HMGA1

HMGA1
Gene ontology
Molecular function	retinoid X receptor binding retinoic acid receptor binding enzyme binding peroxisome proliferator activated receptor binding DNA binding DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific nuclear receptor coactivator activity protein binding chromatin binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase activity transcription factor binding DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease activity cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding minor groove of adenine-thymine-rich DNA binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific transcription coactivator activity structural constituent of chromatin
Cellular component	nucleus nucleoplasm cytosol senescence-associated heterochromatin focus chromosome focal adhesion transcription regulator complex chromatin RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex
Biological process	negative regulation of cell population proliferation oncogene-induced cell senescence establishment of integrated proviral latency nucleosome disassembly regulation of transcription, DNA-templated positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of cellular senescence negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated response to virus DNA unwinding involved in DNA replication transcription, DNA-templated transcription by RNA polymerase II nuclear transport viral process base-excision repair protein-containing complex assembly
Sources:Amigo / QuickGO

Ensembl				ENSG00000137309	ENSMUSG00000046711
UniProt	P17096	P17095
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_002131 NM_145899 NM_145901 NM_145902 NM_145903 NM_145904 NM_145905 NM_001319077 NM_001319078 NM_001319079 NM_001319080 NM_001319081 NM_001319082	NM_001025427 NM_001039356 NM_001166535 NM_001166536 NM_001166537 NM_001166539 NM_001166540 NM_001166541 NM_001166542 NM_001166543 NM_001166544 NM_001166545 NM_001166546 NM_016660
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001306006 NP_001306007 NP_001306008 NP_001306009 NP_001306010 NP_001306011 NP_002122 NP_665906 NP_665908 NP_665909 NP_665910 NP_665912	NP_001159948 NP_001159949 NP_001020598 NP_001034445 NP_001160007 NP_001160008 NP_001160009 NP_001160011 NP_001160012 NP_001160013 NP_001160014 NP_001160015 NP_001160016 NP_001160017 NP_001160018 NP_057869
Location (UCSC)	Chr 6: 34.24 – 34.25 Mb	Chr 17: 27.78 – 27.78 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]

Wikidata

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High-mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMGA1 gene.^[5][6]

Function

This gene encodes a non-histone chromatin protein involved in many cellular processes, including regulation of inducible gene transcription, DNA replication,

of retroviruses into chromosomes, and the metastatic progression of cancer cells.

HMGA1 proteins are quite small (~10-12 kDa) and basic molecules, and consist of three

family comprising HMGA, HMGB and HMGN proteins.

HMGA1-GFP fusion proteins are highly dynamic in vivo (determined using

and are located mainly in the nucleus, especially in heterochromatin, but also in mitochondria and the cytoplasm.

Recently it has been shown that HMGA1 proteins, HMGA1a and HMGA1b, can cross-link DNA fibers in vitro and can induce chromatin clustering in vivo suggesting a structural role of HMGA1 proteins in heterochromatin organization.^[7]

At least seven transcript variants encoding two different isoforms (HMGA1a, HMGA1b) have been found for this gene.^[8] The splice variant HMGA1c with only two AT hooks and no acidic tail is in discussion to be a real member of the HMGA family.

Mice lacking their variant of HMGA1, i.e., Hmga1-/- mice, are

Interactions

HMGA1 has been shown to

See also

• HMGA
• AT-hook

References

Further reading

• Hui H, Perfetti R (Feb 2002). "Pancreas duodenum homeobox-1 regulates pancreas development during embryogenesis and islet cell function in adulthood". European Journal of Endocrinology. 146 (2): 129–41.
  PMID 11834421
  .
• Van Maele B, Debyser Z (2005). "HIV-1 integration: an interplay between HIV-1 integrase, cellular and viral proteins". AIDS Reviews. 7 (1): 26–43.
  PMID 15875659
  .
• Van Maele B, Busschots K, Vandekerckhove L, Christ F, Debyser Z (Feb 2006). "Cellular co-factors of HIV-1 integration". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 31 (2): 98–105.
  PMID 16403635
  .
• Reeves R, Nissen MS (May 1990). "The A.T-DNA-binding domain of mammalian high mobility group I chromosomal proteins. A novel peptide motif for recognizing DNA structure". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 265 (15): 8573–82.
  PMID 1692833
  .
• Nissen MS, Langan TA, Reeves R (Oct 1991). "Phosphorylation by cdc2 kinase modulates DNA binding activity of high mobility group I nonhistone chromatin protein". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (30): 19945–52.
  PMID 1939057
  .
• Eckner R, Birnstiel ML (Aug 1989). "Cloning of cDNAs coding for human HMG I and HMG Y proteins: both are capable of binding to the octamer sequence motif". Nucleic Acids Research. 17 (15): 5947–59.
  PMID 2505228
  .
• Johnson KR, Lehn DA, Reeves R (May 1989). "Alternative processing of mRNAs encoding mammalian chromosomal high-mobility-group proteins HMG-I and HMG-Y". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 9 (5): 2114–23.
  PMID 2701943
  .
• Palvimo J, Linnala-Kankkunen A (Oct 1989). "Identification of sites on chromosomal protein HMG-I phosphorylated by casein kinase II". FEBS Letters. 257 (1): 101–4.
  S2CID 7960951
  .
• Karlson JR, Mørk E, Holtlund J, Laland SG, Lund T (Feb 1989). "The amino acid sequence of the chromosomal protein HMG-Y, its relation to HMG-I and possible domains for the preferential binding of the proteins to stretches of A-T base pairs". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 158 (3): 646–51.
  PMID 2920035
  .
• Lund T, Dahl KH, Mørk E, Holtlund J, Laland SG (Jul 1987). "The human chromosomal protein HMG I contains two identical palindrome amino acid sequences". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 146 (2): 725–30.
  PMID 3619901
  .
• Leger H, Sock E, Renner K, Grummt F, Wegner M (Jul 1995). "Functional interaction between the POU domain protein Tst-1/Oct-6 and the high-mobility-group protein HMG-I/Y". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 15 (7): 3738–47.
  PMID 7791781
  .
• John S, Reeves RB, Lin JX, Child R, Leiden JM, Thompson CB, Leonard WJ (Mar 1995). "Regulation of cell-type-specific interleukin-2 receptor alpha-chain gene expression: potential role of physical interactions between Elf-1, HMG-I(Y), and NF-kappa B family proteins". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 15 (3): 1786–96.
  PMID 7862168
  .
• Farnet CM, Bushman FD (Feb 1997). "HIV-1 cDNA integration: requirement of HMG I(Y) protein for function of preintegration complexes in vitro". Cell. 88 (4): 483–92.
  S2CID 14476092
  .
• Miller MD, Farnet CM, Bushman FD (Jul 1997). "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 preintegration complexes: studies of organization and composition". Journal of Virology. 71 (7): 5382–90.
  PMID 9188609
  .
• Huth JR, Bewley CA, Nissen MS, Evans JN, Reeves R, Gronenborn AM, Clore GM (Aug 1997). "The solution structure of an HMG-I(Y)-DNA complex defines a new architectural minor groove binding motif". Nature Structural Biology. 4 (8): 657–65.
  S2CID 2183841
  .
• Currie RA (Dec 1997). "Functional interaction between the DNA binding subunit trimerization domain of NF-Y and the high mobility group protein HMG-I(Y)". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (49): 30880–8.
  PMID 9388234
  .
• Chin MT, Pellacani A, Wang H, Lin SS, Jain MK, Perrella MA, Lee ME (Apr 1998). "Enhancement of serum-response factor-dependent transcription and DNA binding by the architectural transcription factor HMG-I(Y)". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (16): 9755–60.
  PMID 9545312
  .
• Chiappetta G, Tallini G, De Biasio MC, Manfioletti G, Martinez-Tello FJ, Pentimalli F, de Nigris F, Mastro A, Botti G, Fedele M, Berger N, Santoro M, Giancotti V, Fusco A (Sep 1998). "Detection of high mobility group I HMGI(Y) protein in the diagnosis of thyroid tumors: HMGI(Y) expression represents a potential diagnostic indicator of carcinoma". Cancer Research. 58 (18): 4193–8.
  PMID 9751634
  .
• Vogel B, Löschberger A, Sauer M, Hock R (Sep 2011). "Cross-linking of DNA through HMGA1 suggests a DNA scaffold". Nucleic Acids Research. 39 (16): 7124–33.
  PMID 21596776
  .

External links

• HMGA1+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P17096 (High mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y) at the PDBe-KB.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.