HMS Ramillies (07)

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For other ships with the same name, see HMS Ramillies.

First World War, painted in dazzle camouflage
History
United Kingdom
NameRamillies
NamesakeBattle of Ramillies
BuilderWilliam Beardmore and Company, Dalmuir
Laid down12 November 1913
Launched12 September 1916
Commissioned1 September 1917
IdentificationPennant number: 07
Nickname(s)Millie[1]
FateSold for scrap, 2 February 1948
General characteristics (as built)
Class and typeRevenge-class battleship
Displacement
  • 27,790 long tons (28,236 t) (design)
  • 31,130 long tons (31,630 t) (
    Deep load
    )
Length620 ft 7 in (189.2 m)
Beam101 ft 5.5 in (30.9 m)
Draught33 ft 7 in (10.2 m) (Deep load)
Installed power
  • 18
    Babcock & Wilcox boilers
  • 40,000 
    kW
    )
Propulsion4 shafts; 4 steam turbines
Speed21.5 knots (39.8 km/h; 24.7 mph)
Range7,000 nmi (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at 10 knots (18.5 km/h; 11.5 mph)
Crew909
Armament
Armour

HMS Ramillies (

First World War. They were developments of the Queen Elizabeth-class battleships, with reductions in size and speed to offset increases in the armour protection whilst retaining the same main battery of eight 15-inch (381 mm) guns. Completed in late 1917, Ramillies saw no combat during the war as both the British and the German fleets had adopted a more cautious strategy by this time owing to the increasing threat of naval mines and submarines
.

Ramillies spent the 1920s and 1930s alternating between the

Taranto raid
in November.

The ship returned to Atlantic escort duties in 1941, during which time she prevented the two

broken up
in 1948.

Design and description

Main article: Revenge-class battleship
Illustration of sister ship HMS Revenge as she appeared in 1916

The Revenge-class

kW) over the original specification.[2]

Ramillies had a

Babcock & Wilcox boilers. The turbines were rated at 40,000 shp (30,000 kW) and intended to give the ship a maximum speed of 23 knots (42.6 km/h; 26.5 mph). During her sea trials on 1 October 1917, the ship reached a top speed of only 21.5 knots (39.8 km/h; 24.7 mph) from 42,414 shp (31,628 kW).[3] She had a range of 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at a cruising speed of 10 knots (18.5 km/h; 11.5 mph). Her crew numbered 909 officers and ratings in 1916. Her metacentric height was 3.4 feet (1 m) at deep load.[3]

The Revenge class was equipped with eight

21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes, two on each broadside.[4]

Ramillies was completed with two

foremast. Each turret was also fitted with a 15-foot rangefinder. The main armament could be controlled by 'X' turret as well. The secondary armament was primarily controlled by directors mounted on each side of the compass platform on the foremast once they were fitted in April 1917.[5] A torpedo-control director with a 15-foot rangefinder was mounted at the aft end of the superstructure.[6]

The ship's

Krupp cemented armour (KC) that was 13 inches (330 mm) thick between 'A' and 'Y' barbettes and thinned to 4 to 6 inches (102 to 152 mm) towards the ship's ends, but did not reach either the bow or the stern. Above this was a strake of armour 6 inches thick that extended between 'A' and 'X' barbettes. Transverse bulkheads 4 to 6 inches thick ran at an angle from the ends of the thickest part of the waterline belt to 'A' and 'Y' barbettes. The gun turrets were protected by 11 to 13 inches (279 to 330 mm) of KC armour, except for the turret roofs which were 4.75–5 inches (121–127 mm) thick. The barbettes ranged in thickness from 6–10 inches (152–254 mm) above the upper deck, but were only 4 to 6 inches thick below it. The Revenge-class ships had multiple armoured decks that ranged from 1 to 4 inches (25 to 102 mm) in thickness. The main conning tower had 11 inches of armour on the sides with a 3-inch roof. The torpedo director in the rear superstructure had 6 inches of armour protecting it. After the Battle of Jutland, 1 inch of high-tensile steel was added to the main deck over the magazines and additional anti-flash equipment was added in the magazines.[7][8]

The ship was fitted with flying-off platforms mounted on the roofs of 'B' and 'X' turrets in 1918, from which fighters and reconnaissance aircraft could launch. She was also equipped to handle a kite balloon around this same time.[9] That same year, a Sopwith Pup fighter was flown off from the platform on B turret at least twice. During the early 1920s a Fairey Flycatcher fighter was deployed from that same platform.[10] In 1927 a rotating aircraft catapult was installed on Ramillies's quarterdeck. It was removed during her 1929–1931 refit.[11] The flying-off platforms were removed in 1932–1933. A catapult was added on the roof of 'X' turret by September 1936 as well as a crane to handle the aircraft.[12]

Major alterations

The existing rangefinders in 'B' and 'X' turrets were replaced by 30-foot (9.1 m) models in 1919–1921 and her anti-aircraft defences were upgraded by the replacement of the original three-inch AA guns with a pair of

QF four-inch (102 mm) AA guns during a short refit in 1924. Ramillies was refitted in 1926–1927, when her bulge was extended above her waterline and the "crushing tubes"[b] were removed from most of the lower bulge.[15] An additional pair of four-inch AA guns were added, the six-inch guns from the shelter deck were removed and a simple high-angle rangefinder was added above the bridge.[16]

During a more extensive refit in 1933–1934, a

radio-direction finding office was added and the catapult was removed.[18]

Wartime modifications for the Revenge-class ships were fairly minimal. A pair of four-barrel "pom-poms" were added in late 1941 atop 'B' and 'X' turrets as well as ten

search radar, a Type 284B gunnery radar for the main guns, a pair of Type 285 anti-aircraft gunnery sets and two Type 282 radars for the "pom-poms". A Type 650 radio-guided missile jammer was added before June 1944. To save weight and make more room available for the additional crew required to man the new equipment like the radars and Oerlikons, four 6-inch guns were removed in 1943. In April of that year, 10 more Oerlikons were added and an additional three in 1944–1945.[19]

Service history

Construction and the First World War

First World War

Ramillies, the fourth ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy,

launched on 12 September 1916, but she struck the slipway, badly damaging the bottom of her hull and her rudders. Since the dry docks in Dalmuir were not long enough to accommodate Ramillies, she would have to be towed to the Gladstone Dock in Liverpool to be repaired by Cammell Laird. The ship was not seaworthy, however, so temporary repairs were effected in Dalmuir before she could be towed to Liverpool.[23] Captain Henry Doughty was appointed in command on 11 April.[24] The initial repairs were completed by May 1917, and she departed on 7 May; she ran aground on the way and had to be pulled free by eight tugboats on 23 May. These accidents significantly delayed completion of the ship compared to her sister ships, and she was the last member of the Revenge class to enter service with the Grand Fleet.[23] Captain Percy Grant relieved Doughty in July[25] and the ship was assigned to the 1st Battle Squadron[26] in September 1917. Ramillies conducted extensive sea trials to determine what effect the bulges had on her speed and stability, and when it became clear that the bulges did not significantly reduce her speed and in fact improved stability, the Admiralty decided to install them on all four of her sisters.[27]

After the action of 19 August 1916, in which the Grand Fleet had lost two light cruisers to German U-boat attacks, Admiral John Jellicoe, the fleet commander, decided the fleet should not be risked in such sorties unless the German High Seas Fleet ventured north or the strategic situation warranted the risk. For its part, the German fleet remained in port or trained in the Baltic Sea through 1917, as both sides had largely abandoned the idea of a decisive surface battle in the North Sea. Both sides turned to positional warfare, laying fields of naval mines, and Germany resumed the unrestricted submarine warfare campaign early in the year. As a result, Ramillies and the rest of the Grand Fleet saw no action during the last two years of the war.[28]

In 1917, Britain began running regular convoys to Norway, escorted by light forces; the Germans raided these convoys twice late in the year, prompting Admiral David Beatty, who had replaced Jellicoe the previous year, to send battle squadrons of the Grand Fleet to escort the convoys. The High Seas Fleet went to sea on 23 April to attack one of the escorted convoys, but after the battlecruiser SMS Moltke suffered a serious mechanical accident the next day, the Germans were forced to break off the operation. Ramillies and the rest of the Grand Fleet sortied on 24 April once they intercepted wireless signals from the damaged Moltke, but the Germans were too far ahead of the British, and no shots were fired.[29][30] On 21 November 1918, following the Armistice, the entire Grand Fleet left port to escort the surrendered German fleet into internment at Scapa Flow.[31]

Interwar years

Ramillies, probably in the late 1910s or 1920s

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Ramillies typically operated with her sister ships, apart from periods where they were detached for refit or modernisation.[23] Grant was relieved by Captain John Luce on 1 February 1919.[32] In April the ships were transferred to the Atlantic Fleet, still as part of the 1st Battle Squadron. They were then attached to the Mediterranean Fleet in early 1920 for operations in Turkey and the Black Sea as part of Britain's responses to the Greco-Turkish War and the Russian Civil War, respectively.[23][33]

On 16 March Ramillies and her sisters

Greek Summer Offensive.[36]

The ships returned to the Atlantic Fleet in August. The 1st and 2nd Battle Squadrons merged in May 1921, with the Ramillies and her four sisters forming the 1st Division and the five Queen Elizabeth-class battleships forming the 2nd Division.

Sea of Marmora. With the war over by November, the ships were free to return once again to the Atlantic Fleet.[23]

Captain

bow was slightly damaged in the incident.[23]

Beginning in 1936, she served as a

Second World War had broken out in Europe.[23]

Second World War

Ramillies at Greenock in 1944. Note the radar jammers installed aft of the mainmast as a countermeasure to German Henschel HS293 radio guided missiles

In the Atlantic and Mediterranean

On 5 October 1939 Ramillies was ordered to leave Alexandria to join the North Atlantic Escort Force based out of

Ngāti Poneke. The gift followed a tradition established in 1913 by the battlecruiser New Zealand, as the piupiu was intended to ward harm from the ship's company provided that it was worn while the ship was in danger.[47]

Ramillies escorted the convoy to Australia where it was reinforced by ships carrying units of the Second Australian Imperial Force and then to Aden where the battleship left them to return to Australia to pick up another troop convoy for the Middle East.[47] Admiral Graf Spee never entered the Indian Ocean, so Ramillies was transferred back to the Mediterranean Fleet in May 1940 as the probability of Italy joining the war on the German side began to rise. Following the Italian declaration of war on 10 June, the British fleet began operations against Italian positions throughout the Mediterranean.[23] By late June, Ramillies was occupied with escorting convoys in the Mediterranean in company with Royal Sovereign and the aircraft carrier Eagle. In early July, after France had surrendered to Germany and while Britain sought to neutralise the French battleships in the Mediterranean lest they be seized by Germany and Italy, Baillie-Grohman negotiated with the commander of the battleship Lorraine in Alexandria to demilitarise his ship by unloading fuel and removing the breechblocks from his guns.[48]

On 15 August, Ramillies bombarded the Italian port of

Sollum with the battleships Malaya and Warspite and the heavy cruiser Kent. Italian bombers attacked the British fleet but they failed to score any hits; heavy anti-aircraft fire and fighters from Eagle shot down twelve Italian aircraft. The ships escorted a convoy to Malta from 8 to 14 October; poor weather hampered Italian reconnaissance efforts and the convoy reached Malta without incident.[23][49] Captain Arthur Read relieved Baillie-Grohman on 27 October.[50] The ship was part of the force that covered a series of convoys to and from Malta and Greece in early November during which Ramillies was attacked by the Italian submarine Pier Capponi as she approached Grand Harbour with no result.[51] The battleship then escorted the aircraft carrier Illustrious when she struck the main Italian naval base at Taranto on the night of 11 November, inflicting serious damage on the Italian battle fleet. As a result of the raid on Taranto and the crippling of much of the Italian battleship fleet, Ramillies was no longer necessary to counter the strength of the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy), and so she was reallocated to the North Atlantic Escort Force. Later, on 27 November, she was attached to Force H to escort a Malta convoy during the Battle of Cape Spartivento, though she did not see action. In December, she returned to Devonport for a refit,[23] escorting a convoy from Gibraltar to Greenock, Scotland, that lasted from 17 December to 6 January 1941.[52]

On 12 January, Ramillies got underway to join the escort for a convoy out of Halifax bound for the

Prime Minister Winston Churchill visited the ship on 16 August in Hvalfjörður, Iceland, whilst returning from a conference in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, with US President Franklin D. Roosevelt where they had signed the Atlantic Charter. Upon her return to the UK, Ramillies began a lengthy refit in Liverpool that lasted until 20 November.[55]

With the Eastern Fleet

In October 1941 the Admiralty decided the ship was to be transferred to the

Kido Butai, composed of six carriers and four fast battleships, was significantly stronger than Somerville's Eastern Fleet. As a result, only the modernised Warspite could operate with the two fleet carriers; Ramillies, her three sisters, and Hermes were kept away from combat to escort convoys in the Indian Ocean.[57][58]

Diego-Suarez
harbour, May 1942

In late March, the code-breakers at the Far East Combined Bureau, a branch of Bletchley Park, informed Somerville that the Japanese were planning a raid into the Indian Ocean to attack Colombo and Trincomalee and destroy his fleet. He therefore divided his fleet into two groups: Force A, which consisted of the two fleet carriers, Warspite and four cruisers, and Force B, centred on Ramillies and her sisters and the carrier Hermes. He intended to ambush Nagumo's fleet in a night action, the only method by which he thought he could achieve a victory. After three days of searching for the Japanese fleet without success, Somerville returned to Addu Atoll, in the Maldives, to refuel. While there, Somerville received a report that the Japanese fleet was approaching Colombo which they attacked the following day, on 5 April, followed by attacks on Trincomalee on 9 April. Following the first raid on 5 April, Somerville withdrew Ramillies and her three sisters to Mombasa, Kenya, where they could secure the shipping routes in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf. The four Revenges departed from Addu Atoll early on the morning on 9 April, bound for Mombasa; they remained based there into 1943.[59]

Syfret returned to Ramillies in late April as a

Diego Suarez on the northern end of Madagascar in the dark on 6 May. Disembarking in the harbour, they captured the French artillery command post along with its barracks and the naval depot.[60][61] The following day the battleship engaged the coastal batteries on Oronjia Peninsula, but after enduring a few salvos of 15-inch shells, the French gunners decided to cease firing.[62] Ramillies remained there during the Battle of Madagascar until the French garrison surrendered in November. On 30 May, Japanese midget submarines that had been launched by the submarines I-16 and I-20 attacked the ships in Diego Suarez. One of the midget submarines scored a hit on Ramillies just forward of her "A" turret on the port side. The explosion tore a large hole in the hull and caused extensive flooding, though damage control teams quickly contained it and prompt counter-flooding prevented her from listing badly. Still down by the bow after offloading most of her ammunition, she was nevertheless able to steam to Durban, South Africa, at a speed of 9 to 10 knots (17 to 19 km/h; 10 to 12 mph). There, she was inspected by the Constructor H. S. Pengelly, who noted that "although the vessel is now 26 years old and felt by most to be of little value owing to reduced size and slow speeds, the Ramillies is in exceptionally good shape, and I should wonder whether or not the capital ships of today with their lighter scantlings would survive a blow as well as this old girl, some 26 years after they were built."[63]

The ship underwent temporary repairs in Durban from June to August before getting underway for Devonport, where permanent repairs were effected. She returned to service in June 1943, and in July, arrived in

Kilindini in East Africa, where she rejoined the Eastern Fleet; by that time, she was the only battleship remaining on the station.[63] Captain Gervase Middleton assumed command on 23 August.[64] She left on 28 December, bound for Britain, where she was refitted for her new role as a coastal bombardment vessel. After arriving in January 1944, she was assigned to the Home Fleet.[63]

Operations Overlord and Dragoon

Ramillies bombarding German positions in Normandy, 6 June 1944

After her refit in early 1944 to augment her anti-aircraft defences was completed, Ramillies was assigned to Bombardment Force D, supporting the invasion fleet during the

Normandy landings in June. In company with Warspite, the monitor Roberts, five cruisers and fifteen destroyers, the bombardment force operated to the east of Sword Beach, supporting Assault Force S.[65] After assembling in the Clyde area, the force joined the main invasion fleet on the morning of 6 June off the French coast.[66] The two battleships opened fire at around 05:30, Ramillies targeting the German battery at Benerville-sur-Mer.[67][68] Shortly afterwards, three German torpedo boats sortied from Le Havre to attack the bombardment group. Although engaged by both Ramillies and Warspite as well as the cruisers, the German vessels were able to escape after launching fifteen torpedoes at long range. Two torpedoes passed between Warspite and Ramillies,[69] and only one vessel, the Norwegian-manned destroyer Svenner, was struck and sunk.[70][71]

The battleships resumed shelling the coastal batteries for the rest of the day, suppressing the heavy German guns, which allowed cruisers and destroyers to move closer in to provide

HM Dockyard, Portsmouth.[75]

In July, Ramillies was transferred to the Mediterranean as forces were assembled for Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France that was to take place the following month. Ramillies was one of five battleships to support the landings, namely the American battleships USS Nevada, Arkansas and Texas, and the Free French Lorraine.[74] Owing to her late arrival in the Mediterranean she did not join Gunfire Support Group Alpha in Malta, instead she sailed direct from Algiers to rendezvous with the group off the French coast early on 15 August.[76]

Ramillies carried out bombardments between 15 and 28 August. On D-Day, Gunfire Support Group Alpha primarily engaged coastal batteries guarding landing sector Alpha, around the

St. Tropez at 06:15 and twenty-four rounds at the battery near Cape Camarat at 06:54. Thereafter there was little need for further support as the invading infantry moved quickly inland.[77] On 17 August, Ramillies moved to the Sitka sector and bombarded German positions on the island of Port-Cros. Guided by a spotter aircraft flying from Quincy (CA-71), she scored six direct hits on the town's fort.[78]

The ground forces fought their way west towards Toulon. Supporting fire from the bombardment force assisted French forces who captured half of the city, but batteries on the St. Mandrier Peninsula continued to hold out. It was decided that a determined effort would be made to destroy or capture the forts on 25 August and the day before, Ramillies, who had been ordered to Algiers, received orders to return to the assault area.[79] Arriving off Porquerolles at 14:00 on 25 August, she joined Lorraine and a number of cruisers. Confusion initially reigned and Ramillies did not open fire until 16:40, firing sixteen rounds before her targets were obscured by smoke. Recommencing fire at 18:38, she fired a further forty-six rounds, scoring several hits and silencing two batteries.[80] Several batteries continued to hold out and on 26 August, the bombardment continued. Ramillies fired thirty-five rounds, scoring direct hits and observing no retaliatory fire. On 27 August she fired forty-eight more rounds, of which at least thirty-four fell within 50 yards of her target batteries.[81] The German gun crews surrendered the following day.[67][82] Ramillies was finally released from the assault area on 29 August.[83]

Fate

A gun of HMS Ramillies (the near one) on display in front of the Imperial War Museum

On 31 January 1945, her bombardment ability no longer required, Ramillies was reduced to reserve at Portsmouth.

broken up.[67]

One of Ramillies' 15-inch guns has been preserved and can be seen outside the Imperial War Museum in London. The gun was mounted aboard the ship in 1916 and remained in place until 1941, when it was removed and placed in storage. The gun was used in the actions around Bardia and at Cape Spartivento. It was installed in its current location in 1968, along with a gun from Roberts.[85]

The Beardmore Sculpture was created by Tom McKendrick to commemorate the employees of the long-closed Beardmore Shipyard in Dalmuir. Unveiled on 9 September 2010, the artist chose to crown the sculpture with a 19-foot-8-inch (6 m) model of Ramillies.[86]

Notes

  1. ^ "Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 20 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.
  2. ^ The "crush tubes" were hollow cylinders that, by being crushed under the force of an underwater explosion, contained the effects of the blast, blocked mine or torpedo fragments from penetrating into the hull, and prevented the ship's interior spaces from flooding.[13][14]
  3. ^ HMS Royal Oak had been sunk in Scapa Flow by the German submarine U-47 in October 1939.[56]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Johnston, p. 62.
  2. ^ Burt 2012b, pp. 300–302, 309.
  3. ^ a b Burt 2012b, pp. 305, 309.
  4. ^ Burt 2012b, pp. 304–305.
  5. ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 33.
  6. ^ Burt 2012b, p. 304.
  7. ^ Burt 2012b, pp. 303–308.
  8. ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 36, 44.
  9. ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 44.
  10. ^ Johnston, pp. 21, 32, 45.
  11. ^ Burt 2012a, p. 171.
  12. ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 167–168.
  13. ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 35.
  14. ^ a b Burt 2012b, p. 308.
  15. ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 44, 139.
  16. ^ Burt 2012a, p. 165.
  17. ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 182.
  18. ^ Burt 2012a, p. 170.
  19. ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 166, 187, 189.
  20. ^ Colledge & Warlow, p. 286.
  21. ^ Preston, p. 35.
  22. ^ Silverstone, pp. 259–260.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Burt 2012b, p. 317.
  24. ^ "Henry Montagu Doughty". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  25. ^ "Edmund Percy Fenwick George Grant". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  26. ^ "Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c". National Library of Scotland. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. November 1917. p. 10. Retrieved 21 March 2019 – via Internet Archive.
  27. ^ Burt 2012b, pp. 308, 317.
  28. ^ Friedman, pp. 174–176.
  29. ^ Massie, pp. 747–748.
  30. ^ Friedman, pp. 176–177.
  31. ^ Smith 2009, p. 10.
  32. ^ "John Luce". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  33. ^ Halpern 2011, pp. 125–126.
  34. ^ Halpern 2011, pp. 174–175, 198–200.
  35. ^ "Aubrey Clare Hugh Smith". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  36. ^ Halpern 2011, pp. 129–130, 239, 243.
  37. ^ "Francis Herbert Mitchell". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  38. ^ "Wilfrid Nunn". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  39. ^ "Hubert Seeds Monroe". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  40. ^ Halpern 2011, pp. 519–523, 531, 540.
  41. ^ "Bernard William Murray Fairbairn". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  42. ^ Johnston, p. 38.
  43. ^ Halpern 2016, p. 10.
  44. ^ "Edward Neville Syfret". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  45. ^ "Harold Tom Baillie-Grohman". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  46. ^ Johnston, p. 105.
  47. ^ a b Johnston, pp. 17, 93, 111–116, 154–155.
  48. ^ Smith 2008, pp. 105, 111–112.
  49. ^ Smith 2008, pp. 122, 124.
  50. ^ "Arthur Duncan Read". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  51. ^ Rohwer, p. 47.
  52. ^ Johnston, p. 121.
  53. ^ Garzke & Dulin, p. 140.
  54. ^ Bercuson & Herwig, pp. 174–175.
  55. ^ Johnston, pp. 125–126.
  56. ^ Burt 2012b, pp. 319–320.
  57. ^ Smith 2008, p. 287.
  58. ^ Jackson, p. 293.
  59. ^ Jackson, pp. 293, 295–296, 298.
  60. ^ Johnston, p. 130.
  61. ^ Rohwer, p. 161.
  62. ^ Smith 2008, p. 297.
  63. ^ a b c Burt 2012b, p. 318.
  64. ^ "Gervase Boswell Middleton – The Dreadnought Project". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  65. ^ Brown 1994a, p. 55.
  66. ^ Edwards, pp. 133–134.
  67. ^ a b c d e Burt 2012b, p. 319.
  68. ^ a b Smith 2008, pp. 352–354.
  69. ^ Edwards, p. 135.
  70. ^ Johnston, pp. 155–156, 158.
  71. ^ Whitley, p. 158.
  72. ^ Brown 1994a, pp. 88–89, 104.
  73. ^ Brown 1994a, p. 104.
  74. ^ a b Smith 2008, pp. 354–356, 360.
  75. ^ Johnston, p. 211.
  76. ^ Brown 1994b, p. 16.
  77. ^ Brown 1994b, pp. 22–23.
  78. ^ Brown 1994b, p. 20.
  79. ^ Brown 1994b, pp. 48–49.
  80. ^ Brown 1994b, p. 49.
  81. ^ Brown 1994b, p. 50.
  82. ^ Smith 2008, pp. 360–361.
  83. ^ Brown 1994b, p. 55.
  84. ^ Johnston, pp. 101–102.
  85. ^ Imperial War Museum. "15 in Mk I Naval Gun". Imperial War Museum Collections Search. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  86. ^ Johnston, p. 250.

References

Further reading

External links

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