HMS Exeter (68)
Exeter underway off the coast of Coco Solo in 1939
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History | |
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United Kingdom | |
Name | Exeter |
Namesake | Exeter |
Ordered | 15 March 1928 |
Builder | Devonport Dockyard, Plymouth |
Laid down | 1 August 1928 |
Launched | 18 July 1929 |
Commissioned | 27 July 1931 |
Identification | Pennant number: 68 |
Fate | Sunk during the Second Battle of the Java Sea, 1 March 1942, wreck destroyed by illegal salvagers 2014–2016 |
General characteristics (as built) | |
Class and type | York-class heavy cruiser |
Displacement | 8,390 long tons (8,520 t) (standard) |
Length | 575 ft 1 in (175.3 m) (o/a) |
Beam | 58 ft (17.7 m) |
Draught | 20 ft 3 in (6.2 m) ( deep load ) |
Installed power |
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Propulsion | 4 × shafts; 4 × geared steam turbine sets |
Speed | 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph) |
Range | 10,000 nmi (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) |
Complement | 628 |
Armament |
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Armour |
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Aircraft carried | 2 × seaplanes |
Aviation facilities | 2 × aircraft catapults |
HMS Exeter was the second and last
After they were completed, the ship spent most of 1941 on
Most of her crewmen survived the sinking and were rescued by the Japanese. About a quarter of them died during Japanese captivity. Her wreck was discovered in early 2007, and it was declared a war grave, but by 2016 her remains, along with other WWII wrecks, had been destroyed by illegal salvagers.
Design and description
Exeter was ordered two years after her
Exeter was slightly lighter than expected and displaced 8,390
The main armament of the York-class ships consisted of six
The cruisers lacked a full-length waterline armour belt. The sides of Exeter's boiler and engine rooms and the sides of the magazines were protected by 3 inches (76 mm) of armour. The transverse bulkheads at the end of her propulsion machinery rooms were 3.5 inches (89 mm) thick. The top of the magazines were protected by 5.5 inches (140 mm) of armour and their ends were 4.375 inches (111 mm) thick. The lower deck over the machinery spaces and steering gear had a thickness of 1.5 inches (38 mm).[5]
Modifications
In 1932 Exeter had her side plating extended to enclose her open main deck as far back as the fore funnel.
While under repair in 1940–1941 after her battle with the Admiral Graf Spee, the Royal Navy decided to upgrade her armament and fire-control systems. The bridge was rebuilt and enlarged to accommodate a second
Construction and career
1928-1939
Exeter, the fourth ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy,
After re-commissioning in England on 29 December, 1936, Exeter departed two days later, returning to Bermuda via St. Vincent, in the
Second World War
Battle of the River Plate
At the outbreak of the
Captain
At 06:30, Langsdorff switched his fire to the light cruisers, but only inflicted shrapnel damage on them before some of Exeter's torpedoes forced him to turn away at 06:37 to evade them. Her second torpedo attack at 06:43 was also unsuccessful. In the meanwhile, Langsdorff had switched his main guns back to the heavy cruiser and scored several more hits. They knocked out 'A' turret, started a fire amidships that damaged the ship's fire-control and navigation circuits, and caused a seven-degree
The ship was hit by a total of seven 283 mm shells that killed 61 of her crew and wounded another 23. In return, the cruiser had hit Admiral Graf Spee three times; one shell penetrated her main armour belt and narrowly missed detonating in one of her engine rooms, but the most important of these disabled her oil-purification equipment. Without it, the ship was unlikely to be able to reach Germany. Several days later, unable to be repaired and apparently confronted by powerful Royal Navy reinforcements (including HMS Cumberland), the Admiral Graf Spee was scuttled by her captain in the harbour of Montevideo.[24]
Although very heavily damaged, Exeter was still able to make good speed—18 knots—though four feet down by the bows, with a list of about eight degrees to starboard, and decks covered in fuel oil and water, making movement within the ship very difficult.
Captain
To the Far East
Upon returning to the fleet, Exeter primarily spent time on 'working up' exercises,
Exeter then stayed on escort duty in the Indian Ocean (primarily off the coast of Africa)
Upon return to Trincomalee (Ceylon) from the Maldives on 14 November, Exeter then departed for Calcutta on the 16th to cover a small two-ship convoy that left Calcutta for Rangoon (Burma) on the 26th and 27th.[28] After the successful completion of that duty she was then tasked to escort another ship from Calcutta to Rangoon on 6 December. However, during that convoy, on 8 December, Exeter was ordered to urgently proceed to Singapore[28][37] to reinforce Force Z, as the Pacific War had just begun. Exeter arrived at Singapore during the afternoon of 10 December,[38] too late to support Repulse and Prince of Wales as they had both been sunk earlier that day,[39] but some of the survivors from these two ships were treated in Exeter's sick bay.[40]
Exeter thus returned to Colombo the next day (11 December)[28] and spent the next two months – until almost mid-February 1942 – escorting convoys (primarily from Bombay and Colombo)[28][33] bound for Singapore – which fell to the Japanese on 15 February.[28][41][42][43] During this time, in early 1942, Exeter was attached to the newly formed ABDA Command,[33] (American-British-Dutch-Australian Command) which came into being in early January in Singapore, but soon shifted its headquarters to Java in the Dutch East Indies (present day Indonesia).
The Gaspar Strait sortie
On 13 February, Allied reconnaissance aircraft spotted Japanese invasion convoys north of
The repeated aerial attacks persuaded Doorman that further progress was unwise in the face of Japanese aerial supremacy and he ordered his ships to reverse course and head for Tanjung Priok at 12:42.[46] The attacks continued as 27 G3Ms of the Mihoro Air Group then bombed from high altitude. Seven more B5Ns attacked fruitlessly at 14:30; a half-dozen more followed an hour later. The final attack was made by 17 Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" bombers of the Kanoya Air Group shortly before dark. The Japanese attacks were almost entirely ineffectual, with no ship reporting anything more than shrapnel damage. In return, allied anti-aircraft fire was moderately effective with most of the attacking bombers damaged by shrapnel. In addition, one G4M crashed while attempting to land, and another was badly damaged upon landing.[47]
First Battle of the Java Sea
On 25 February, Helfrich ordered all available warships to join Doorman's Eastern Striking Force at Surabaya. The Exeter and the Australian light cruiser Perth, escorted by three British destroyers, Jupiter, Encounter, and Electra, set sail at once, leaving behind one Australian cruiser and two destroyers that were short of fuel.[48] After they had arrived the following day, Doorman's entire force of five cruisers and nine destroyers departed Surabaya at 18:30 to patrol off Eastern Java in hopes of intercepting the oncoming invasion convoy which had been spotted earlier that morning. The Japanese were further north than he anticipated and his ships found nothing.[49] His own ships were located at 09:35 on the following morning, 27 February, and were continuously tracked by the Japanese. Doorman ordered a return to Surabaya at 10:30, and his ships were attacked by eight bombers from the Kanoya Air Group at 14:37. They claimed to have made two hits on the Jupiter, but actually they missed the British destroyer. Just as his leading ships were entering harbour, he received reports of enemy ships 90 miles (140 km) to the north and Doorman ordered his ships to turn about to intercept them.[50]
Aware of Doorman's movements, the Japanese commander, Rear Admiral
The Japanese began launching torpedoes beginning at 17:20 at ranges of 10,000 to 18,500 yards (9,100 to 16,900 m), but they all missed. For some reason, two Japanese destroyers, Asagumo and Minegumo, continued to close before firing their torpedoes at 6,500 yards (5,900 m) and Encounter and Electra pulled out of line to counter-attack. Engaging at close range as they closed, Electra damaged Asagumo, but was sunk by the Japanese ship at 17:46. Meanwhile, the Exeter continued south to Surabaya, escorted by Encounter and the Dutch destroyer Witte de With. Doorman's repeated, unsuccessful, and ultimately fatal attempts to reach the invasion convoy's transports concentrated the Japanese on the task of protecting those ships and allowed the damaged British cruiser to reach harbour.[60]
Second Battle of the Java Sea
The following day, after making temporary repairs and refuelling, the Exeter, escorted by Encounter and the American destroyer Pope, was ordered to steam to Colombo, via the Sunda Strait. They departed on the evening of 28 February, but they were intercepted by the Japanese heavy cruisers Nachi, Haguro, Myōkō, and Ashigara, and by the destroyers Akebono, Inazuma, Yamakaze, and Kawakaze on the morning of 1 March.[61]
At about 0800, the British ships spotted two of the Japanese cruisers, one of which launched its spotting floatplanes. Two others were seen closing in, and both launched their aircraft before opening fire at about 09:30.
The Japanese rescued 652 men of the crew of Exeter, including her captain, who became prisoners of war.[71]
Wreck site
The wreck was discovered and positively identified by a group of exploration divers specifically searching for Exeter aboard MV Empress on 21 February 2007.
References
- ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 139, 141
- ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 141, 414
- ^ Whitley, p. 94
- ^ Lenton, p. 53
- ^ a b c Raven & Roberts, p. 414
- ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 266.
- ^ Whitley, p. 92.
- ^ Lenton, pp. 53–54
- ^ Friedman, p. 118
- ^ a b Whitley, p. 95
- ^ Lenton, p. 54
- ^ Colledge, p. 119
- ^ Whitley, pp. 94–95
- ^ "Local Jottings (first item)". The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Bermuda. 27 March 1928. p. 5.
- ^ "RAIDERS REPULSED IN COMBINED MANOEUVRES - Spanish Point Scene of Joint Naval & Military Operation EARLY YESTERDAY MORNING". The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Bermuda. 4 June 1937. p. 1.
- ^ "FORESTERS, FROM TRINIDAD WILL LAND TODAY". The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Bermuda. 30 March 1938. p. 1.
- ^ H.M.S. EXETER 1936-1939. London: HMS Exeter, Royal Navy. 1939.
- ^ H.M.S. EXETER 1936-1939. London: HMS Exeter, Royal Navy. 1939. p. 84.
- ^ Rohwer, pp. 6, 11
- ^ Stephen, pp. 16, 18
- ^ a b Stephen, pp. 18–19
- ^ Toase, Aidan (16 September 2005). "WW2 People's War – HMS Exeter- a Royal Marine's Story". BBC. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
- ^ Stephen, pp. 20–23
- ^ Stephens, pp. 21–27
- ^ a b Atwill, Ron (30 March 1977). "HMS Exeter at the Battle of River Plate". Naval Historical Society of Australia.
- ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 430
- ^ "Walter Napier Thomason Beckett". The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Helgason, Guðmundur. "HMS Exeter (68)". Uboat.net.
- ^ ADM 53/114251, ADM 53/114251 + ADM 199/655, ADM 53/114252
- ^ ADM 199/396, ADM 53/114252, ADM 53/114253
- ^ ADM 53/114254
- ^ Rohwer, p. 74
- ^ "HMS Exeter: The Final Days". COFEPOW.
- ^ a b ADM 53/114258
- ^ ADM 53/114259
- ^ ADM 53/114260 + ADM 199/408
- ISBN 0-713-91042-9.
- ^ Gill, pp. 480–482
- ^ Cox, p. 109
- ^ Various ADM's.
- ^ Stewart, Terry. "The Fall of Singapore". Historic UK.
- ^ Trueman, C.N. (19 May 2015). "The Fall of Singapore". The History Learning Site.
- ^ Gill, pp. 565, 571–72
- ^ Shores, Cull & Izawa 1993, p. 123
- ^ Gill, p. 573
- ^ Shores, Cull & Izawa 1993, p. 124
- ^ Shores, Cull & Izawa 1993, p. 233
- ^ Gill, pp. 607–608
- ^ Shores, Cull & Izawa 1993, p. 238
- ^ Grove, pp. 86–89
- ^ Dull, pp. 76–78
- ^ a b Grove, p. 93
- ^ a b c d e f "Action Report: Captain O. L. Gordon HMS Exeter, Battle of the Java Sea" (PDF). Pacific Wrecks. 1 October 1945.
- ^ Lacroix & Wells, p. 298
- ^ Shores, Cull & Izawa 1993, p. 239
- ^ Kehn, p. 306
- ^ Grove, p. 94
- ^ Dull, pp. 80–82
- ^ Dull, pp. 82–86
- ^ Grove, p. 95
- ^ a b Shores, Cull & Izawa 1993, p. 306
- ^ a b Dull, p. 87
- ^ Gill, p. 623
- ^ Cooper, Lt Cmdr George (1946). "Account of HMS Exeter's last action". Pacific Wrecks. See paragraph five.
- ^ "IJN Inazuma: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- ^ a b c "HMS Exeter (68)". Pacific Wrecks. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-61234-820-9.
- ISBN 978-1-47666-293-0.
- ^ "IJN Ryujo: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. See entry for 1 March 1942.
- ^ Gill, pp. 623–624
- ^ a b Kosmidis, Pierre (August 2017). "A dedication to HMS Exeter, the shipwreck that disappeared, featuring 3D renditions of the wreck, by Kevin Denlay and Stefan Draminski". WW2 Wrecks.
- ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hH7IHTiv-T0 A 3D 'fly-around video' of how the wreck looked when discovered in 2007.
- ^ Copping, Jasper (17 May 2008). "Wartime Naval Legend HMS Exeter Found Off Java". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
- ^ "Kevin Denlay - Shipwreck Discoveries and SCUBA Diver". Pacific Wrecks.
- ^ "HMS Kent Wreath Laying". COFEPOW.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ^ "Java Sea Shipwrecks of World War 2: One of the men who found them reflects on their loss". HistoryAnswers.co.uk. 23 November 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
- Cox, Geoffrey R. (2014). Rising Sun, Falling Skies: The Disastrous Java Sea Campaign of World War II. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-1060-1.
- Dull, Paul S. (2007). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-219-5.
- ISBN 978-1-59114-078-8.
- Gill, G. Hermon (1957). "Chapter 15: ABDA and ANZAC" (PDF). Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Two Navy: Volume I: The Royal Australian Navy, 1939–1942. Canberra, Australia: Australian War Memorial. pp. 513–572. OCLC 848228.
- Gill, G. Hermon (1957). "Chapter 16: Defeat in ABDA" (PDF). Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Two Navy: Volume I: The Royal Australian Navy, 1939–1942. Canberra, Australia: Australian War Memorial. pp. 571–624. OCLC 848228.
- Grove, Eric (1993). Sea Battles in Close Up: World War 2. Vol. 2 (U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation Advisory Council ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-758-9.
- Lacroix, Eric & ISBN 0-87021-311-3.
- ISBN 1-55750-048-7.
- Raven, Alan & Roberts, John (1980). British Cruisers of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-922-7.
- ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
- Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian & Izawa, Yasuho (1992). Bloody Shambles: Volume One: The Drift to War to the Fall of Singapore. London: Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-50-X.
- Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian & Izawa, Yasuho (1993). Bloody Shambles: Volume Two: The Defence of Sumatra to the Fall of Burma. London: Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-67-4.
- Stephen, Martin (1988). Sea Battles in Close-Up: World War 2. Vol. 1. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-556-6.
- ISBN 1-86019-874-0.
Further reading
- Johns, W. E & Kelly, R. A. (1989). No Surrender: The Story of William E. Johns, D.S.M., Chief Ordnance Artificer, and How He Survived After the Eventual Sinking of H.M.S. Exeter in the Java Sea in March 1942. London: W.H. Allen. ISBN 1-85227-151-5.
- Poole, S. L. (1970). Cruiser: A History of British Cruisers from 1889 to 1960. London: Hale. ISBN 0-7091-1344-7.
External links
- "HMS Exeter: The Final Days". COFEPOW.
- "How H.M.S. Exeter Fought Her Last Battle". The War Illustrated. Vol. 9, no. 225. 1 February 1946. p. 621 – via Traces of War.com.
- "Photos of Exeter's wreck". Robin-Brooks.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020.
- "WWII Cruisers". World-war.co.uk.
- "HMS Exeter". Uboat.net.