HTML5
Filename extension | .html , .htm |
---|---|
Internet media type |
text/html |
HTML LS | |
Standard | HTML 5.2 |
Open format? | Yes |
HTML |
---|
Comparisons |
HTML5 (Hypertext Markup Language 5) is a
HTML5 was first released in a public-facing form on 22 January 2008,
HTML5 includes detailed processing models to encourage more interoperable implementations; it extends, improves, and rationalizes the markup available for documents and introduces markup and
Many new
<article>
, <header>
, <footer>
, <aside>
, <nav>
, and <figure>
are added. New attributes were introduced, some elements and attributes were removed, and others such as <a>
, <cite>
, and <menu>
were changed, redefined, or standardized. The APIs and Document Object Model (DOM) are now fundamental parts of the HTML5 specification,[8] and HTML5 also better defines the processing for any invalid documents.[9]History
The
The
WHATWG's Ian Hickson (Google) and David Hyatt (Apple) produced W3C's first public working draft of the specification on 22 January 2008.[2]
Many web browsers released after 2009 support HTML5, including Google Chrome 3.0, Safari 3.1, Firefox 3.5, Opera 10.5, Internet Explorer 9 and later.
"Thoughts on Flash"
While some features of HTML5 are often compared to
Last call, candidacy, and recommendation stages
On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working Group with clear milestones for HTML5. In May 2011, the working group advanced HTML5 to "Last Call", an invitation to communities inside and outside W3C to confirm the technical soundness of the specification. The W3C developed a comprehensive test suite to achieve broad interoperability for the full specification by 2014, which was the target date for recommendation.[26] In January 2011, the WHATWG renamed its "HTML5" specification HTML Living Standard. The W3C nevertheless continued its project to release HTML5.[27]
In July 2012, WHATWG and W3C decided on a degree of separation. W3C will continue the HTML5 specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is considered a "snapshot" by WHATWG. The WHATWG organization continues its work with HTML5 as a "living standard". The concept of a living standard is that it is never complete and is always being updated and improved. New features can be added but functionality will not be removed.[28]
In December 2012, W3C designated HTML5 as a Candidate Recommendation.[29] The criterion for advancement to W3C Recommendation is "two 100% complete and fully interoperable implementations".[30]
On 16 September 2014, W3C moved HTML5 to Proposed Recommendation.[31] On 28 October 2014, HTML5 was released as a W3C Recommendation,[32] bringing the specification process to completion.[5] On 1 November 2016, HTML 5.1 was released as a W3C Recommendation.[33] On 14 December 2017, HTML 5.2 was released as a W3C Recommendation.[34]
Retirement
The W3C retired HTML5 on 27 March 2018.[35] Additionally, the retirement included HTML 4.0,[36] HTML 4.01,[37] XHTML 1.0,[38] and XHTML 1.1.[39] HTML 5.1, HTML 5.2 and HTML 5.3 were all retired on 28 January 2021, in favour of the HTML living standard.[3][40]
Timeline
The combined timelines for the W3C recommendations of HTML5, HTML 5.1, HTML 5.2 and HTML 5.3:
Version | First draft | Candidate recommendation |
Recommendation | Retired |
---|---|---|---|---|
HTML5 | 1 May 2007[41] | 17 December 2012 | 28 October 2014 | 27 March 2018[42] |
HTML 5.1 | 17 December 2012 | 21 June 2016 | 1 November 2016 | 28 January 2021[43] |
HTML 5.1 2nd Edition |
— | 20 June 2017 | 3 October 2017 | |
HTML 5.2 | 18 August 2016 | 8 August 2017 | 14 December 2017 | 28 January 2021[3] |
HTML 5.3 | 14 December 2017[44] | — | — | 28 January 2021[40] |
W3C and WHATWG conflict
The W3C ceded authority over the HTML and DOM standards to WHATWG on 28 May 2019, as it considered that having two standards is harmful.[45][46][47][4] The HTML Living Standard is now authoritative. However, W3C will still participate in the development process of HTML.
Before the ceding of authority, W3C and WHATWG had been characterized as both working together on the development of HTML5,[11] and yet also at cross purposes[28][5] ever since the July 2012 split. The W3C "HTML5" standard was snapshot-based (HTML5, HTML 5.1, etc.) and static, while the WHATWG "HTML living standard" is continually updated. The relationship had been described as "fragile", even a "rift",[48] and characterized by "squabbling".[5]
In at least one case, namely the permissible content of the <
The "Introduction" section in the WHATWG spec (edited by Ian "Hixie" Hickson) is critical of W3C, e.g. "Note: Although we have asked them to stop doing so, the W3C also republishes some parts of this specification as separate documents." In its "History" subsection it portrays W3C as resistant to Hickson's and WHATWG's original HTML5 plans, then jumping on the bandwagon belatedly (though Hickson was in control of the W3C HTML5 spec, too). Regardless, it indicates a major philosophical divide between the organizations:[51]
For a number of years, both groups then worked together. In 2011, however, the groups came to the conclusion that they had different goals: the W3C wanted to publish a "finished" version of "HTML5", while the WHATWG wanted to continue working on a Living Standard for HTML, continuously maintaining the specification rather than freezing it in a state with known problems, and adding new features as needed to evolve the platform.
Since then, the WHATWG has been working on this specification (amongst others), and the W3C has been copying fixes made by the WHATWG into their fork of the document (which also has other changes).
The two entities signed an agreement to work together on a single version of HTML on 28 May 2019.[52]
Differences between the two standards
In addition to the contradiction in the <
W3C[53] | WHATWG[54] | |
---|---|---|
Site pagination | Single page version[55] (allows global search of contents) | |
Chapters | §5 Microdata[56]
§9 Communication[57] §10 Web workers[58] §11 Web storage[59] | |
Global attributes | :[60] class , id
|
:[61] autocapitalize , enterkeyhint , inputmode , is , itemid , itemprop , itemref , itemscope , itemtype , nonce
|
Chapter Elements of HTML | §4.13 Custom elements[62] | |
Elements | <rb> ,[63] <rtc> [64] (See compatibility notes below.)
|
<hgroup> ,[66] <menu> ,[67] <slot> [68] (See compatibility notes below.)
|
§ <meta>
|
§4.2.5.4. Other pragma directives,[70] based on deprecated WHATWG procedure.[71] | |
§ Sections | § 4.3.11.2 Sample outlines[72]
§ 4.3.11.3 Exposing outlines to users[73] | |
Structured data | Recommends RDFa (code examples,[74][65][75] separate specs,[76][77] no special attributes[60]). | Recommends Microdata (code examples,[78][79][80][81] spec chapter,[56] special attributes[61]). |
The following table provides data from the Mozilla Development Network on compatibility with major browsers, as of September 2018[update], of HTML elements unique to one of the standards:
Element | Standard | Compatibility | Note |
---|---|---|---|
<rb>[82]
|
W3C | All browsers, except Edge | |
<rtc>[83][84]
|
W3C | All browsers, except IE | |
<hgroup>[85]
|
WHATWG | All browsers | "[Since] the HTML outline algorithm is not implemented in any browsers ... the <hgroup> semantics are in practice only theoretical."
|
<menu>[86]
|
WHATWG | All browsers | |
<slot>[87]
|
WHATWG | All browsers |
Features and APIs
The W3C proposed a greater reliance on modularity as a key part of the plan to make faster progress, meaning identifying specific features, either proposed or already existing in the spec, and advancing them as separate specifications. Some technologies that were originally defined in HTML5 itself are now defined in separate specifications:
- HTML Working Group — HTML Canvas 2D Context;
- Immersive Web Working Group — WebXR Device API, WebXR Gamepads Module, WebXR Augmented Reality Module, and others;[88]
- Web Apps Working Group — Web Messaging, Web workers, Web storage, WebSocket, Server-sent events, Web Components[89] (this was not part of HTML5, though); the Web Applications Working Group was closed in October 2015 and its deliverables transferred to the Web Platform Working Group (WPWG).
- IETF HyBi Working Group — WebSocket Protocol;
- WebRTC Working Group — WebRTC;
- Web Media Text Tracks Community Group — WebVTT.
Some features that were removed from the original HTML5 specification have been standardized separately as modules, such as
Features
Markup
HTML5 introduces elements and attributes that reflect typical usage on modern websites. Some of them are semantic replacements for common uses of generic block (<div>
) and inline (<span>
) elements, for example <nav>
(website navigation block), <footer>
(usually referring to bottom of web page or to last lines of HTML code), or <audio>
and <video>
instead of <object>
.[90][91][92]
Some deprecated elements from
The HTML5 syntax is no longer based on SGML[94][95] despite the similarity of its markup. It has, however, been designed to be backward-compatible with common parsing of older versions of HTML. It comes with a new introductory line that looks like an SGML document type declaration, <!DOCTYPE html>
, which triggers the standards-compliant rendering mode.[96]
Since 5 January 2009, HTML5 also includes Web Forms 2.0, a previously separate WHATWG specification.[97][98]
New APIs
In addition to specifying markup, HTML5 specifies scripting
- Canvas;[101]
- Timed Media Playback;[102]
- Offline;[103]
- Editable content;[104]
- Drag and drop;[105]
- History;[106]
- Microdata;[109]
- Web Messaging;[110]
- cookies but with larger storage capacity and improved API.[111]
Not all of the above technologies are included in the W3C HTML5 specification, though they are in the WHATWG HTML specification.[112] Some related technologies, which are not part of either the W3C HTML5 or the WHATWG HTML specification, are as follows. The W3C publishes specifications for these separately:
- Geolocation;
- IndexedDB – an indexed hierarchical key-value store (formerly WebSimpleDB);[113]
- File[114] – an API intended to handle file uploads and file manipulation;[115]
- Directories and System – an API intended to satisfy client-side-storage use cases not well served by databases;[116]
- File Writer – an API for writing to files from web applications;[117]
- Web Audio[118] – a high-level JavaScript API for processing and synthesizing audio in web applications;
- ClassList.[119]
- Web cryptography API[120]
- WebRTC[121]
- Web SQL Database – a local SQL Database (no longer maintained);[122]
HTML5 cannot provide animation within web pages. Additional JavaScript or
XHTML5 (XML-serialized HTML5)
XML documents must be served with an XML
There is no DTD for XHTML5.[125]
Error handling
This section
may contain verify the text. The reason given is: [8] only claims that HTML5 is Backward Compatible. (January 2024) ) |
HTML5 is designed so that old browsers
Popularity
According to a report released on 30 September 2011, 34 of the world's top 100 Web sites were using HTML5 – the adoption led by search engines and social networks.[127] Another report released in August 2013 has shown that 153 of the Fortune 500 U.S. companies implemented HTML5 on their corporate websites.[128]
Since 2014, HTML5 is at least partially supported by most popular layout engines.
Differences from HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.x
The following is a cursory list of differences and some specific examples.
- New parsing rules: oriented towards flexible parsing and compatibility; not based on SGML
- Ability to use inline SVG and MathML in
text/html
- New elements:
article
,aside
,audio
,bdi
,canvas
,command
,data
,datalist
,details
,embed
,figcaption
,figure
,footer
,header
,keygen
,mark
,meter
,nav
,output
,progress
,rp
,rt
,ruby
,section
,source
,summary
,time
,track
,video
,wbr
- New types of form controls:
dates and times
,email
,url
,search
,number
,range
,tel
,color
[129] - New attributes:
charset
(onmeta
),async
(onscript
) - Global attributes (that can be applied for every element):
id
,tabindex
,hidden
,data-*
(custom data attributes) - Deprecated elements will be dropped altogether:
acronym
,applet
,basefont
,big
,center
,dir
,font
,frame
,,frameset
isindex
,noframes
,strike
,tt
W3C Working Group publishes "HTML5 differences from HTML 4",[130] which provides a complete outline of additions, removals and changes between HTML5 and HTML4.
Logo
On 18 January 2011, the W3C introduced a logo to represent the use of or interest in HTML5. Unlike other badges previously issued by the W3C, it does not imply validity or conformance to a certain standard. As of 1 April 2011, this logo is official.[131]
When initially presenting it to the public, the W3C announced the HTML5 logo as a "general-purpose visual identity for a broad set of open web technologies, including HTML5,
Digital rights management
Industry players including the BBC, Google, Microsoft, Apple Inc. have been lobbying for the inclusion of Encrypted Media Extensions (EME),[134][135][136][137][138] a form of digital rights management (DRM), into the HTML5 standard. As of the end of 2012 and the beginning of 2013, 27 organizations[139] including the Free Software Foundation[140] have started a campaign against including digital rights management in the HTML5 standard.[141][142] However, in late September 2013, the W3C HTML Working Group decided that Encrypted Media Extensions, a form of DRM, was "in scope" and will potentially be included in the HTML 5.1 standard.[143][144] WHATWG's "HTML Living Standard" continued to be developed without DRM-enabled proposals.[144]
Manu Sporny, a member of the
The initial enablers for DRM in HTML5 were Google[147] and Microsoft.[148] Supporters also include Adobe.[149] On 14 May 2014, Mozilla announced plans to support EME in Firefox, the last major browser to avoid DRM.[150][151] Calling it "a difficult and uncomfortable step", Andreas Gal of Mozilla explained that future versions of Firefox would remain open source but ship with a sandbox designed to run a content decryption module developed by Adobe,[150] later it was replaced with Widevine module from Google which is much more widely adopted by content providers. While promising to "work on alternative solutions", Mozilla's Executive Chair Mitchell Baker stated that a refusal to implement EME would have accomplished little more than convincing many users to switch browsers.[151] This decision was condemned by Cory Doctorow and the Free Software Foundation.[152][153]
As of December 2023, the W3C has changed their opinion on EME, stating: "Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) brings greater interoperability, better privacy, security, accessibility and user experience in viewing movies and TV on the Web".[154]
See also
- Cache manifest in HTML5
- Canvas element
- Dave Hyatt, Apple's editor of HTML5 specs
- Ian Hickson, Google's main editor of HTML5 specs
- Polyglot markup
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- ^ a b O'Brien, Danny (2 October 2013). "Lowering Your Standards: DRM and the Future of the W3C". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
- ^ Sporny, Manu (26 January 2013). "DRM in HTML5". The Beautiful, Tormented Machine. Manu Sporny. Archived from the original on 25 April 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
- ^ Gilbertson, Scott (12 February 2013). "DRM for the Web? Say It Ain't So". Webmonkey. Archived from the original on 24 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Release notes for Google Chrome 25.0.1364.87".
- ^ "HTML5 Video in IE 11 on Windows 8.1". 18 April 2017.
- ^ Adobe Support for Encrypted Media Extensions Archived 9 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine Adobe.com. 19 June 2013.
- ^ a b Gal, Andreas (14 May 2014). "Reconciling Mozilla's Mission and W3C EME". Mozilla. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- ^ a b Baker, Mitchell (14 May 2014). "DRM and the Challenge of Serving Users". Mozilla. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- ^ Doctorow, Cory (14 May 2014). "Firefox's adoption of closed-source DRM breaks my heart". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- ^ "FSF condemns partnership between Mozilla and Adobe to support Digital Rights Management". Free Software Foundation. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- ^ "W3C Publishes Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) as a W3C Recommendation". W3C. 18 September 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
External links
- HTML Living standard from WHATWG, GitHub repo
- The W3C Markup Validation Service, including Nu Html Checker
- HTML 5.2, the last HTML recommendation from W3C, superseded
- Memorandum of Understanding Between W3C and WHATWG
- HTML Media Extensions Working Group
- HTML.next, Feature requests for future versions of HTML