HMS New Zealand (1911)
New Zealand in Australia, May 1919
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History | |
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United Kingdom | |
Name | New Zealand |
Namesake | Dominion of New Zealand |
Builder | Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering, Govan |
Laid down | 20 June 1910 |
Launched | 1 July 1911 |
Commissioned | 19 November 1912 |
Stricken | 19 December 1922 |
Fate | Sold for scrap, 22 January 1923 |
General characteristics | |
Class and type | Indefatigable-class battlecruiser |
Displacement | |
Length | 590 ft 3.5 in (179.9 m) |
Beam | 80 ft (24.4 m) |
Draught | 27 ft (8.2 m) |
Installed power |
|
Propulsion | 4 × shafts; 2 × steam turbine sets |
Speed | 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph) |
Range | |
Complement | 818 (1913), 853 (1919), 1070 (1921)[1] |
Armament |
|
Armour |
HMS New Zealand was one of three
During 1913, New Zealand was sent on a ten-month tour of the
After the war, New Zealand was sent on a second world tour, this time to allow Admiral John Jellicoe to review the naval defences of the Dominions. In 1920, the battlecruiser was placed in reserve. She was broken up for scrap in 1922 in order to meet the United Kingdom's tonnage limit in the disarmament provisions of the Washington Naval Treaty.
Design
The Indefatigable class was not a significant improvement on the preceding Invincible class; the main difference was the enlargement of the dimensions to give the ships' two wing turrets a wider arc of fire. The ships were smaller and not as well protected as the contemporary German battlecruiser SMS Von der Tann and subsequent German designs. While Von der Tann's characteristics were not known when the lead ship of the class, Indefatigable, was laid down in February 1909, the Royal Navy obtained accurate information on the German ship before work began on New Zealand and her sister ship HMAS Australia.[3]
New Zealand had an
The ship was powered by two sets of
The ship carried eight
The Indefatigables were protected by a
New Zealand's 'A' turret was fitted with a 9-foot (2.7 m)
Wartime modifications
The ship was fitted with a single
New Zealand received a fire-control director sometime between mid-1915 and May 1916; this centralised fire control under the director officer, who now fired the guns. The turret crewmen merely had to follow pointers transmitted from the director to align their guns on the target. This greatly increased accuracy, as it was easier to spot the fall of shells and eliminated the problem of the ship's roll dispersing the shells when each turret fired independently.[13]
To address deficiencies in the armour of British capital ships raised by the Battle of Jutland New Zealand entered the dockyard in November 1916 where an additional inch of armour was added to selected horizontal areas of the main deck. In the forward part of the ship it covered the magazines for A-turret and the 4-inch guns; midships to cover the magazines for Q- and P-turrets, while it was extended vertically by 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 m) to protect the magazine trunks and escape shafts.[14][15] During a refit in June 1917 the armour was again improved when 1-inch armour plate was added on the lower deck at the bottom of the Inner and Outer Upper Coal bunkers as well as over the boiler.[14]
By 1918, New Zealand carried two aircraft, a Sopwith Pup and a Sopwith 1½ Strutter, on flying-off ramps fitted on top of 'P' and 'Q' turrets.[8] The Pup was intended to shoot down Zeppelins while the 1½ Strutter was used for spotting and reconnaissance.[16] Each platform had a canvas hangar to protect the aircraft during inclement weather.[17]
Post-war modifications
In preparation for its role as Admiral Jellicoe’s personal transport for his planned visit to Australia, Canada, India and New Zealand New Zealand was refitted between December 1918 and February 1919.[18] The fore topmast and both top gallants were replaced. Her flying-off platforms were removed and new peacetime trim was installed. The range clocks were removed and the deflection scales on the turrets were painted over. The lower forward four-inch guns were removed and replaced with cabins on the port and starboard sides of the forward superstructure to house Jellicoe and provide offices for his staff of eight.[19][20]
While in Bombay in 1919 the battlecruiser was painted in a light grey colour.
Acquisition and construction
At the start of the 20th century, the
To this end, the
When it came to naming the new ship the most obvious name was already being used by the existing King Edward VII-class battleship HMS New Zealand. It was decided to transfer the name to the new battlecruiser and to rename the older ship. Among the suggested names were Arawa, Caledonia, Wellington and Maori (which was already being used by a destroyer, and thus would have required a double renaming) being floated before Zealandia was eventually decided upon and subsequently approved by the King.[27]
Construction
Wright Fairfield had already built HMS Indomitable, which would have given them confidence in their cost estimate, which included all stores including first coal and ammunition. In the end John Brown & Company delivered Australia well under their original tendered price.
New Zealand's keel was laid at Fairfield's yard on the Clyde on 20 June 1910.[30][31]
The construction contract was between the Admiralty and Fairfield (using the Admiralty’s standard contract terms) and was overseen by the Admiralty with manufacturer’s payment claims being approved and then passed on by the Admiralty to the New Zealand High Commission’s office in London for forwarding onto New Zealand for payment. Variation claims were often individually itemised (such as £1. 12s. 6d. for a specific drawing) and passed on for payment, with some payments still being processed as late as the 1914-15 financial year. The ship was built with all stores supplied from the Admiralty at the "Rate Book" price plus 20 per cent,[29] with exception of the coal. The Admiralty did not charge New Zealand for its management of the project. Fairchild’s share of the contract made a profit of £50,454 (6 per cent).[32]
The four main gun mountings were made by Armstrong Whitworth’s Elswick Ordnance Works,[33] at a cost of £207,593 (excluding delivery and assembly)[34] while the guns were supplied by both Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers. The 22 x 12-inch guns (which included six spares) and 36 x 4-inch guns (which included four spares) required to equip both of the Dominion’s ships cost a combined total of £249,550.[35]
New Zealand was launched on 1 July 1911 in front of 8,000 onlookers by Lady Theresa Ward, the wife of Sir Joseph Ward, using a bottle of New Zealand wine for the christening.[36][1][37] Following her launch New Zealand was moved by the Clyde Shipping Company’s tugs Flying Linnet and Flying Swallow to the shipyard’s fitting out basin, for installation of the boilers, engines, and auxiliary machinery though temporary openings in the main deck before the superstructure and armament was installed.[38]
The battlecruiser's first captain, 40 year old Lionel Halsey took command on 21 September 1912.[39]
Sea trials began in October with the hull checked in dry dock on 8 October prior to a 30 hour steam test at three-quarter power being undertaken on the 9 and 10 October.[40] Full power tests were conducted off Polperro on 14 October with 49,048 hp being generated. These tests found that she met her design speed with an average speed over an eight hour period of 25.1 knots (by log) and 26.1 knots (by bearings) while experiencing near ideal sea conditions with the machinery generating 49,048 hp at an average of 297.687 revolutions.[40] Over the “measured mile” she reached 25.49 knots (based on revolutions) and 26.3 knots (by bearings).[40] Following gun and torpedo trials in mid-October the battlecruiser returned to Fairfield to correct any defects and make modifications before acceptance inspections commenced in mid-November.
New Zealand was formally commissioned at Govan on 19 November 1912.[41] The Admiralty required that all new ships be drydocked as part of the acceptance process to allow the completion and inspection of all underwater fittings. As Fairchild didn’t have their own drydock, the ship sailed from Govan with the nucleus of her crew to Devonport to use that shipyard’s facilities. By now the ship’s hull had spent a considerable time in Fairchild’s often polluted fitting out basin, so the hull was cleaned and then painted with a fresh anti-fouling coating.[42]
The ship was officially completed on 23 November 1912, when she reached her nominally full complement of crew.[43][44] Her officers by now included three New Zealanders, Lieutenant Alexander David Boyle (1887–1965),[45] Lieutenant Rupert Clare Garsia and Midshipman Hugh Beckett Anderson (1897–1971), all from Christchurch.
To signal her upcoming completion the New Zealand government commissioned the marine artist William Lionel Wyllie to produce a painting of New Zealand which he titled Tower House', Portsmouth [HMS “New Zealand” fitting out].[46] In subsequent years he also produced other paintings of the ship.
Service history
In December 1912 the battlecruiser began the task of working up prior to joining the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron. While at sea over the 1912-13 New Year some of the masting was damaged by a storm.
In 1912 it was agreed that the ship would visit its donor country as a 'thank you' for funding its construction, with a basic nine month long itinerary developed in the last months of 1912.[47] To facilitate the flag-waving cruise New Zealand was temporary detached from the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron on 20 January 1913 for the duration of the voyage with Halsey having independent command.[44] The initial date of departure progressively moved backward into 1913 with the ship finally departing the Royal Navy dockyard at Devonport on 28 January for Portsmouth which it reached two days later.
On 3 February, 300 expatriate New Zealanders organized by Sir Thomas Mackenzie (New Zealand’s High Commissioner to the United Kingdom) visited the ship at which he unveiled the battlecruiser’s coat of arms (which had been gifted by the country’s expatriate community in the United Kingdom).[47] This was followed by a visit by King George V (accompanied by Winston Churchill and James Allen (New Zealand’s Minister of Finance and Defence) and other high–ranking officials on 5 February 1913.[48]
As soon as the King’s party had departed New Zealand took on coal before departing Portsmouth on 6 February.[44] There were stops at St Vincent, Ascension Island, Cape Town, Simon’s Town and Durban in South Africa and then at Melbourne in Australia before New Zealand reached Wellington, New Zealand on 12 April. This was the start of an event that gripped the country as thousands of New Zealanders came to catch a sight of and where possible visit “our Dreadnought”. For the ship’s crew this meant having to attend a constant parade of events and festivities.
After an 11 day stay in the capital New Zealand proceeded up the east coast of the North Island to visit Napier, Gisborne and Auckland, before streaming south to visit Lyttelton, Akaroa, where she exercised with HMS Pyramus before continuing on to Timaru, Otago Harbour, Bluff, Milford Sound, Greymouth, Westport, Nelson, Picton, before stopping again at Wellington. From there she proceeded up the West Coast of the North Island visiting Wanganui, Russell and back to Auckland which was reached on 21 June.
The battlecruiser received numerous gifts while in New Zealand, including a naval ensign and a union jack.[49][50] Two greenstone hei-tiki (pendants), which were intended to ward off evil were gifted to the ship.[51] One was given by the Boy Scouts of Wellington on 13 April.[52] and the second by Christchurch businessman C. J. Sloman in May 1913. He had deposited the hei-tiki at Canterbury Museum in 1913 and then uplifted it a few months later in order to lend it to the ship on the condition that it had to be returned to Canterbury Museum should the name New Zealand ever be removed from the navy list.[52][53]
The most notable gift was the personal gift to Halsey of a Māori piupiu (a warrior's skirt made from rolled flax).[54] According to legend the chief who gave the piupiu to Halsey, instructed him to wear it during battle in order to protect the ship and its crew. If he did, then the ship would be involved in three sea battles; it would be hit only once; and that no one on board would be killed.[50] On many of these occasions speeches were often given in the Māori language, which may resulted in a misunderstanding about the purpose of the gift. It is unclear exactly who presented the piupiu to Halsey, as he did not record details about who it was or about any prophesy. There are a number of possibilities as to who gifted the piupiu. One is that it was given by Rotorua Māori in Auckland on 26 June. Another is that it was given by Rangitīaria Dennan in Rotorua on 7 May. This account is supported by Halsey’s daughter, which mentions meeting Dennan and a discussion with him about her father being gifted a piupiu when he made an honorary chief of the tribe.[50] Another possibility was that the piupiu was given by the Te Arawa chief Mita Taupopoki.[50] On the 17 April a large group from Ngāti Raukawa visited the battlecruiser in Wellington at which it is recorded that “a presentation of piupiu (garments of war)” were made.[55] Another likely candidate was that the piupiu was given to Halsey on behalf of Ngāi Tahu chief Mana Himiona Te Ataotu by Southern Māori MP, Taare Rakatauhake Parata (Charles Rere Parata) when he visited the ship in Wellington on 19 April 1913.[50] On this occasion a piupiu was recorded as being given.[56] A delegation of 25 leading Māori (including Māori members of parliament) did visit the battlecruiser in Wellington on 21 April among whom was
As a result of this visit the officers and crew of New Zealand were to maintain a close relationship with her donor country and its citizens over her years of service and her adventures were closely followed in the Dominion’s newspapers. Though none of the crew were Māori they would occasionally perform the haka (in which they had received instruction while in New Zealand) at functions. The ship’s Māori connection was also maintained by its official letterhead paper featuring the "Aotearoa", which was the Māori word for New Zealand.[52]
By the time the battlecruiser departed New Zealand from Auckland on 28 June for Fiji, a total of 376,114[57] New Zealanders had visited the vessel during her time in the country, though other sources quote 376,086,[58] 368,118.[59] and 378,068. It is estimated that approximately another 125,000 had been able to see the ship either from the shore or from boats.[57] At the time the country had a population of one million. The battlecruiser streamed across the Pacific via Suva, Fiji and Honolulu to dock on 23 July at the naval base of Esquimalt on Vancouver Island, Canada.[57]
After departing Esquimalt New Zealand headed south stopping at
She had sailed 45,320 miles, consumed 31,833 tons of coal and had been visited by 500,151 people in what was the longest voyage to date by a vessel of the dreadnought era.[61]
The voyage was judged such a success that Halsey was knighted for his efforts.
Assigned to the Grand fleet
The Admiralty requested that New Zealand return to the United Kingdom when the tour concluded, rather than remain in the Pacific region as originally planned. The New Zealand Government acceded to the request. As a result upon her return to the United Kingdom, New Zealand joined the
First World War
On 19 August 1914, shortly after the First World War began, New Zealand was transferred to the
Battle of Heligoland Bight
New Zealand's first wartime action was the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28 August 1914, as part of the battlecruiser force under the command of Admiral
The brand-new light cruiser
Raid on Scarborough
The German Navy had decided on a strategy of bombarding British towns on the North Sea coast in an attempt to draw out the Royal Navy and destroy elements of it in detail. An earlier raid on Yarmouth on 3 November 1914 had been partially successful, but a larger-scale operation was later devised by Admiral Franz von Hipper. The fast battlecruisers would conduct the bombardment, while the rest of the High Seas Fleet stationed itself east of Dogger Bank, so they could cover the battlecruisers' return and destroy any pursuing British vessels. Having broken the German naval codes, the British were planning to catch the raiding force on its return journey, although they were not aware of the High Seas Fleet's presence. Admiral Beatty's 1st BCS (now reduced to four ships, including New Zealand) and the 2nd Battle Squadron (consisting of six dreadnoughts) were detached from the Grand Fleet in an attempt to intercept the Germans near Dogger Bank.[67]
Admiral Hipper's raiders set sail on 15 December 1914, and successfully bombarded several English towns; British destroyers escorting the 1st BCS had already encountered German destroyers of the High Seas Fleet at 05:15 and fought an inconclusive action with them. Vice Admiral
The British forces, heading west to cover the main route through the minefields protecting the coast of England, split up while passing the shallow Southwest Patch of Dogger Bank; Beatty's ships headed to the north, while Warrender passed to the south. This left a 15-nautical-mile (28 km; 17 mi) gap between them, through which the German light forces began to move. At 12:25, the light cruisers of the II Scouting Group began to pass the British forces searching for Hipper. The light cruiser Southampton spotted the light cruiser SMS Stralsund and signalled a report to Beatty. At 12:30, Beatty turned his battlecruisers toward the German ships, which he presumed were the advance screen for Hipper's ships. However, those were some 50 kilometres (31 mi) behind. The 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron, which had been screening for Beatty's ships, detached to pursue the German cruisers, but a misinterpreted signal from the British battlecruisers sent them back to their screening positions.[Note 3] This confusion allowed the German light cruisers to escape, and alerted Hipper to the location of the British battlecruisers. The German battlecruisers wheeled to the north-east of the British forces and also made good their escape.[69]
New Zealand became flagship of the 2nd BCS of the Grand Fleet on 15 January 1915, and saw action the following week in the Battle of Dogger Bank.[66]
Battle of Dogger Bank
On 23 January 1915, a force of German battlecruisers under the command of Admiral Hipper sortied to clear Dogger Bank of any British fishing boats or small craft that might be there to collect intelligence on German movements. Alerted by decoded German transmissions, a larger force of British battlecruisers, including New Zealand, sailed under the command of Admiral Beatty to intercept. Contact was initiated at 07:20. on the 24th, when Arethusa spotted the German light cruiser SMS Kolberg. By 07:35, the Germans had spotted Beatty's force and Hipper ordered a turn south at 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph), believing that this speed would outdistance any British battleships to the north-west; he planned to increase speed to the armoured cruiser SMS Blücher's maximum of 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph) if necessary to outrun any battlecruisers.[70]
Beatty ordered his battlecruisers to make all practical speed to catch the Germans before they could escape. New Zealand and Indomitable were the slowest of Beatty's ships, and gradually fell behind the newer battlecruisers, despite New Zealand achieving an indicated speed of 27 knots due to the original overdesign of the engines and to the efforts of her stokers.[71] Despite dropping behind, New Zealand was able to open fire on Blücher by 09:35, and continued to engage the armoured cruiser after the other British battlecruisers had switched targets to the German battlecruisers. After about an hour, New Zealand had knocked out Blücher's forward turret, and Indomitable began to fire on her as well at 10:31. Two 12-inch shells pierced the German ship's armoured deck and exploded in an ammunition room four minutes later. This started a fire amidships that destroyed her two port 21 cm (8.3 in) turrets, while the concussion damaged her engines so that her speed dropped to 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph), and jammed her steering gear. At 10:48, Beatty ordered Indomitable to attack her, but the combination of a signalling error by Beatty's flag lieutenant and heavy damage to Beatty's flagship Lion, which had knocked out her radio and caused enough smoke to obscure her signal halyards, caused the rest of the British battlecruisers, temporarily under the command of Rear Admiral Sir Gordon Moore in New Zealand, to think that that signal applied to them. In response, they turned away from Hipper's main body and engaged Blücher.[72] New Zealand fired 147 shells at Blücher before the German ship capsized and sank at 12:07 after being torpedoed by Arethusa.[73]
Halsey had again worn the piupiu over his uniform during the battle, and the lack of damage to New Zealand was once more attributed to its good luck properties.[65]
New Zealand was relieved by Australia as flagship of the 2nd BCS on 22 February 1915.
In June 1915 Halsey was promoted to Captain of the fleet with rank of Commodore on HMS Iron Duke and was succeeded as captain of New Zealand by J.F.E. (Jimmy) Green.[75] Despite it being his personal property Halsey left the piupiu in the care of Green.[57]
From 26 to 28 January 1916, the 2nd BCS was positioned off the Skagerrak while the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron swept the strait in an unsuccessful search for a possible minelayer.[76]
Collison with HMAS Australia
On the morning of 21 April 1916, the 2nd BCS left Rosyth at 04:00 (accompanied by the 4th Light Cruiser Squadron and destroyers) again bound for the Skagerrak, this time to support efforts to disrupt the transport of Swedish ore to Germany.[77] The planned destroyer sweep of the Kattegat was cancelled when word came that the High Seas Fleet was mobilising for an operation of their own (later learned to be timed to coincide with the Irish Easter Rising), and the British ships were ordered to a rendezvous point in the middle of the North Sea, with the 1st and 3rd Battlecruiser Squadrons while the rest of the Grand Fleet made for the south-eastern end of the Long Forties.
At 15:30 on the afternoon of 22 April, the three squadrons of battlecruisers were patrolling together to the north-west of
Australia slowed to half-speed as the mist hid her sister ship, but the damage to New Zealand’s propeller caused a temporary loss of control and she swung back in front of Australia which despite turning to port, had her stem crushed at 15:46 as she scraped the side of New Zealand, just behind her P-turret.[78] Both ships to come to a complete stop about 30–40 yd (27–37 m) apart while their respective officers assessed the damage. The damage control teams on the Australia were soon busy storing up bulkheads and sealing off the damage portions to prevent any more water entering the ship. Meanwhile off watch Australian sailors took advantage of a convenient potato locker to hurl both its contents and insults at the crew of their nearby sister ship.[78] New Zealand was soon underway, returning to Rosyth with the rest of the squadron.
The same fog caused the battleship Neptune to collide with a merchant ship and the destroyers Ambuscade, Ardent and Garland to collide with one another.[81]
Once it was safe to proceed Australia with her speed restricted to 12, and then later to 16 knots arrived back at Rosyth to find both drydocks occupied, one by New Zealand and the other by HMS Dreadnought so she departed for Newcastle-on-Tyne, where she was further damaged trying to dock during strong winds. As this facility couldn’t handle all of the repairs that it needed the battlecruiser was ordered to Devonport. Australia was not able to return to sea until 31 May, thus missing the Battle of Jutland.
Meanwhile New Zealand replaced her damaged propeller with Australia’s spare propeller which was in store at Rosyth and returned to the fleet on 30 May, a day before the start of the Battle of Jutland.
Battle of Jutland
On 31 May 1916, the 2nd BCS consisted of its flagship New Zealand and Indefatigable; Australia was still under repair following her collision with New Zealand.[81] The squadron was assigned to Admiral Beatty's Battlecruiser Fleet, which had put to sea to intercept a sortie by the High Seas Fleet into the North Sea. The British were able to decode the German radio messages and left their bases before the Germans put to sea. Hipper's battlecruisers spotted the Battlecruiser Fleet to their west at 15:20, but Beatty's ships did not spot the Germans to their east until 15:30. Two minutes later, he ordered a course change to east-south-east to position himself astride the German's line of retreat and called his ships' crews to action stations. He also ordered the 2nd BCS, which had been leading, to fall in astern of the 1st BCS. Hipper ordered his ships to turn to starboard, away from the British, to assume a south-easterly course, and reduced speed to 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) to allow three light cruisers of the 2nd Scouting Group to catch up. With this turn, Hipper was falling back on the High Seas Fleet, then about 60 miles (97 km) behind him. Around this time, Beatty altered course to the east as it was quickly apparent that he was still too far north to cut off Hipper.[83]
Thus began the so-called "Run to the South" as Beatty changed course to steer east-south-east at 15:45, paralleling Hipper's course, now that the range closed to under 18,000 yards (16,000 m). The Germans opened fire first at 15:48, followed by the British. The British ships were still in the process of making their turn, and only the two leading ships, Lion and
After Indefatigable's loss, New Zealand shifted her fire to Von der Tann in accordance with Beatty's standing instructions. The range had grown too far for accurate shooting, so Beatty altered course four points to port to close the range again between 16:12 and 16:15. By this time, the 5th Battle Squadron, consisting of four
New Zealand was straddled several times by the battleship SMS Prinzregent Luitpold but was not hit.[88] Beatty's ships maintained full speed in an attempt to increase the distance between them and the High Seas Fleet, and gradually moved out of range. They turned north and then north-east to try to rendezvous with the main body of the Grand Fleet. At 17:40, they opened fire again on the German battlecruisers. The setting sun blinded the German gunners, and as they could not make out the British ships, they turned away to the north-east at 5:47.[89] Beatty gradually turned more towards the east to allow him to cover the deployment of the Grand Fleet in battle formation and to move ahead of it, but he mistimed his manoeuvre and forced the leading division to fall off towards the east, further away from the Germans. By 18:35, Beatty was following Indomitable and Inflexible of the 3rd BCS as they were steering east-south-east, leading the Grand Fleet, and continuing to engage Hipper's battlecruisers to their south-west. A few minutes earlier, Scheer had ordered a simultaneous 180° starboard turn and Beatty lost sight of the High Seas Fleet in the haze.[90] Twenty minutes later, Scheer ordered another 180° turn which put them on a converging course again with the British, which had altered course to the south. This allowed the Grand Fleet to cross Scheer's T, forming a battle line that cut across his battle line and badly damaging his leading ships. Scheer ordered yet another 180° turn at 19:13 in an attempt to extricate the High Seas Fleet from the trap into which he had sent them.[91]
This was successful, and the British lost sight of the Germans until 8:05, when Castor spotted smoke bearing west-north-west. Ten minutes later, she had closed the range enough to identify German torpedo boats, and engaged them. Beatty turned west upon hearing gunfire and spotted the German battlecruisers only 8,500 yards (7,800 m) away. Inflexible opened fire at 20:20, followed by the rest of Beatty's battlecruisers.[92] New Zealand and Indomitable concentrated their fire on SMS Seydlitz, and hit her five times before she turned west to disengage.[93] Shortly after 20:30, the pre-dreadnought battleships of Rear Admiral Mauve's II Battle Squadron were spotted and fire switched to them. The Germans had poor visibility and were able to fire only a few rounds at them before turning away to the west. The British battlecruisers hit the German ships several times before they blended into the haze around 8:40.[94] After this, Beatty changed course to south-south-east and maintained that course, ahead of both the Grand Fleet and the High Seas Fleet, until 02:55 the next morning, when the order was given to reverse course and head home.[95]
New Zealand arrived back in Rosyth on 2 June and dropped anchor at 09:55. The crew had approximately 50 minutes rest before, with the potential possibly that she may have to put to sea again, they began the task of refuelling with 1,178 tons of coal and then replenishing the ammunition with 480 12-inch shells, work which continued until 03:30 on the following morning.[96]
New Zealand fired 430 twelve-inch shells during the battle, 100 from A-turret, 129 from P-turret, 105 from Q-turret and 96 from X-turret, more than any other ship on either side.[97] Despite this rate of fire, only four successful hits were credited to her: three on Seydlitz and one on the pre-dreadnought SMS Schleswig-Holstein.[98] This gave a hit rate of less than one per cent. Other than the single hit on X-turret the only other damage was from near misses and was minimal, consisting of a shell through the silk jack, a splinter hitting the ensign staff, the No. 3 cutter hit had some damage to its bow and the No.2 picket boat was hit in three places.[96] This confirmed to the crew that the piupiu and hei-tiki worn by Captain Green, brought good luck.[65]
Post-Jutland career
The ship's company were firm believers both in the old chief's prophecy and in the ability of the piu piu and tiki to ward off trouble. More than a year after the Battle of Jutland, on the last occasion that New Zealand sighted enemy ships and went to
action stations, a seaman was seen to climb a ladder to the bridge and take a quick look around. "It's all right," he called to his mates below, "he's got them on"—a shout that assured them that the captain was wearing the piu piu and tiki.
Grant Howard, The Navy in New Zealand[99]
New Zealand was relieved by Australia as flagship on 9 June and temporarily attached to the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, until
On 1 October 1917 Green following a promotion to Rear-Admiral gave up his command of the ship, but it wasn’t until 13 December 1917 that Captain Edward Kennedy took on temporary command, which he held until 17 January 1918 when Richard Webb took over the permanent captain. Webb remained captain until September 1918 when he was made a Rear-admiral and left to take up the role of Assistant High Commissioner at Constantinople.[75] In the latter stages of the war a number of New Zealand soldiers on leave were able to take advantage of the open invitation extended to them by New Zealand’s captain to visit the ship.[102]
German minesweepers and escorting light cruisers were attempting to clear British-laid minefields in the Heligoland Bight in late 1917. The Admiralty planned a large operation for 17 November to destroy the ships, and allocated two light cruiser squadrons and the 1st Cruiser Squadron covered by the reinforced 1st Battlecruiser Squadron and, more distantly, the 1st Battle Squadron of battleships. New Zealand was attached to the 1st BCS for this operation, which became known as the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight. New Zealand did not fire her guns during the battle.[103] As in previous engagements, Captain Green wore the piupiu and tiki for luck.[99]
During 1918, New Zealand and the Grand Fleet's other capital ships were used on occasion to escort convoys between the United Kingdom and Norway. The 2nd BCS spent the period from 8 to 21 February covering these convoys in company with battleships and destroyers, and put to sea on 6 March in company with the 1st BCS to support minelayers. The 2nd BCS again supported minelayers in the North Sea from 25 June or 26 June to the end of July. During September and October, New Zealand and the 2nd BCS supervised and protected minelaying operations north of Orkney.[104]
By the time of the 1918 armistice New Zealand had since August 1914 sailed 84,458 nautical miles, consumed 97,034 tons of coal and fired a total of 664 12-inch shells in action.[105][75]
As a member of the 2nd BCS the battlecruiser was present at the surrender of the High Seas Fleet in November 1918.[106] To witness the event New Zealand embarked five soldiers from the New Zealand Division and a New Zealand newspaper reporter. New Zealand was assigned responsibility for checking the compliance of SMS Derfflinger with the terms of its internment.[107]
Post-war
In September 1918 Leonard Andrew Boyd Donaldson took over command of the ship and remained in command until 11 February 1919.[75] In December 1918 New Zealand was used to convey Queen Maud and Prince Olav from Norway for their state visit of the United Kingdom.[108]
With the war at an end most of the United Kingdom’s older capital ships were put into reserve, as they were by now obsolete and with the government wishing to make significant cuts in its military expenditure there was little chance of their returning to full service, especially once the formal peace treaty was signed with Germany in mid-1919. One exception was New Zealand, which it was decided would be used to transport, Admiral Jellicoe on what was to be an expected yearlong visit to India and the dominions of Australia, Canada, and New Zealand to assist with planning and coordinating their naval policies and defences.
To prepare her for voyage the battlecruiser underwent a refit between December 1918 and 11 February 1919 at the end of which she was recommissioned with a virtually all new crew under the command of Captain Oliver Elles Leggett.[18][109] Among the crew were four New Zealanders, Alexander David Boyle who was by now a Lieutenant Commander, Surgeon Lieutenant George Donald Macintosh,[110] Sub-Lieutenant Mervyn S. Thomas[111] and midshipman Derek Perry. Lady Jellicoe accompanied her husband, as well as a staff of eight to assist him with his work.[112] Also on the ship was Clutha Mackenzie (the blind son of the New Zealand High Commissioner) who was returning to New Zealand as Jellicoe's guest.[113][114]
The battlecruiser departed Portsmouth on 31 February 1919 and while crossing the Bay of Biscay encountered a storm that forced the evacuation of the newly constructed accommodation for Jellicoe and his staff when it became apparent that the dockyard had failed to seal the holes in the structure.[18] After a 24 hour stop at Gibraltar[115] for Jellicoe to make his first official visit the battlecruiser continued onto Port Said to take on approximately 2,000 tons of coal before continuing through the Suez Canal to make a brief stop at Suez where Jellicoe rejoined it (having left it at Port Said to visit Cairo)[115] before crossing the Arabian Sea to reach Bombay on 14 March.[115] While Jellicoe was engaged in a week of consultations in Delhi,[115] 1,740 tons of coal was taken on board and the opportunity was taken for the battlecruiser to be painted in the dockyard. This was completed on 22 March, just in time for the ship to host a ball three days later.[116] The battlecruiser then made a two day visit to Karachi before returning to Bombay.[115] Unfortunately while in Karachi a sailor, A. B. Rennie was killed after falling off a balcony while on shore. Once back in Bombay some of the crew got into trouble while on shore leave, which was cancelled in response.
New Zealand departed Bombay on 1 May for Columbo, which was reached two days later, where 1,800 tons of coal and 700 tons of oil was taken on board, in preparation for the journey across the Indian Ocean. By the 9 May the battlecruiser was in the vicinity of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands and the opportunity was taken to divert so that the crew could see the remains of SMS Emden.[117]
The battlecruiser arrived at Albany, Western Australia, on 15 May, where Jellicoe and his staff disembarked to take an overland route across the country. New Zealand sailed via Perth, Outer Harbor (near Adelaide), Melbourne and Hobart with the opportunity taken for New Zealand to exercise with Australia and other units of the RAN prior to reaching Sydney. Here the ship was drydocked in Sunderland Dock at Cockatoo Island where its bottom was scraped and painted, before being refloated and coaled. The battlecruiser left Sydney on 16 August for New Zealand.[118]
Wellington was reached on 20 August, as the influenza pandemic was rampant. As a result the crew was subjected to a medical inspection before anyone was allowed to disembark. While in Wellington the ship was visited by approximately 50,000 New Zealanders prior to the 24 August before it proceeded south to Lyttelton, which was reached on 1 September. The ship then proceeded north to anchor off Picton on 13 September where it spent two days and then after a stop in Wellington it sailed up the east coast of the North Island to reach Auckland on 22 September.[119] Jellicoe, during the next six weeks as he visited ports throughout the country, was preparing a three-volume report for the government. The ship was particularly popular in New Zealand, with Jellicoe, the officers and crew attending numerous social engagements. The tour around the country allowed Jellicoe and his staff to familiarize themselves with the country as they prepared recommendations for the New Zealand government on its naval policy. Crowds flocked to visit the battlecruiser as they had done in 1913. Jellicoe, too, was popular and he later returned to New Zealand to serve as Governor-General from 1920 to 1924.[120]
The battlecruiser left Auckland on 3 October,
The battlecruiser arrived in Canada, the final country to be assessed when it docked on 8 November and docking at Esquimalt on Vancouver Island.[120] The Jellicoes left the ship on 20 November to tour Canada and the United States by train before re-joining it in Key West.[124] On 11 November 1919 two rugby teams from the ship competed against local teams from Victoria. The officers played the Wanderers and the crew played V.I.A.A (Vancouver Island Athletic Association).[125]
After leaving Vancouver the ship stopped at San Diego, before passing via the Panama Canal into the Caribbean where as well as visiting Havana time was spent in Jamaica, where exercising of the main armament was undertaken. During a stop at Port of Spain on the island of Trinidad Petty Officer Thorn fell off a wharf and was drowned.[121] Heading north the battlecruiser picked Jellicoe at Key West on 8 January 1920 [124]
The battlecruiser reached Portsmouth on 3 February 1920 having covered 33,514 nautical miles.[124] As Jellicoe had been promoted to Admiral of the Fleet while overseas the ship was greeted by the appropriate 19-gun salute from HMS Victory.
Put into reserve
On 6 February New Zealand was pulled by tugs to a mooring on the Hamoaze. Most of the crew sent on six weeks leave, with a skeleton crew of 250 remaining behind under the command of Lieutenant Commander Alexander David Boyle.[126]
Leggett gave up command of New Zealand and was succeeded by Captain Hartley Russell Gwennap Moore (1881–1953) on 11 March 1920. Moore remained in that position until July 1921.[75]
New Zealand was
New Zealand was briefly recommissioned on 1 July 1921 with a reserve crew to replace HMS Hercules as flagship at Rosyth under the command of Captain Ralph Eliot (1881–1958), who had previously been in command of Hercules.[127][75] Eliot was to be the ship’s last captain, and remained in command until 1 September 1921.[75]
Scrapping
Along with all of the other British 12-inch battleships and battlecruisers it was agreed that New Zealand would be scrapped to meet the tonnage restrictions set on the British Empire by the Washington Naval Treaty.[74]
New Zealand was sold for scrap together with Agincourt and Princess Royal to the Exeter based electrical engineering firm of J&W Purves with the proviso that they had to be demolished within 18 months of the Washington Naval Treaty being ratified.[128] To meet the Admiralty’s desire to provided work for unemployed dock workers at Rosyth Dockyard the contract was immediately transferred the contract to a new entity chaired by A. Wallace Cowan (1877–1964) called the Rosyth Shipbreaking Company which would undertake the scrapping of the vessels at Rosyth.[129] It took until 19 December 1922 to legally organize the transfer of the ships from the Royal Navy to the new company, which had among its directors Admiral J.F.E. Green who had commanded the ship at the Battle of Jutland.[130] Leased facilities were set up adjacent to where the vessels were lying alongside a wharf on the south side of the main basin in the Naval Dockyard at Rosyth.[128] The vessels were taken over on 25 January 1923 with work commencing first on New Zealand. By March 1923 her superstructure had been removed and she was moved out of the basin and beached above the low tide mark on a beach outside of the wall of the northwest dockyard. A large portion of New Zealand;s hull was still being dismantled in July 1924 and it wasn’t until September 1924 that the last components of New Zealand were removed from the site. And her place on the beach was taken over by the Princess Royal.[128] Between them the three vessels yielded 40,000 tons of steel, approximately 10,000 tons of armour plate and even 3,000 tons of coal still in their bunkers.[129]
The New Zealand government received £20,000 from the sale of the vessel.[129]
The New Zealand Government completed paying off the loan used to fund the ship in the 1944/45 financial year.[26]
Artifacts
By the time of the decision to scrap New Zealand had a impressive collection of silverware and trophies (officially listed at 47 in January 1919).[49]
As well as the above mentioned silverware and trophies numerous other items were removed from the vessel prior to scrapping and sent back to New Zealand. Among the items were the ship's bell, a boomerang, two greenstone mere (clubs), silver cups, gunnery shields, two hei-tiki, a complete laundry, a 42-foot long motor launch, the ship’s flags, some searchlights, a steering wheel, four 4-inch QF guns and associated rangefinders. Some furniture was sent to the High Commission in London, though they lost out on the wardroom buffet, which ended up in New Zealand’s Parliament restaurant, Bellamy’s. Most of these items arrived in New Zealand in late 1923. The ship’s former captains were sent furniture from the captain’s cabin.
The 4-inch guns, a range finder and laundry equipment, were used by military units. During the
On 12 December 1924 A. Wallace Cowan presented an ink stand and cigar boxes made from the ship’s timbers to New Zealand High Commissioner Sir James Allen and current New Zealand Prime Minister William Massey (who was in the United Kingdom at the time), while a third cigar box was sent to Ward.[130] One of these cigar boxes is currently held by the Auckland Museum. Teak from the ship was used as flooring in Cowan’s house. A photo album of the breaking up of the vessel was presented by Cowan’s daughter to the New Zealand Royal Navy in 1968 and is now held by National Archives New Zealand.[128]
Auckland War Memorial Museum has among its collection Pelorus Jack’s silver collar (a gift received from the New Zealanders of Transvaal), another brass-studded collar and his harness.[132] Another collar, gifted by the Pretoria Public Works Department, is held by the Royal New Zealand Navy Museum, Devonport.[132]
The other artifacts are on display in various museums in New Zealand.[26] The hei-tiki donated by C. J. Sloman has been in the Canterbury Museum since 1932.[50] Having once been on display in the Wellington Maritime Museum the auxiliary steering wheel and an engine telegraph are now, together with other items is in the possession of Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in Wellington.[26]
Other than for when it was lent for display at the 1940 Centennial Exhibition in New Zealand the captain's piupiu remained with Halsey until his death in 1949.[50] His daughter Ruth bequeathed it to New Zealand upon her death in 2002 and since 2005[50] it has been on display at the Torpedo Bay Navy Museum in Auckland alongside the ship's bell,[133] the wardroom buffet and other artifacts, including the piece of armour knocked off of X-turret at the Battle of Jutland.[2][26] When HMS Queen Mary exploded at the Battle of Jutland debris from the ship fell on New Zealand, among which was a ring-bolt. This is now in the collection of the Torpedo Bay Navy Museum.[134]
The South Canterbury Museum in Timaru, New Zealand holds the silk naval ensign which flew from HMS "New Zealand" during all of its naval engagements in World War I (including at the Battle of Jutland). The naval ensign and a union jack were purchased by the women's branch of the Navy League in Timaru and presented to the ship when it visited Timaru in May 1913.[135][136]
Ship's mascot
The ship’s first mascot was a bulldog donated by a New Zealander resident in London and named after the famous dolphin that greeted ships at French pass in the Marlborough Sounds of New Zealand. The first was "discharged dead" from the Navy on 24 April 1916 after falling down the forward funnel. His will requested not only that his successor be a “bull pup of honest parentage, clean habits, and moral tendencies”, but also that “no Dachshound or other dog of Teutonic extraction” be permitted on board the ship (except as rations for his successor).[132]
His successor’s service at the Battle of Jutland [137] caused him to become afraid of gunfire and when it was considered it was unlikely he could survive the ship’s return voyage through the tropics back to the United Kingdom he was discharged with the rank of leading sea dog and given to the people of Auckland in October 1919. Following six month quarantine Jack was taken under the care of the superintendent of parks.[138]
Footnotes
- ^ "cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 20 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.
- ^ The times used in this section are in UT, which is one hour behind CET, which is often used in German works.
- ^ Beatty had intended on retaining only the two rearmost light cruisers from Goodenough's squadron; however, Nottingham's signalman misinterpreted the signal, thinking that it was intended for the whole squadron, and thus transmitted it to Goodenough, who ordered his ships back into their screening positions ahead of Beatty's battlecruisers.[69]
References
- ^ a b c d e Burt, p. 109
- ^ a b New Zealand Defence Force. "A Nation's Gift – The HMS New Zealand Story". Press release. Scoop Independent News. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
- ^ Roberts, pp. 28–29
- ^ Roberts, pp. 43–44
- ^ "A Battleship's Engine Rooms". Press. Christchurch. 17 April 1913. Retrieved 8 September 2022. This contemporary newspaper article provides a description of a visit to the ship's engine and boiler rooms.
- ^ Roberts, pp. 76, 80
- ^ Roberts, pp. 81–84
- ^ a b Campbell (1978), p. 14
- ^ Roberts, p. 112
- ^ Roberts, pp. 90–91
- ^ Roberts, p. 83
- ^ Campbell (1978), p. 13
- ^ Roberts, pp. 92–93
- ^ a b Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 186
- ^ Roberts, p. 113
- ^ Layman, pp. 114–115
- ^ Roberts, p. 92
- ^ a b c Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 189
- ^ Gordon, pp. 11–12
- ^ Burt, p. 116
- ^ Frame, p. 71
- ^ Lambert, p. 64
- ^ Lambert, pp. 64–65
- ^ Lambert, pp. 64–67
- ^ Roberts, pp. 29–31
- ^ a b c d e "HMS New Zealand: 'A Grim and Formidable Fighting Machine'". Collections. Te Papa. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
- ^ Wright (2021), pp. 72-74
- ^ a b c d Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 62
- ^ a b "Naval Crisis and Gift of HMS New Zealand". Torpedo Bay Museum. 4 November 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 70
- ^ Johnston & Buxton, p. 134
- ^ Johnston & Buxton, p. 241
- ^ Johnston & Buxton, pp. 191
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 136
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 63
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 74
- ^ "The Dominions and the Navy: First Colonial Dreadnought, The "New Zealand" Launched". Dominion. Wellington. 11 August 1911. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ^ Johnston & Buxton, pp. 132, 167
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 82
- ^ a b c Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 83
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 85
- ^ Johnston & Buxton, p. 152
- ^ "RNZN Museum – HMS New Zealand". Royal New Zealand Navy. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
- ^ a b c Burt, p. 117
- ^ "Captain Alexander David Boyle". Torpedo Bay Museum. 4 November 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 87
- ^ a b Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, pp. 88-90
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, pp. 91-92
- ^ a b "H.M.S. New Zealand". Press. Christchurch. 28 January 1919. Retrieved 8 September 2022. This newspaper article lists all of silverware and trophies given to New Zealand up until January 1919. It also notes that upon the outbreak of the war that Halsey did not put them on shore for safe keeping. He was of the opinion that their donors would have preferred that they not be separated from the battlecruiser and if she was sunk, should go down with her. Subsequent captains continued this policy.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Hill, Marguerite (8 June 2016). "The Taonga of HMS New Zealand". WW100. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ "HMS New Zealand in Wellington". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 7 April 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
- ^ a b c Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, pp. 104-109
- ^ "H.M.S. New Zealand's Tiki". Press. Christchurch. 2 February 1918. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
- ^ Mansfield, Bill (9 July 2013). "Law of the Sea - Control of the Oceans". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
- ^ "Maori Chiefs Visit Warship". Evening Post. Wellington. 18 April 1913. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ a b "Maori Greetings". New Zealand Times. 22 April 1913. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
- ^ a b c d Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 110
- ^ "H.M.S. New Zealand: Leaving Auckland To-Day". Ashburton Guardian. Ashburton. 28 June 1913. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ "New Zealand HMS". Torpedo Bay Museum. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ^ a b Burt, p. 118
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 112
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 119
- ^ Tarrant, p. 24
- ^ Massie, pp. 109–113
- ^ a b c "Admiral Sir Lionel Halsey, GCMG, GCVO, KCIE, CB, DLJP 1872–1949". Naval Historical Society of Australia. 30 September 1975. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
- ^ a b Burt, p. 119
- ^ Massie, pp. 333–334
- ^ Massie, pp. 342–343
- ^ a b Tarrant, p. 31
- ^ Massie, pp. 376–384
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 144
- ^ Massie, pp. 385–406
- ^ Preston, p. 27. Other sources dispute the number of shells fired by New Zealand with Wright's ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 147 stating 151 shells (12 shells of common 12-inch and 139 shells of 12-inch high explosive) during the action. The Dreadnought Project states 149, made up of 8 shells of common 12-inch and 141 shells of 12-inch high explosive.
- ^ a b c d Roberts, p. 123
- ^ a b c d e f g "H.M.S. New Zealand (1911)". Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ^ Jose, pp. 269–271
- ^ a b c d Ross, Trevor Wilson (31 December 1975). "Battle Cruisers in Collision". Naval Historical Review (December 1975). Liverpool, NSW, Australia: Naval Historical Society of Australia.
- ^ a b c d Pelvin, p. 23
- ^ Jose, pp. 272–274
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 153-154
- ^ a b Burt, p. 121
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 153-155
- ^ Tarrant, pp. 69, 71, 75
- ^ Tarrant, pp. 80–85
- ^ Tarrant, pp. 89–90
- ^ Campbell (1998), pp. 48, 76
- ^ Massie, pp. 595–600
- ^ Tarrant, p. 100
- ^ Tarrant, p. 109
- ^ Tarrant, pp. 130–138
- ^ Tarrant, pp. 149, 157
- ^ Tarrant, p. 175
- ^ Campbell (1998), p. 272
- ^ Tarrant, pp. 177–178
- ^ Tarrant, pp. 178, 224
- ^ a b Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 180
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 180. The Dreadnought_Project states 432 (2 of common 12-inch and 41 shells of 12-inch high explosive). Other sources state 420 shells were fired.
- ^ Campbell (1978), p. 18
- ^ a b Howard, pp. 30–31
- ^ Parkes, p. 517
- ^ Marder, pp. 287–296
- ^ "New Zealanders Abroad". Auckland Star. Auckland. 8 December 1917. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
- ^ Newbolt, pp. 164–165
- ^ Jose, pp. 279, 282, 303
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 187
- ^ "Operation ZZ". World War One: The Great War at Sea. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 188
- ^ a b Till, p. 59
- ^ "H.M.S. New Zealand: Lord Jellicoe's Staff, Records of the Officers". New Zealand Herald. Auckland. 25 June 1919. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
- ^ "George Donald MacIntosh". Auckland Museum. 7 June 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
- ^ "Auckland Naval Officer Posted to the New Zealand". New Zealand Herald. Auckland. 29 March 1919. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
- ^ "H.M.S. New Zealand: Distinguished Officers on Board". Dominion. Wellington. 1 July 1919. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
- ^ "Mr. Clutha Mackenzie". New Zealand Herald. Auckland. 1 March 1919. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
- ^ Hansen, Penelope (February 2006). "Mackenzie, Clutha Nantes". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 11 September 2022. He was later to edit the booklet The Story of HMS New Zealand for the New Zealand Navy League.
- ^ a b c d e "Lord Jellicoe's Tour: Incidents on the Voyage. Reception in India". New Zealand Herald. Auckland. 6 June 1919. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 191
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 192
- ^ Gordon, pp. 14, 18, 21
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 195
- ^ a b Gordon, p. 21
- ^ a b Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 196
- ^ "H.M.S. New Zealand: Three Men Discovered on Christmas Island". Evening Post. Wellington. 22 October 1919. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- ^ Bailey, p. 48
- ^ a b c Burt, p. 120
- ^ The Daily Colonist (1919-11-11). University of Victoria Libraries. 1919.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Wright, Matthew (19 July 2020). "The Washington Treaty and the Royal Navy's scrapping programmes". Navy General Board. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ "Naval Appointments". New Zealand Herald. Auckland. 16 July 1921. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
- ^ a b c d Dobson, p. 219
- ^ a b c Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 202
- ^ a b "H.M.S. New Zealand: Trophies of Reminder. Presentation to the Dominion". Otago Witness. Dunedin. 29 January 1924. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
- ^ Henderson et al., pp. 312–313
- ^ a b c "Pelorus Jack, the mascot". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 8 June 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
- ^ "HMS New Zealand's Ship's Bell". Torpedo Bay Museum. 25 January 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 166
- ^ "The New Zealand's Flags". Timaru Herald. Timaru. 8 October 1919. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
- ^ Montgomerie, Jack (31 May 2016). "Giant battlecruiser flag returns to public view in Timaru on Jutland anniversary". Timaru Herald. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
- ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 86
- ^ "New Zealand's Mascot: "An Able Sea Dog"". New Zealand Herald. Auckland. 3 October 1919. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
Bibliography
- Bailey (1977). The Christmas Island Story. London: Stacey International. ISBN 0-905743-08-3.
- Burt, R. A. (1986). British Battleships of World War One (Hardcover) (2012 ed.). Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-147-2.
- Campbell, John (1986). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-324-5.
- Campbell, N. J. M. (1978). Battle Cruisers. Warship Special. Vol. 1. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-130-0.
- Dobson, Aidan M. (2022). "Warship Gallery: The Scrapping of HMS Agincourt, New Zealand, Princess Royal at Rosyth, 1923—1925". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2022 (Hardcover). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 219–224. ISBN 978-1-4728-4781-2.
- OCLC 55980812.
- Gordon, Andrew, Dr. (2006). "The Best Laid Staff Work: An Insider's View of Jellicoe's 1919 Naval Mission to the Dominions". In Forbes, Andrew; Lovi, Michelle (eds.). Australian Maritime Issues 2006: SPC-A Annual (PDF). Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs; No. 19. Canberra: Sea Power Centre – Australia. pp. 11–23. ISBN 0-642-29644-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2011.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - Henderson, Alan; et al. (2008). The Gunners: A History of New Zealand Artillery. Auckland: Penguin Group (New Zealand). ISBN 978-0-7900-1141-7.
- Howard, Grant (1981). The Navy in New Zealand: An Illustrated History. Wellington and Sydney: A. H. and A. W. Reed. pp. 30–31. ISBN 0-589-01355-6.
- Johnston, Ian & Buxton, Ian (2013). The Battleship Builders – Constructing and Arming British Capital Ships (Hardcover). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-027-6.
- Jose, Arthur W. (1941) [1928]. The Royal Australian Navy 1914–1918. The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. IX (9th ed.). Sydney, Australia: Angus and Robertson. OCLC 215763279. Archived from the originalon 4 October 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
- Lambert, Nicholas (1996). "Economy or Empire?: The Fleet Unit Concept and the Quest for Collective Security in the Pacific, 1909–14". Far-Flung Lines: Essays on Imperial Defense in Honour of Donald Mackenzie Schurman. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-4216-9.
- Layman, R. D. (1996). Naval Aviation in the First World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-617-5.
- ISBN 978-1-84832-200-4.
- ISBN 0-224-04092-8.
- ISBN 0-89839-255-1.
- ISBN 1-55750-075-4.
- Pelvin, Richard (2018). "The Battlecruiser Australia (1911)". In Taylor, Bruce (ed.). The World of the Battleship: The Lives and Careers of Twenty-One Capital Ships of the World's Navies, 1880–1990. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-0870219061.
- ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
- Roberts, John (1997). Battlecruisers. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-068-1.
- Tarrant, V. E. (1999) [1995]. Jutland: The German Perspective: A New View of the Great Battle, 31 May 1916. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 1-86019-917-8.
- Till, Geoffrey (2014). Understanding Victory: Naval Operations from Trafalgar to the Falklands. Santa Barbara: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-98724-4.
- Wright, Matthew J. (2021). The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. OCLC 1206393324.
Further reading
- Bell, Christopher M. (2015). "Sentiment vs Strategy: British Naval Policy, Imperial Defence, and the Development of Dominion Navies, 1911–14". The International History Review. 37 (2). London: Taylor & Francis: 262–281. S2CID 153798301.
- Carne, William (2021). The Making of a Royal Naval Officer (Hardcover). Lewes, England: Uniform Press. ISBN 978-1913491598. Carne served as a midshipman on HMS New Zealand at the Battle of Jutland.
- Lambert, Nicholas A. (2002). Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution (Paperback). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1570034923.
- Seligmann, Mathew S. (2012). The Royal Navy and the German Threat 1901–1914: Admiralty Plans to Protect British Trade in a War against Germany. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957403-2.
- Tracy, Nicholas, ed. (2020). The Collective Naval Defence of Empire, 1900–1940. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge. ISBN 9781000341621.
- Wright, Matthew J. (2001). Blue Water Kiwis: New Zealand's Naval Story 1870-2001 (Hardcover). Auckland: Reed Books. ISBN 0-7900-0817-3.
External links
- A New Zealander at the Battle of Jutland. Audio of Lieutenant Alexander David Boyle of HMS "New Zealand" recalling his experiences at the Battle of Jutland.
- Auckland's Reception to the Battleship HMS New Zealand. Historic film of the battlecruiser steaming into the Hauraki Gulf on 29 April 1913. Taken by Charles Newham.
- Battle of Heligoland Bight – LT AD Boyle. Extracts from the diary of Lieutenant Alexander David Boyle.
- Battle of Jutland Crew Lists Project – HMS New Zealand Crew List
- Crossing the Line. Describes the ceremony that occurred when crossed the equator in the Indian Ocean on her 1919 world tour.
- HMS New Zealand [H.C. Gore. Extracts]. Historic film of the battlecruiser during her visit to Otago Harbour taken by Henry Gore in June 1913.
- HMS New Zealand (1914-1918). Historic film of Sir John Jellicoe and staff aboard the battlecruiser at Portsmouth in February 1919 prior to departure on his tour to Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
- "H.M.S. New Zealand (1911)". The Dreadnought Project.
- Imperial War Museums: Lives of the First World War: HMS New Zealand at the Battle of Jutland (Crew List)
- King George V Inspects HMS New Zealand. Historic film of the battlecruiser being inspected by King George V at the Portsmouth Royal Dockyard on 5 February 1913 just prior to departing on her world cruise. Present were Rear Admiral Herbert Leopold Heath, Winston Churchill, Sir Thomas Mackenzie, Sir Joseph Ward, James Allen, Sir John Jellicoe, Prince Louis of Battenberg and Sir Hedworth Meux.
- Objects related to HMS New Zealand from the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
- Record of HMS New Zealand from RNZN History
- "The Bulldog and the Battlecruiser: The 1913 Voyage of HMS New Zealand". Auckland War Memorial Museum Te Paenga Hira and Torpedo Bay Navy Museum Te Waka Huia O Te Taua Moana O Aotearoa. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013.