HOXC6

Homeobox protein Hox-C6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXC6 gene.^[5][6][7] Hox-C6 expression is highest in the fallopian tube and ovary.^[8] HoxC6 has been highly expressed in many types of cancers including prostate, breast, and esophageal squamous cell cancer.^[9]

Function

This gene belongs to the homeobox family, members of which encode a highly conserved family of transcription factors that play an important role in morphogenesis in all multicellular organisms. Mammals possess four similar homeobox gene clusters, HOXA, HOXB, HOXC and HOXD, which are located on different chromosomes and consist of 9 to 11 genes arranged in tandem. This gene, HOXC6, is one of several HOXC genes located in a cluster on chromosome 12. Three genes, HOXC5, HOXC4 and HOXC6, share a 5' non-coding exon. Transcripts may include the shared exon spliced to the gene-specific exons, or they may include only the gene-specific exons. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for HOXC6. Transcript variant two includes the shared exon, and transcript variant one includes only gene-specific exons.^[7] HOXC6 plays a role in lymphoma. The HOXC6 isoform, HOXC6-2 is an active carcinogenic  for gastric cancer. It stimulates gastric cancer cells proliferation by acting as an oncogene. Downregulation of this gene’s isoforms could potentially lead to less proliferation of certain cancerous cells. With the HOXC6-1 isoform, there were no statistically significant effects on migration, invasion, apoptosis, or proliferation when it was downregulated.^[10] According to a study in Cancer Cell International, suppression of the HOXC6 gene plays a role in blocking the TGF-β/SMAD cascade. This then leads to the weakening of epithelial to mesenchymal transition for the cervical carcinoma.^[11]

Knock-out model

A knockout model using small interfering RNA showed that knockout of HOXC6 was associated with apoptosis. Additionally, the presence of HOXC6 was associated with inhibition of paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Thus, HOXC6 was demonstrated to induce proliferative activity.^[12]

See also

• Homeobox

References

Further reading

• Acampora D, D'Esposito M, Faiella A, Pannese M, Migliaccio E, Morelli F, et al. (December 1989). "The human HOX gene family". Nucleic Acids Research. 17 (24): 10385–10402.
  PMID 2574852
  .
• Boncinelli E, Acampora D, Pannese M, D'Esposito M, Somma R, Gaudino G, et al. (1990). "Organization of human class I homeobox genes". Genome. 31 (2): 745–756.
  PMID 2576652
  .
• Rabin M, Ferguson-Smith A, Hart CP, Ruddle FH (December 1986). "Cognate homeo-box loci mapped on homologous human and mouse chromosomes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 83 (23): 9104–9108.
  PMID 2878432
  .
• Simeone A, Mavilio F, Acampora D, Giampaolo A, Faiella A, Zappavigna V, et al. (July 1987). "Two human homeobox genes, c1 and c8: structure analysis and expression in embryonic development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 84 (14): 4914–4918.
  PMID 2885844
  .
• Simeone A, Pannese M, Acampora D, D'Esposito M, Boncinelli E (June 1988). "At least three human homeoboxes on chromosome 12 belong to the same transcription unit". Nucleic Acids Research. 16 (12): 5379–5390.
  PMID 2898768
  .
• Corsetti MT, Levi G, Lancia F, Sanseverino L, Ferrini S, Boncinelli E, Corte G (January 1995). "Nucleolar localisation of three Hox homeoproteins". Journal of Cell Science. 108 ( Pt 1) (1): 187–193.
  PMID 7738096
  .
• Apiou F, Flagiello D, Cillo C, Malfoy B, Poupon MF, Dutrillaux B (1996). "Fine mapping of human HOX gene clusters". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 73 (1–2): 114–115.
  PMID 8646877
  .
• Chariot A, Castronovo V, Le P, Gillet C, Sobel ME, Gielen J (October 1996). "Cloning and expression of a new HOXC6 transcript encoding a repressing protein". The Biochemical Journal. 319 ( Pt 1) (1): 91–97.
  PMID 8870653
  .
• Kosaki K, Kosaki R, Suzuki T, Yoshihashi H, Takahashi T, Sasaki K, et al. (February 2002). "Complete mutation analysis panel of the 39 human HOX genes". Teratology. 65 (2): 50–62.
  PMID 11857506
  .
• Ramachandran S, Liu P, Young AN, Yin-Goen Q, Lim SD, Laycock N, et al. (January 2005). "Loss of HOXC6 expression induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells". Oncogene. 24 (1): 188–198.
  PMID 15637592
  .
• Hori Y, Gu X, Xie X, Kim SK (April 2005). "Differentiation of insulin-producing cells from human neural progenitor cells". PLOS Medicine. 2 (4): e103.
  PMID 15839736
  .
• Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Yamashita R, et al. (January 2006). "Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes". Genome Research. 16 (1): 55–65.
  PMID 16344560
  .
• Zhang X, Hamada J, Nishimoto A, Takahashi Y, Murai T, Tada M, Moriuchi T (2007). "HOXC6 and HOXC11 increase transcription of S100beta gene in BrdU-induced in vitro differentiation of GOTO neuroblastoma cells into Schwannian cells". Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 11 (2): 299–306.
  PMID 17488478
  .

External links

• HOXC6+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

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