clinical practice include:

Given the specificity of the target of these drugs there is the risk, like with antibiotics, of the development of drug-resistant mutated viruses. To reduce this risk, it is common to use several different drugs together that are each aimed at different targets.

In addition to those non-human proteases listed above, inhibitors of human proteases may be used to treat cancer. See the articles matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (–mastat) and proteasome inhibitor (–zomib).[1]

Antiretrovirals

Protease inhibitors were the second class of

antiretroviral drugs developed. The first members of this class, saquinavir, ritonavir, and indinavir, were approved in late 1995–1996. Within 2 years, annual deaths from AIDS in the United States fell from over 50,000 to approximately 18,000[4]
Prior to this the annual death rate had been increasing by approximately 20% each year.

The number of people in the U.S. dying of HIV fell by 60% in the 2 years following the introduction of the first HIV protease inhibitors
The number of people in the U.S. dying of HIV fell by 60% in the 2 years following the introduction of the first HIV protease inhibitors
Name Trade name Company Patent FDA approval date Notes
Saquinavir Invirase, Fortovase
Hoffmann–La Roche
 U.S. patent 5,196,438 December 6, 1995 The first protease inhibitor approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Ritonavir Norvir
AbbVie
 U.S. patent 5,541,206 March 1, 1996 AbbVie was part of Abbott Laboratories when patent was granted. As well as being a protease inhibitor in its own right, ritonavir inhibits the breakdown of other protease inhibitors. This property makes it very useful in drug combinations.[5]
Indinavir Crixivan Merck & Co. U.S. patent 5,413,999 March 13, 1996 —
Nelfinavir Viracept
Hoffmann–La Roche
 U.S. patent 5,484,926 March 14, 1997 —
Amprenavir Agenerase
GlaxoSmithKline
 U.S. patent 5,585,397 April 15, 1999 The sixteenth FDA-approved antiretroviral. It was the first protease inhibitor approved for twice-a-day dosing instead of needing to be taken every eight hours. The convenient dosing came at a price, as the dose required is 1,200 mg, delivered in 8 very large gel capsules. Production was discontinued by the manufacturer December 31, 2004, as it has been superseded by fosamprenavir.
Lopinavir Kaletra
AbbVie
 U.S. patent 5,914,332 September 15, 2000 Is only marketed as a fixed-dose combination with ritonavir (see lopinavir/ritonavir). AbbVie was part of Abbott Laboratories when patent was granted.
Atazanavir Reyataz
Bristol-Myers Squibb
 U.S. patent 5,849,911 June 20, 2003 Atazanavir was the first PI approved for once-daily dosing. It appears to be less likely to cause lipodystrophy and elevated cholesterol as side effects. It may also not be cross-resistant with other PIs.
Fosamprenavir Lexiva, Telzir
GlaxoSmithKline
 — October 20, 2003 A
slow release
version of amprenavir and thus reduces the number of pills required versus standard amprenavir.
Tipranavir Aptivus Boehringer Ingelheim — June 22, 2005 Also known as tipranavir disodium.
Darunavir Prezista
Janssen Therapeutics
 U.S. patent 6,248,775 June 23, 2006 As of 2016, darunavir is an
OARAC recommended treatment option for treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced adults and adolescents.[6] Several ongoing phase III trials are showing a high efficiency for the darunavir/ritonavir combination being superior to the lopinavir/ritonavir combination for first-line therapy.[7] Darunavir is the first drug in a long time that did not come with a price increase. It leapfrogged two other approved drugs of its type, and is matching the price of a third.[8][9][10]

Other activities

Non-antiretroviral antiviral activity

A drug combination targeting SARS-CoV-2 from Pfizer,

Paxlovid, was approved on December 22, 2021.[11] It is a combination of nirmatrelvir, a protease inhibitor targeted to SARS-CoV-2's 3C-like protease, and ritonavir to inhibit nirmatrelvir's metabolism.[12]

Protease inhibitors also are used to treat Hepatitis C.

Antiprotozoal activity

Researchers are investigating the use of protease inhibitors developed for HIV treatment as anti-protozoals for use against malaria and gastrointestinal protozoal infections:

  • A combination of ritonavir and lopinavir was found to have some effectiveness against Giardia infection.[13]
  • The drugs saquinavir, ritonavir, and lopinavir have been found to have anti-malarial properties.[14]
  • A cysteine protease inhibitor drug was found to cure Chagas disease in mice.[15]

Anticancer activity

Researchers are investigating whether protease inhibitors could possibly be used to treat cancer. For example, nelfinavir and atazanavir are able to kill tumor cells in culture (in a Petri dish).[16][17] This effect has not yet been examined in humans; but studies in laboratory mice have shown that nelfinavir is able to suppress the growth of tumors in these animals, which represents a promising lead towards testing this drug in humans as well.[17]

Inhibitors of the proteasome, such as bortezomib are now front-line drugs for the treatment of multiple myeloma.

Tanomastat is one of the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors that can be used to treat cancer. Batimastat was also well known from Lednicer book.

Side effects

Protease inhibitors can cause a syndrome of

diabetes mellitus type 2, and kidney stones.[18] This lipodystrophy is colloquially known as "Crix belly", after indinavir (Crixivan).[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "The Use of Stems in the Selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for Pharmaceutical Substances" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  2. ^ Programme on International Nonproprietary Names (INN) (February 2023). "Pre-stems: Suffixes used in the selection of INN - February 2023". World Health Organization.
  3. PMID 34502033
    .
  4. ^ "HIV Surveillance --- United States, 1981--2008". Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  5. ISBN 9780857111562
    .
  6. ^ "Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents" (PDF). Developed by the DHHS Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents—A Working Group of the Office of AIDS Research Advisory Council (OARAC). July 14, 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  7. S2CID 26084893
    .
  8. ^ Liz Highleyman, Patient Advocates Commend Pricing of New PI Darunavir, http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/recent/2006/ad1/063006_a.html
  9. ^ Darunavir - first molecule to treat drug-resistant HIV
  10. doi:10.1021/cen-v084n034.p009
    .
  11. ^ "FDA authorizes 1st antiviral pill for COVID --- United States, 2021". NPR. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  12. ^ Woodley M (19 October 2021). "What is Australia's potential new COVID treatment?". The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP). Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  13. PMID 17137752
    .
  14. PMID 16436721
    .
  15. PMID 17698625
    .
  16. PMID 17785575
    .
  17. ^
    PMID 18006837
    .
  18. PMID 12626882
    .
  19. PMID 11364559
    .

External links
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