HMS Pearl (1762)
HMS Pearl battles the Santa Monica off the Azores in 1779.
| |
History | |
---|---|
Great Britain | |
Name | HMS Pearl |
Ordered | 24 March 1761 |
Cost | £16,573.5.4d |
Laid down | 6 May 1761 |
Launched | 27 March 1762 |
Completed | 14 May 1762 |
Commissioned | April 1762 |
Renamed | Protheé (March 1825) |
Fate | Sold 1832 |
General characteristics [1] | |
Class and type | Niger-class fifth-rate frigate |
Tons burthen | 683 16⁄94 (bm) |
Length | |
Beam | 35 feet 3 inches (10.7 m) |
Depth of hold | 12 feet (3.7 m) |
Propulsion | Sails |
Sail plan | Full-rigged ship |
Complement | 220 |
Armament |
|
HMS Pearl was a fifth-rate, 32-gun British Royal Navy frigate of the Niger-class. Launched at Chatham Dockyard in 1762, she served in British North America until January 1773, when she sailed to England for repairs. Returning to North America in March 1776, to fight in the American Revolutionary War, Pearl escorted the transports which landed troops in Kip's Bay that September. Much of the following year was spent on the Delaware River where she took part in the Battle of Red Bank in October. Towards the end of 1777, Pearl joined Vice-Admiral Richard Howe's fleet in Narragansett Bay and was still there when the French fleet arrived and began an attack on British positions. Both fleets were forced to retire due to bad weather and the action was inconclusive. Pearl was then despatched to keep an eye on the French fleet, which had been driven into Boston.
Pearl was part of the British fleet that captured the island of
Taken out of service in 1792, she was recalled in February 1793, when hostilities resumed between Britain and France. On her return to the American continent, she narrowly escaped capture by a French squadron anchored between the
Construction and armament
Pearl was a British
Service
Pearl was first
From April 1770, Pearl spent time on and off the Newfoundland station, under first John Ruthven and then James Bremer. Towards the end of 1772, she sailed for Portsmouth where she underwent repairs and a refit, at a total cost of £9,008.15.11d. The combined works took until February 1776.[5] John O'Hara, who had been in command since November 1775, was replaced by Thomas Wilkinson in March 1776, shortly after completion.[5]
American Revolutionary War
Wilkinson returned Pearl to North America in April to fight in the
Towards the end of the year, Pearl joined a small squadron under Captain
From South Carolina Pearl sailed to Antigua where she arrived on 27 January 1777 to await careening and refitting.[10][11][12] While this was being carried out, on 13 February, Wilkinson died from disease and was replaced by George Elphinstone.[13][14] Work was completed in mid-March, after long delays caused by a shortage of skilled labour, and she returned to the American coast, leaving English Harbour on 18 March, in the company of Roebuck and the two 20-gun post ships HMS Perseus and HMS Camilla.[11][13][14]
Despite the time spent in port, Pearl managed more than a dozen captures between January and May 1777, including Batchelor on 21 March (suspected of piracy because of its armament) and a whaleboat from
Pearl was anchored off
Assault on Philadelphia
When American land forces were defeated at the
British troops entered Philadelphia on 26 September but a supply route was needed and control of the river was therefore crucial. In November, Province Island was captured and Howe began erecting batteries. A hulk was converted to a floating gun platform and with the assistance of Pearl, Roebuck and Liverpool, a six-day bombardment of Fort Mifflin forced the Americans out. Two days later Fort Mercer fell and the British vessels pushed upriver in pursuit of the American fleet which was later scuttled at Gloucester, Massachusetts.[27][28]
At the end of the year, Howe's fleet removed to
Pearl was present when the French fleet from
Howe positioned his fleet off
Operations in the West Indies
D'Estaing's fleet of 15
With the arrival of winter and the associated impracticalities of keeping a fleet at sea during bad weather, the British switched their attention to the
News of the capture of St Lucia was carried back to England in Pearl. Captain Alexander Graeme took command of the ship on 9 January 1779 and she left Antigua on 16 February in the company of the 74-gun third-rate, HMS Sultan with despatches from both Byron and Barrington, and arrived at Spithead on 22 March.[44][45] She was then paid off, sheathed in copper, and refitted at Plymouth.[5] Graeme left Pearl on 13 April.[45] She served for a short while in the Channel before returning to the North American Station under Captain George Montagu.[5]
On her return to the American continent in September, Pearl spent two days resupplying at
On 8 January 1780, Pearl took part in an attack on a Spanish convoy from
Arbuthnot set sail on 13 July, after being reinforced with six ships-of-the-line under Rear-Admiral
Pearl fell in with the 28-gun French frigate, Esperance off Bermuda on 30 September 1780. After a two-hour fight, Esperance broke off but was pursued and the two ships engaged in a running battle for a further two and a half hours, after which the French ship was forced to capitulate. She had 20 men killed and 24 wounded; Pearl had 6 men killed and 10 wounded.[50]
Battle of Virginia Capes
In January 1781, Arbuthnot had a French squadron blockaded in Newport. On 23 January, his ships were caught in a squall off the east end of Long Island which resulted in the loss of one
Arbuthnot's ships were seaworthy by 24 March and he set sail for Delaware, where he assumed that the French fleet had gone, but contrary winds forced him to return. Two days later, Pearl was sent out with the 28-gun sixth-rate,
Pearl remained in American waters until July 1782. She continued to harass enemy shipping, taking the French privateer Singe, a large polacca, on 10 July 1781[57] and the 8-gun American Senegal of 50 tons burthen, on 19 August,[58] plus three merchant vessels before the year was out.[58] Two schooners[59] and three brigs were captured in 1782,[60] before Pearl paid off and returned to England for substantial repairs. The cost of repairs amounted to £19,267.13.8d and took until June 1784, after which she was laid up at Deptford.[5][Note 3]
Prizes taken during the American Revolutionary War
Vessels captured or destroyed during the American Revolution for which Pearl's crew received full or partial credit[Note 4] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
20 December 1776 | Lexington | American | Naval sloop (16 guns) | Captured then retaken | [5] |
3 January 1777 | Betsey | American | Sloop | Captured | [16][61] |
6 January 1777 | Little John | American | Slaver | Captured | [16] |
21 March 1777 | Batchelor | American | Privateer | Captured | [62][63] |
24 March 1777 | Speedwell | American | Schooner | Captured | [62][64] |
24 March 1777 | Anna Maria | American | Merchant | Captured | [62][63] |
6 April 1777 | Willing Maid | American | Brig | Sunk | [62][63][65] |
6 April 1777 | Harmony | Not recorded | Brig | Captured | [62][63][66] |
6 April 1777 | Mary | French | Merchant | Captured | [62][63] |
21 April 1777 | Not recorded | Not recorded | Sloop | Captured | [62] |
29 May 1777 | Chance | American | Sloop | Captured | [62][66] |
29 May 1777 | Not recorded | American | Whaler | Captured | [62][63] |
29 May 1777 | Not recorded | Not recorded | Merchant | Captured | [62] |
6 July 1777 | Mosquito | American | Naval schooner | Cut out and burnt | [5] |
Before 20 April 1778 | Maria | Not recorded | Schooner | Captured | [66] |
Before 8 July 1778 | Read | American | Schooner | Captured | [67][68] |
Before 8 July 1778 | Welcome | Not recorded | Schooner | Captured | [67] |
Before 8 July 1778 | Kitty | Not recorded | Brig | Captured | [67] |
Before 8 July 1778 | Friendship | Not recorded | Schooner | Captured | [67] |
25 July 1778 | Industry | American | Frigate (26 guns) | Captured | [5][31] |
6 November 1778 | Humbird | Not recorded | Schooner | Captured | [69] |
6 November 1778 | Betsey | Not recorded | Sloop | Captured | [69] |
December 1778 | Nancy | Not recorded | Schooner | Captured | [69] |
14 September 1779 | Santa Monica | Spanish | Frigate (26 guns) | Captured | [46] |
29 January 1780 | Roy Midas | French | Snow | Captured | [70] |
30 September 1780 | Esperance | French | Frigate (28 guns) | Captured | [71] |
13 June 1781 | Singe | French | Polacca | Captured | [57] |
19 August 1781 | Senegal | American | Privateer (8 guns) | Captured | [5][58] |
20 August – 31 October 1781 | Long Splice | Not recorded | Merchant (30 tons burthen) | Captured | [58] |
20 August – 31 October 1781 | Eleanor | Not recorded | Merchant (70 tons burthen) | Captured | [58] |
20 August – 31 October 1781 | Friendship | Not recorded | Merchant (100 tons burthen) | Captured | [58] |
26 April 1782 | Eliza | Not recorded | Schooner | Captured | [59] |
26 April 1782 | Salmon | Not recorded | Schooner | Captured | [59] |
Before July 1782 | Fox | American | Brig | Captured | [60] |
Before July 1782 | Dandy | American | Brig | Captured | [60] |
Before July 1782 | Charming Sally | American | Brig | Captured | [60] |
Mediterranean service and the outbreak of war
Between July and December 1786, Pearl underwent a refit. She sailed to the Mediterranean on 22 March 1787, returning home in 1789 to be recommissioned under Captain George Courtnay. She rejoined the Mediterranean fleet in May 1790.[5] Sometime in 1792, the ship was taken out of service but was recalled the following year when France declared war on Britain once more. She was fitted out at Plymouth between June and August at a cost of £7,615, before sailing to the Irish Station under Captain Michael de Courcy where she served until November 1795. Following a small repair at Plymouth, costing £9,686, Captain Samuel James Ballard took command in February 1796.[5]
Aided by the 36-gun fifth-rate, HMS Flora, Pearl captured the 24-gun privateer, Incroyable, on 14 April 1797. Reputed to be a very fast sailing vessel, Incroyable left her home port of Bordeaux on 2 April. She had yet to take a prize, when, on the morning of 11 April, she was seen and chased by Pearl. The next day, the two ships were some 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) off the west coast of Spain, when Flora appeared, forcing Incroyable to haul to windward. On 13 April, Incroyable became becalmed, allowing the British frigates to catch up, which they did at 23:45. After receiving a single broadside, the French privateer surrendered.[72]
In March 1798, Pearl sailed for the Leeward Islands via West Africa, where, on 24 April, she escaped from two French frigates.[5] While passing through the Îles de Los, an archipelago off the coast of Guinea, she discovered an enemy squadron comprising four large ships at anchor and a brig under sail. As she approached, one of the ships hoisted a French flag and opened fire. Forced to run between two frigates, Pearl engaged both as she passed then hove to, continuing to fire for a further hour before making off with one, or possibly both frigates in pursuit.[73][74] The chase continued through the night and all through the following day before Pearl managed to escape, arriving at Sierra Leone on 27 April, where she was inspected for damage. She had been holed in several places, although all were above the waterline; her fore-topgallant yard and foreyard had been shot away and a number of lower shrouds and other rigging had been cut through. In addition, two of her carronades had been dismounted, causing the death of one man.[73][Note 5] Pearl eventually arrived in the West Indies, capturing the 10-gun privateer, Scocvola, in October and the 12-gun privateer, Independence, in December, both off the coast of Antigua.[5]
On 22 October 1799, Pearl was sent to the Mediterranean where she spent much of the following 12 months attempting to disrupt enemy trade by attacking the numerous merchant vessels along the European coast. Spain had re-entered the war as an ally of France in 1796 and in January 1800, the British frigate took both a Spanish brig, and a French brig with accompanying
Cruising off Alicante in June and July, Pearl captured three more Ragusan ships, a French settee, two Spanish settees and a xebec.[80][81] Then, on 20 July, the crew of Pearl took part in a cutting out expedition which resulted in the capture of two xebecs and six settees. Shortly after the action a storm blew up and three of the prizes had to be scuttled though their cargo was removed first.[81][82] She captured four more settees on 31 August, destroyed a further two on 11 October and on the same day, she took a French ketch on its way to Nice. Two Genoese ships were taken on 14 October and three French settees the following day while a fourth was burnt.[83]
Pearl received a share of the prize money for a transport, wrecked off
Alexandria
In January 1801, a large force of 16,000 troops and more than 100 vessels was assembled in
While cruising with the 32-gun fifth-rate
Siege of Porto Ferrajo
Pearl was in Commodore John Borlase Warren's squadron when, on 1 August, it was called to the island of Elba to relieve the British garrison at Porto Ferrajo, which had been under siege since the beginning of May.[90] The arrival of the British ships caused the two French frigates guarding the port to retreat to Leghorn in the Kingdom of Etruria, a French client state. Warren then initiated a blockade of the island.[91] The two escaped frigates were later brought to action on 2 September when the fifth rates, HMS Pomone, HMS Phoenix and Minerve recaptured Succès and destroyed Bravoure after she had run aground.[92][Note 6]
The next day at 14:30, Phoenix, Pomone and Pearl were cruising off the west side of Elba, when they spotted the 40-gun
His majesty's ships Pearl, Pomone, the ships-of-the-line
Prizes taken during the French Revolutionary War
Vessels captured or destroyed during the French Revolutionary War for which Pearl's crew received full or partial credit[Note 7] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
12 March 1797 | Incroyable | French | Privateer (24 guns) | Captured | [72] |
27 March 1798 | Santa Margarita | Spanish | Brig | Captured | [96] |
14 October 1798 | Scocvola | French | Sloop (10 guns) | Captured off Antigua | [97] |
December 1798 | Independence | French | Privateer (12 guns) | Captured off Antigua | [5] |
14 January 1799 | Andreas and Lauritz | Not recorded | Not recorded | Captured | [98] |
13 January 1800 | Signor Montserrat | Spanish | Brig | Captured | [76] |
27 January 1800 | Dillon | French | Brig | Captured | [76] |
27 January 1800 | Not recorded | French | Settee | Captured | [76] |
9 February 1800 | Not recorded | Genoese | Polacca (14 guns) | Driven ashore and destroyed | [77] |
28 April 1800 | Vertue | Genoese | Brig | Captured off Marseilles | [78] |
28 April 1800 | Cofianza | Genoese | Settee | Captured off Marseilles | [78] |
2 May 1800 | Annunciation | Genoese | Settee | Captured off Marseilles | [78] |
3 May 1800 | Not recorded | Genoese | Settee | Captured off Marseilles | [78] |
20 May 1800 | Veloce | Ragusan | Brig | Captured off Marseilles | [79] |
5 June 1800 | Not recorded | French | Settee | Burnt | [80] |
11 June 1800 | Santa Formiglia | Ragusan | Ship | Captured | [80] |
24 June 1800 | St Catherine | Spanish | Xebec | Captured off Alicante | [80] |
24 June 1800 | St Antonnio | Spanish | Settee | Captured off Alicante | [80] |
24 June 1800 | Not recorded | Spanish | Settee | Captured off Alicante | [80] |
10 July 1800 | Neva Sorte | Ragusan | Slaver | Captured | [81] |
10 July 1800 | Aimable Marie | Ragusan | Slaver | Captured | [81] |
20 July 1800 | Santo Christo | Spanish | Xebec | Captured off Cape Couronne | [81][82] |
20 July 1800 | Veloce como Penser | Spanish | Xebec | Captured off Cape Couronne | [81][82] |
20 July 1800 | Virgin del Carmen | Spanish | Settee | Captured off Cape Couronne | [81][82] |
20 July 1800 | Not recorded | Spanish | Settee | Captured off Cape Couronne | [82] |
20 July 1800 | Not recorded | Spanish | Settee | Captured off Cape Couronne | [82] |
20 July 1800 | Not recorded | Spanish | Settee | Scuttled off Cape Couronne | [82] |
20 July 1800 | Not recorded | Spanish | Settee | Scuttled off Cape Couronne | [82] |
20 July 1800 | Not recorded | Spanish | Settee | Scuttled off Cape Couronne | [82] |
31 August 1800 | Gloire | French | Settee | Captured | [83] |
31 August 1800 | Not recorded | French | Settee | Captured | [83] |
31 August 1800 | Not recorded | French | Settee | Captured | [83] |
31 August 1800 | Not recorded | Spanish | Settee | Captured | [83] |
11 October 1800 | Not recorded | French | Settee | Burnt | [83] |
11 October 1800 | Not recorded | French | Settee | Burnt | [83] |
11 October 1800 | Not recorded | French | Ketch | Captured | [83] |
14 October 1800 | Not recorded | Genoese | Ship | Captured | [83] |
14 October 1800 | Not recorded | Genoese | Ship | Captured | [83] |
15 October 1800 | Not recorded | French | Settee | Captured | [83] |
15 October 1800 | Not recorded | French | Settee | Captured | [83] |
15 October 1800 | Not recorded | French | Settee | Captured | [83] |
15 October 1800 | Not recorded | French | Settee | Burnt | [83] |
22 October 1800 | Venus | Not recorded | Transport ship | Captured at Minorca | [99] |
31 October 1800 | Fowler | Not recorded | Transport ship | Captured in Port Mahon | [99] |
16 November 1800 | Pelican | Danish | Brig | Captured | [100] |
28 February 1801 | Virgo Potens | Genoese | Ship | Captured | [88] |
28 February 1801 | Not recorded | Genoese | Tartan | Sunk | [88] |
28 February 1801 | Vierge | French | Tartan | Scuttled | [88] |
20 March 1801 | Julie Rosalie | French | Ship | Scuttled | [88] |
29 April 1801 | St Joseph and Maria Veloce | Genoese | Ship | Captured | [89] |
30 April 1801 | Prevoyant | French | Aviso | Captured | [89] |
25 June 1801 | Jem | Neapolitan | Brig | Captured | [89] |
25 June 1801 | Alemeone Pion | Genoese | Tartan | Captured | [89] |
25 June 1801 | Gesu Maria Giuseppe | Not recorded | Not recorded | Cargo taken | [101] |
28 June 1801 | St Michael L'Ami del Purgatoria | Neapolitan | Tartan | Cargo taken | [89] |
28 June 1801 | Madone Adollaratta St Michael | Neapolitan | Tartan | Cargo taken | [89] |
1 July 1801 | Not recorded | French | Tartan | Captured | [89] |
1 July 1801 | Not recorded | French | Tartan | Captured | [89] |
1 July 1801 | Not recorded | French | Tartan | Destroyed | [89] |
1 July 1801 | Not recorded | French | Tartan | Destroyed | [89] |
1 July 1801 | Not recorded | French | Tartan | Destroyed | [89] |
3 August 1801 | Carriere | French | Frigate | Captured | [102] |
9 August 1801 | Madonna di Idra | Not recorded | Not recorded | Captured | [103] |
15 September 1801 | St Nicolo | Not recorded | Not recorded | Captured | [104] |
Fate
After the
Notes
- ^ Winfield's book gives the date of this change as December 1777,[5] however, copies of Linzee's journal, reprinted in Morgan's Naval Documents of the American Revolution indicate he was in command at the capture of Mosquito in July.[17]
- ^ Clowes has Pearl as one of the two frigates (the other being the 36-gun Venus) in Hotham's fleet at St Lucia.[38] This fleet left New York on 4 November however[38] and the London Gazette has Pearl with Byron until 17 November.[39] The Gazette also records that Pearl did not arrive in Barbados until the day after the fleet had left.[39]
- ^ Winfield's book gives the year of these repairs as 1884 but this is a typographical error because 1786 is the following year in Winfield's timeline and Pearl was sold in 1825.[4]
- ^ Does not include prizes taken in fleet actions.
- ^ William James claims the ship that chased Pearl was the 36-gun Régénérée,[73] while Onésime-Joachim Troude, in his third volume of "Batailles navales de la France", states the 40-gun Vertu was the ship in pursuit.[75] Clowes' book says that both the frigates chased Pearl.[74]
- ^ Succès was previously HMS Success, captured off Gibraltar by Ganteaume's force on 9 February 1801.[93]
- ^ Does not include prizes taken in fleet actions.
Citations
- ^ a b Winfield pp.193–195
- ^ a b c d Winfield p. 195
- ^ Winfield p. 193
- ^ a b Winfield pp. 195–196
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Winfield p. 196
- ^ "No. 11677". The London Gazette. 22 June 1776. p. 1.
- ^ McCullough p. 204
- ^ a b c Beatson p. 164
- ^ McCullough p. 208
- ^ a b c d Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) p. 72
- ^ a b Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) p. 295
- ^ Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) p. 80
- ^ a b Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) p. 77
- ^ a b Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) p. 150
- ^ "No. 11786". The London Gazette. 8 July 1777. pp. 2–3.
- ^ a b c "No. 12222". The London Gazette. 4 September 1781. p. 2.
- ^ a b Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.IX) pp. 232–233
- ^ Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.IX) p. 778
- ^ Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.IX) p. 809
- ^ Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.IX) pp. 809–810
- ^ Lossing pp. 291–292
- ^ Lossing p. 298
- ^ Lossing p. 292
- ^ Beatson p. 269
- ^ Lossing pp. 295–296
- ^ Beatson pp. 269–270
- ^ Lossing pp. 296–299
- ^ Allen p. 241
- ^ "No. 11951". The London Gazette. 6 February 1779. pp. 3–4.
- ^ "Naval Documents of The American Revolution Volume 11 AMERICAN THEATRE: Jan. 1, 1778–Mar. 31, 1778 EUROPEAN THEATRE: Jan. 1, 1778–Mar. 31, 1778" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
- ^ a b Beatson p. 380
- ^ Clowes (Vol.III) p. 406
- ^ Clowes (Vol.III) pp. 402–403
- ^ Clowes (Vol.III) p. 403
- ^ Clowes (Vol.III) p. 405
- ^ Clowes (Vol.III) pp. 405–408
- ^ Clowes (Vol.III) pp. 408–409
- ^ a b c d e Clowes (Vol.III) p. 428
- ^ a b c d e f "No. 11955". The London Gazette. 20 February 1779. pp. 1–2.
- ^ Clowes (Vol.III) pp. 426–427
- ^ Clowes (Vol.III) p. 429
- ^ Clowes (Vol.III) pp. 431–432
- ^ Clowes (Vol.III) p. 432
- ^ "No. 11963". The London Gazette. 20 March 1779. p. 1.
- ^ a b Harrison p.220
- ^ a b "No. 12018". The London Gazette. 28 September 1779. p. 1.
- ^ Clowes (Vol.IV) p. 33
- ^ "No. 12056". The London Gazette. 8 February 1780. p. 1.
- ^ a b c "No. 12122". The London Gazette. 26 September 1780. p. 4.
- ^ "No. 12135". The London Gazette. 11 November 1780. pp. 1–2.
- ^ a b "No. 12181". The London Gazette. 21 April 1781. p. 1.
- ^ "No. 12181". The London Gazette. 21 April 1781. p. 2.
- ^ Mahan p. 171
- ^ Mahan pp. 171–172
- ^ a b Mahan p. 173
- ^ a b "No. 12181". The London Gazette. 21 April 1781. p. 3.
- ^ a b "No. 12227". The London Gazette. 22 September 1781. p. 1.
- ^ a b c d e f "No. 12279". The London Gazette. 16 March 1782. p. 1.
- ^ a b c "No. 12306". The London Gazette. 18 June 1782. p. 5.
- ^ a b c d "No. 12398". The London Gazette. 17 December 1782. p. 2.
- ^ "No. 11769". The London Gazette. 10 May 1777. p. 3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "No. 12222". The London Gazette. 4 September 1781. p. 3.
- ^ a b c d e f "No. 11786". The London Gazette. 8 July 1777. p. 3.
- ^ Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) p. 185
- ^ Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) pp. 300–301
- ^ a b c "No. 11951". The London Gazette. 6 February 1779. p. 3.
- ^ a b c d "No. 11951". The London Gazette. 6 February 1779. p. 4.
- ^ "No. 11769". The London Gazette. 10 May 1777. p. 2.
- ^ a b c "No. 12008". The London Gazette. 21 August 1779. p. 2.
- ^ "No. 12243". The London Gazette. 17 November 1781. p. 2.
- ^ "No. 12135". The London Gazette. 11 November 1780. p. 1.
- ^ a b "No. 14003". The London Gazette. 8 April 1797. pp. 364–365.
- ^ a b c James (Vol.II) p. 219
- ^ a b Clowes (Vol.IV) p. 510
- ^ Troude p. 130
- ^ a b c d "No. 15255". The London Gazette. 6 May 1800. p. 442.
- ^ a b "No. 15242". The London Gazette. 25 March 1800. p. 297.
- ^ a b c d e "No. 15278". The London Gazette. 22 July 1800. p. 843.
- ^ a b "No. 15278". The London Gazette. 22 July 1800. p. 844.
- ^ a b c d e f "No. 15301". The London Gazette. 11 October 1800. p. 1169.
- ^ a b c d e f g "No. 15301". The London Gazette. 11 October 1800. p. 1170.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "No. 15294". The London Gazette. 16 September 1800. p. 1062.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "No. 15358". The London Gazette. 25 April 1801. p. 446.
- ^ "No. 16017". The London Gazette. 7 April 1807. p. 441.
- ^ a b Long p. 112
- ^ Long p. 113
- ^ "No. 21077". The London Gazette. 15 March 1850. pp. 791–792.
- ^ a b c d e f "No. 15428". The London Gazette. 17 November 1801. p. 1385.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "No. 15428". The London Gazette. 17 November 1801. p. 1386.
- ^ James (Vol.III) p. 95
- ^ a b James (Vol.III) p. 96
- ^ James (Vol.III) pp. 96–97
- ^ James (Vol.III) p. 97
- ^ "No. 15426". The London Gazette. 10 November 1801. p. 1354.
- ^ James (Vol.III) p. 98
- ^ "No. 15199". The London Gazette. 29 October 1799. p. 1121.
- ^ "No. 15092". The London Gazette. 22 December 1798. p. 1238.
- ^ "No. 15466". The London Gazette. 27 March 1802. p. 325.
- ^ a b "No. 15999". The London Gazette. 10 February 1807. p. 180.
- ^ "No. 15475". The London Gazette. 27 April 1802. p. 433.
- ^ "No. 15534". The London Gazette. 20 November 1802. p. 1229.
- ^ "No. 15529". The London Gazette. 2 November 1802. p. 1157.
- ^ "No. 15552". The London Gazette. 22 January 1803. p. 107.
- ^ "No. 15555". The London Gazette. 1 February 1803. p. 141.
- ^ Clarke & Jones p. 510
- ^ James (1810) p.812
- ^ "No. 18787". The London Gazette. 25 March 1831. p. 574.
- ^ "No. 18887". The London Gazette. 27 December 1831. p. 2773.
References
- Allen, Joseph (1852). Battles of the British Navy Volume I. London: Henry Bohn. OCLC 935205877.
- OCLC 1003934064.
- Clarke, James Stainer; Jones, Stephen (1804). The Naval Chronicle, Containing a General and Biographical History of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom, with a Variety of Original Papers on Nautical Subjects. Vol. XI. London: J. Gold. OCLC 1049886166.
- ISBN 1861760124.
- Clowes, William Laird (1997) [1900]. The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume IV. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1861760132.
- Harrison, Cy (2019). Royal Navy Officers of the Seven Years War. Warwick, England: Helion. ISBN 978-1-912866-68-7.
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External links
- Media related to HMS Pearl (ship, 1762) at Wikimedia Commons