House of Habsburg
House of Habsburg Haus Habsburg | |
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Counts of Habsburg: Or, a lion rampant gules crowned azure ("Lion of Habsburg"); right: Habsburg "modern"/Austria, arms of the House of Habsburg, Archdukes of Austria: Gules, a fess argent ("Bindenschild"); originally the arms of the House of Babenburg, Dukes of Austria and Styria | |
Parent house | House of Eticho (disputed) |
Country | List
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Etymology | cognatic line) |
Titles | List
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Motto | A.E.I.O.U. and Viribus Unitis |
Estate(s) |
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Cadet branches | Agnatic : (all are extinct)
Cognatic :
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The House of Habsburg (/ˈhæpsbɜːrɡ/, German: Haus Habsburg, pronounced [haʊ̯s ˈhaːpsˌbʊʁk] ⓘ), also known as the House of Austria,[note 6] is one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.[3][4]
The house takes its name from
The throne of the
Members of the Habsburg family oversee the Austrian branch of the Order of the Golden Fleece and the Imperial and Royal Order of Saint George. The current head of the family is Karl von Habsburg.
Name
The origins of
The Habsburg name was not continuously used by the family members, since they often emphasized their more prestigious princely titles. The dynasty was thus long known as the "House of Austria". Complementarily, in some circumstances the family members were identified by their place of birth. Charles V was known in his youth after his birthplace as Charles of Ghent. When he became king of Spain he was known as Charles of Spain, and after he was elected emperor, as Charles V (in French, Charles Quint).
In Spain, the dynasty was known as the Casa de Austria, including
After Maria Theresa married Duke Francis Stephen of Lorraine, the idea of "Habsburg" as associated with ancestral Austrian rulership was used to show that the old dynasty continued as did all its inherited rights. Some younger sons who had no prospects of the throne were given the personal title of "count of Habsburg".
The surname of more recent members of the family such as Otto von Habsburg and Karl von Habsburg is taken to be "von Habsburg" or more completely "von Habsburg-Lothringen". Princes and members of the house use the tripartite arms adopted in the 18th century by Francis Stephen.
The name of the dynasty is sometimes spelled in English publications as Hapsburg.[8][9][10]
History
History of Austria |
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Austria portal |
Counts of Habsburg
The progenitor of the House of Habsburg may have been
In the 12th century, the Habsburgs became increasingly associated with the
The Habsburgs expanded their influence through arranged marriages and by gaining political privileges, especially countship rights in
Pivot to Eastern Alpine Duchies
By the second half of the 13th century, Count
Following Rudolph's death in 1291,
Instead, they were able to expand southwards: in 1311, they took over
Albertinian / Leopoldian split and Imperial elections
Rudolf IV's brothers Albert III and Leopold III ignored his efforts to preserve the integrity of the family domains and enacted the separation of the so-called Albertinian and Leopoldian family lines on 25 September 1379 by the Treaty of Neuberg. The former would maintain Austria proper (then called Niederösterreich but comprising modern Lower Austria and most of Upper Austria), while the latter would rule over lands then labeled Oberösterreich, namely Inner Austria (Innerösterreich) comprising Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, and Further Austria (Vorderösterreich) consisting of Tyrol and the western Habsburg lands in Alsace and Swabia.[14]
By marrying
After the death of Leopold's eldest son, William, in 1406 the Leopoldian line was further split among his brothers into the Inner Austrian territory under Ernest the Iron and a Tyrolean/Further Austrian line under Frederick of the Empty Pockets. In 1440 Ernest's son Frederick III was chosen by the electoral college to succeed Albert II as the king. Several Habsburg kings had attempted to gain the imperial dignity over the years, but success finally arrived on 19 March 1452, when Pope Nicholas V crowned Frederick III as the Holy Roman Emperor in a grand ceremony held in Rome. In Frederick III the Pope found an important political ally with whose help he was able to counter the conciliar movement.[14]
While in Rome Frederick III married Eleanor of Portugal, enabling him to build a network of connections with dynasties in the west and southeast of Europe. Frederick was rather distant to his family; Eleanor, by contrast, had a great influence on the raising and education of Frederick's children and therefore played an important role in the family's rise to prominence. After Frederick III's coronation the Habsburgs were able to hold the imperial throne almost continuously until 1806.[14]
Archdukes
Through the forged document called
Duke
Archduke was initially borne by those dynasts who ruled a Habsburg territory, i.e., only by males and their consorts, appanages being commonly distributed to Cadets . These "junior" archdukes did not thereby become independent hereditary rulers, since all territories remained vested in the Austrian crown. Occasionally a territory might be combined with a separate gubernatorial mandate ruled by an archducal cadet. From the 16th century onward, archduke and its female form, archduchess, came to be used by all the members of the House of Habsburg (e.g., Queen Marie Antoinette of France was born Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria).
Reunification and expansion
In 1457 Duke Frederick V of Inner Austria also gained the Austrian archduchy after his Albertine cousin Ladislaus the Posthumous had died without issue. 1490 saw the reunification of all Habsburg lines when Archduke Sigismund of Further Austria and Tyrol resigned in favor of Frederick's son Maximilian I.
As emperor, Frederick III took a leading role in the family and positioned himself as the judge over the family's internal conflicts, often making use of the
Externally, one of Frederick's main achievements was the
After the death of his father in 1493 Maximilian was proclaimed the new
Maximilian's rule (1493–1519) was a time of dramatic expansion for the Habsburgs. In 1497 Maximilian's son Philip, known as the Handsome or the Fair, married Joanna of Castile, also known as Joanna the Mad, heiress of Castile and Aragon. Phillip and Joan had six children, the eldest of whom became Emperor Charles V in 1516 and ruled the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon (including their colonies in the New World), Southern Italy, Austria and the Habsburg Netherlands with his mother and nominal coruler, Joanna, who was kept under confinement.[21]
The foundations for the later empire of
The Habsburg dynasty achieved its highest position when Charles V was elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. Much of Charles's reign was dedicated to the fight against Protestantism, which led to its eradication throughout vast areas under Habsburg control.
Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs
Charles formally became the sole monarch of Spain upon the death of his imprisoned mother Queen Joan in 1555.
After the abdication of Charles V in 1556, the Habsburg dynasty split into the branch of the Austrian (or German) Habsburgs, led by Ferdinand, and the branch of the Spanish Habsburgs, initially led by Charles's son
The
Habsburg inbreeding and extinction of the male lines
The Habsburgs sought to consolidate their power by frequent consanguineous marriages, resulting in a cumulatively deleterious effect on their gene pool. Health impairments due to inbreeding included epilepsy, insanity and early death. A study of 3,000 family members over 16 generations by the University of Santiago de Compostela suggests inbreeding may have played a role in their extinction.[24] Numerous members of the family showed specific facial deformities: an enlarged lower jaw with an extended chin known as mandibular prognathism or 'Habsburg jaw', a large nose with hump and hanging tip ('Habsburg nose') and an everted lower lip ('Habsburg lip'). The last two are signs of maxillary deficiency. A 2019 study found that the degree of mandibular prognathism in the Habsburg family shows a statistically significant correlation with the degree of inbreeding. A correlation between maxillary deficiency and degree of inbreeding was also present but was not statistically significant.[25][26] Other scientific studies, however, dispute the ideas of any linkage between fertility and consanguinity.[27]
The gene pool eventually became so small that the last of the Spanish line, Charles II, who was severely disabled from birth (perhaps by genetic disorders), possessed a genome comparable to that of a child born to a brother and sister, as did his father, probably because of 'remote inbreeding'.[28][24]
The death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 led to the
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium)
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On 6 August 1806, Emperor
Emperor Francis I of Austria used the official full list of titles: "
The
On 11 November 1918, with his empire collapsing around him, the last Habsburg ruler, Charles I of Austria (who also reigned as Charles IV of Hungary) issued a proclamation recognizing Austria's right to determine the future of the state and renouncing any role in state affairs. Two days later, he issued a separate proclamation for Hungary. Even though he did not officially abdicate, this is considered the end of the Habsburg dynasty.
In 1919, the new
In the interwar period, the House of Habsburg was a vehement opponent of Nazism and Communism. In Germany, Adolf Hitler diametrically opposed the centuries-old Habsburg principles of largely allowing local communities under their rule to maintain traditional ethnic, religious and language practices, and he bristled with hatred against the Habsburg family.[32] During the Second World War there was a strong Habsburg resistance movement in Central Europe, which was radically persecuted by the Nazis and the Gestapo. The unofficial leader of these groups was Otto von Habsburg, who campaigned against the Nazis and for a free Central Europe in France and the United States. Most of the resistance fighters, such as Heinrich Maier, who successfully passed on production sites and plans for V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks and aircraft to the Allies, were executed. The Habsburg family played a leading role in the fall of the Iron Curtain and the collapse of the Communist Eastern Bloc.[33][34][35][36][37]
Multilingualism
As they accumulated crowns and titles, the Habsburgs developed a family tradition of multilingualism that evolved over the centuries. The Holy Roman Empire had been multilingual from the start, even though most of its emperors were native German speakers.[38] The language issue within the Empire became gradually more salient as the non-religious use of Latin declined and that of national languages gained prominence during the High Middle Ages.
Emperor
In the early years of the family's ascendancy, neither Rudolf I nor Albert I appears to have spoken French.[38]: 278 By contrast, Charles V of Habsburg is well known as having been fluent in several languages. He was a native speaker of French and also knew Dutch from his youth in Flanders. He later added some Castilian Spanish, which he was required to learn by the Castilian Cortes Generales. He could also speak some Basque, acquired by the influence of the Basque secretaries serving in the royal court.[41] He gained a decent command of German following the Imperial election of 1519.[42] A witticism sometimes attributed to Charles was: "I speak Spanish/Latin [depending on the source] to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse."[43]
Latin was the administrative language of the Empire until the aggressive promotion of German by Joseph II in the late 18th century, which was partly reversed by his successors. From the 16th century most if not all Habsburgs spoke French as well as German and many also spoke Italian.[citation needed] Ferdinand I, Maximilian II and Rudolf II addressed the Bohemian Diet in Czech, even though it is not clear that they were fluent. By contrast there is little evidence that later Habsburgs in the 17th and 18th centuries spoke Czech, with the probable exception of Ferdinand III, who had several stays in Bohemia and appears to have spoken Czech while there. In the 19th century Francis I had some Czech and Ferdinand I spoke it decently.[44]
Franz Joseph received a bilingual early education in French and German, then added Czech and Hungarian and later Italian and Polish. He also studied Latin and Greek.[45] After the end of the Habsburg Monarchy Otto von Habsburg was fluent in English, French, German, Hungarian, Croatian, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese.[46]
Burials
- The Imperial Crypt (German: Kaisergruft), also called the Capuchin Crypt (Kapuzinergruft), is located beneath the unassuming church and monastery of the Order of the Capuchin Friars, provides an immersive exploration of 400 years of Austrian and European history.[47] It covers pivotal events such as the Thirty Years' War and the rise of revolutionary ideals, offering insight into the concept of an united Europe.[48]Designed by prominent artists of their time, the crypt's chambers display symbols of authority, reflecting the ambitions of the Habsburg dynasty. Amidst this historical backdrop, artifacts within the crypt subtly acknowledge mortality and faith, underscoring a personal trust in the divine and a humble reverence for the Creator.[49]However, it is the human narratives behind the titles, victories, and defeats that lend the crypt its profound significance. Today, the crypt serves as the final resting place for 150 Habsburg figures, serving as a poignant reminder of the ephemeral nature of power and the enduring complexities of human existence.[50]
- The Ducal Crypt (German: Herzogsgruft), founded by Duke Rudolf IV before 1363 in St. Stephen's Cathedral, served as the principal burial site for the Habsburg family until 1576.[51] Notable members interred here include Rudolf IV, Albert III, Albert IV, Leopold IV. Frederick III was initially laid to rest here before being moved to the High Tomb in the cathedral's southern choir. From 1564 to 1878, the crypt housed the intestines of deceased Habsburgs in urns. Maria Theresa expanded and renovated the crypt in 1754/1755, relocating the ancestors' remains into new coffins.[52] Today, the Ducal Crypt stands as a poignant symbol of Habsburg heritage within Vienna.[53]
- The Palatinal Crypt, alternatively referred to as the Nádori kripta in Hungarian, situated within Buda Castle in Budapest,[54] serves as the burial site for the Hungarian branch of the Habsburg dynasty.[55] Established by Archduke Joseph, who held the title of Palatine of Hungary, the crypt accommodates the remains of 26 individuals. Significantly, it stands as one of the few interior sections of Buda Castle that withstood the destruction of World War II and remained preserved during subsequent reconstruction endeavors.[56]
List of Habsburg rulers
The Habsburgs' monarchical positions included:
- Holy Roman Emperors (intermittently from 1273 until 1806) and Roman-German kings[57]
- from 1804 until 1918)
- Kings of Bohemia(1306–1307, 1437–1439, 1453–1457, 1526–1918)
- Kings of Spain (1516–1700)
- Croatia(1526–1918)
- Kings of Portugal (1581–1640)
- Grand princes of Transylvania(1690–1867)
- Kings of Galicia and Lodomeria (1772–1918)
- Emperor of Mexico (1864–1867)
Ancestors
- Guntram the Rich (ca. 930–985 / 990) Father of:[59] The chronology of the Muri Abbey, burial place of the early Habsburgs, written in the 11th century, states that Guntramnus Dives (Guntram the Rich), was the ancestor of the House of Habsburg. Many historians believe this indeed makes Guntram the progenitor of the House of Habsburg. However, this account was 200 years after the fact, and much about him and the origins of the Habsburgs is uncertain.[60] If true, as Guntram was a member of the Etichoniderfamily, it would link the Habsburg lineage to this family.
- Wernher, and Landolf.
Before the Albertine/Leopoldine division
Counts
Before
- Werner I.[61]
- reeve of Murifrom 1111 to 1141 after the death of Otto II.
- Otto II of Habsburg; first to name himself as "of Habsburg"[62] (died 1111) Father of:
- Werner II of Habsburg (around 1135; died 1167) Father of:
- Albrecht III of Habsburg (the Rich), died 1199. Under him, the Habsburg territories expanded to cover most of what is today the German-speaking part of Switzerland. Father of:
- Rudolph IIof Habsburg (b. c. 1160, died 1232) Father of:
- Sophia Chotek and of her husband Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Kings of the Romans
King of Bohemia
- Rudolph I, king of Bohemia 1306–1307
Dukes/Archdukes of Austria
- Rudolph I, duke of Austria and Styria together with his brother 1282–1283, was dispossessed by his brother, who eventually would be murdered by one of Rudolph's sons.
- Rudolph I and brother of the above, duke from 1282 to 1308; was Holy Roman Emperor from 1298 to 1308. See also below.
- Rudolph III, the oldest son of Albert I, designated duke of Austria and Styria 1298–1307
- Frederick the Handsome (Friedrich der Schöne), brother of Rudolph III. Duke of Austria and Styria (with his brother Leopold I) from 1308 to 1330; officially co-regent of the emperor Louis IVsince 1325, but never ruled.
- Leopold I, brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria from 1308 to 1326.
- Albert II(Albrecht II), brother of the above, duke of Further Austria from 1326 to 1358, duke of Austria and Styria 1330–1358, duke of Carinthia after 1335.
- Otto the Jolly (der Fröhliche), brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria 1330–1339 (together with his brother), duke of Carinthia after 1335.
- Rudolph IV the Founder (der Stifter), oldest son of Albert II. Duke of Austria and Styria 1358–1365, Duke of Tirolafter 1363.
Division of Albertinian and Leopoldian lines
After the death of Rudolph IV, his brothers
Kings of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperors (Albertinian line)
- Frederick III, emperor 1440–1493
Kings of Hungary and Bohemia (Albertinian line)
Dukes of Austria (Albertinian line)
- Albert III(Albrecht III), duke of Austria until 1395, from 1386 (after the death of Leopold) until 1395 also ruled over the latter's possessions.
- Albert IV(Albrecht IV), duke of Austria 1395–1404, in conflict with Leopold IV.
- Albert II. See also below.
- Ladislaus Posthumus, son of the above, duke of Austria 1440–1457.
Dukes of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol / Inner Austria (Leopoldian line)
- Leopold III, duke of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, and Further Austria until 1386, when he was killed in the Battle of Sempach.
- William (Wilhelm), son of the above, 1386–1406 duke in Inner Austria(Carinthia, Styria)
- Leopold IV, son of Leopold III, 1391 regent of Further Austria, 1395–1402 duke of Tyrol, after 1404 also duke of Austria, 1406–1411 duke of Inner Austria
Leopoldian-Inner Austrian sub-line
- Ernest the Iron (der Eiserne), 1406–1424 duke of Inner Austria, until 1411 together and competing with his brother Leopold IV.
- Ladislaus Posthumus 1440–1452. See also below.
- Albert VI(Albrecht VI), brother of the above, 1446–1463 regent of Further Austria, duke of Austria 1458–1463
- Ernestine line of Saxon princes, ancestor of George I of Great Britain-descended from sister of Frederick III; also Prince Frederick Charles of HesseKing of Finland 1918
Leopoldian-Tyrol sub-line
- Frederick IV(Friedrich), brother of Ernst, 1402–1439 duke of Tyrol and Further Austria
- Sigismund, also spelled Siegmund or Sigmund, 1439–1446 under the tutelage of the Frederick V above, then duke of Tyrol, and after the death of Albrecht VI in 1463 also duke of Further Austria.
Reunited Habsburgs until extinction of agnatic lines
Sigismund had no children and adopted Maximilian I, son of Emperor Frederick III. Under Maximilian, the possessions of the Habsburgs would be united again under one ruler, after he had re-conquered the Duchy of Austria after the death of Matthias Corvinus, who resided in Vienna and styled himself duke of Austria from 1485 to 1490.
Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
- Maximilian I, emperor 1508–1519
- Charles V, emperor 1519–1556, his arms are explained in an article about them
The abdications of Charles V in 1556 ended his formal authority over Ferdinand and made him suo jure ruler in Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, as well as Holy Roman Emperor.
- Ferdinand I, emperor 1556–1564 (→Family Tree)
- Maximilian II, emperor 1564–1576
- Rudolf II, emperor 1576–1612
- Matthias, emperor 1612–1619
Ferdinand's inheritance had been split in 1564 among his children, with Maximilian taking the Imperial crown and his younger brother Archduke
- Ferdinand II, emperor 1619–1637
- Ferdinand III, emperor 1637–1657 (→Family Tree)
- Leopold I, emperor 1658–1705
- Joseph I, emperor 1705–1711
- Charles VI, emperor 1711–1740
- Maria Theresa, Habsburg heiress and wife of Emperor Francis I Stephen, reigned as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia 1740–1780.
Kings of Spain, Kings of Portugal (Spanish Habsburgs)
Habsburg Spain was a personal union between the Crowns of Castile and Aragon; Aragon was itself divided into the Kingdoms of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Majorca, Naples, Sicily, Malta and Sardinia.[63] From 1581, they were kings of Portugal until they renounced this title in the 1668 Treaty of Lisbon. They were also Dukes of Milan, Lord of the Americas, and holder of multiple titles from territories within the Habsburg Netherlands. A full listing can be seen here.
- Philip I of Castile the Handsome, first son of Maximilian I, founded the Spanish Habsburgs in 1496 by marrying Joanna the Mad, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Philip died in 1506, leaving the thrones of Castile and Aragon to be inherited by his son:
- Charles I 1516–1556, aka Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; divided the House into Austrian and Spanish lines The meanings of his arms are analyzed here.
- Philip II the Prudent 1556–1598, also Philip I of Portugal 1581–1598 and Philip I of England with his wife Mary I of England 1554–1558. The meanings of his arms are analyzed here. .
- Philip III the Pious also Philip II of Portugal 1598–1621
- Philip IV the Great 1621–1665, also Philip III of Portugal 1621–1640
- Charles II the Bewitched ("El Hechizado") 1665–1700
The War of the Spanish Succession took place after the extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line, to determine the inheritance of Charles II.
Kings of Hungary (Austrian Habsburgs)
- Ferdinand I, king of Hungary 1526–1564
- Maximilian I, king of Hungary 1563–1576
- Rudolf I, king of Hungary 1572–1608
- Matthias II, king of Hungary 1608–1619
- Ferdinand II, king of Hungary 1618–1637
- Ferdinand III, king of Hungary 1625–1657
- Ferdinand IV, king of Hungary 1647–1654
- Leopold I, king of Hungary 1655–1705
- Joseph I, king of Hungary 1687–1711
- Charles III, king of Hungary 1711–1740
- Maria Theresa, queen of Hungary 1741–1780
Kings of Bohemia (Austrian Habsburgs)
- Ferdinand I, king of Bohemia 1526–1564
- Maximilian I, king of Bohemia 1563–1576
- Rudolph II, king of Bohemia 1572–1611
- Matthias, king of Bohemia 1611–1618
- Ferdinand II, king of Bohemia 1620–1637
- Ferdinand III, king of Bohemia 1625/37–1657
- Ferdinand IV, king of Bohemia 1647–1654 (joint rule)
- Leopold I, king of Bohemia 1655–1705
- Joseph I, king of Bohemia 1687–1711
- Charles II, king of Bohemia 1711–1740
- Maria Theresa, queen of Bohemia 1743–1780
Titular Dukes of Burgundy, Lords of the Netherlands
Charles the Bold controlled the widespread lands of the Burgundian State. Frederick III managed to secure the marriage of Charles's only daughter, Mary of Burgundy, to his son Maximilian. The wedding took place on the evening of 16 August 1477, after the death of Charles.[64] Mary and the Habsburgs lost the Duchy of Burgundy to France, but managed to defend and hold onto the rest what became the 17 provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands. After Mary's death in 1482, Maximilian acted as regent for his son Philip the Handsome.
- Charles V (1506–1555)
- Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy, regent (1507–1515) and (1519–1530)
- Mary of Hungary, dowager queen of Hungary, sister of Charles V, governor of the Netherlands, 1531–1555
- Margaret of Parma, illegitimate daughter of Charles V, Duchess of Parma, and mother of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, governor 1559–1567
- Don John of Austria, illegitimate son of Charles V, victor of Lepanto, governor of the Netherlands, 1576–1578
- Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, son of Margaret of Parma, governor of the Netherlands, 1578–1592
The Netherlands was frequently governed directly by a
- the Archdukes Albert and Isabella, 1601–1621
Habsburg-Lorraine
The War of the Austrian Succession took place after the extinction of the male line of the Austrian Habsburg line upon the death of Charles VI. The direct Habsburg line itself became totally extinct with the death of Maria Theresa of Austria, when it was followed by the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.
Holy Roman Emperors, Kings of Hungary and Bohemia, Archdukes of Austria (House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line)
- Francis I Stephen, emperor 1745–1765 (→Family Tree)
- Joseph II, emperor 1765–1790
- Leopold II, emperor 1790–1792 (→Family Tree)
- Francis II, emperor 1792–1806 (→Family Tree)
Queen Maria Christina of Austria of Spain, great-granddaughter of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor above. Wife of Alfonso XII of Spain and mother of Alfonso XIII of the House of Bourbon. Alfonso XIII's wife Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg was descended from King George I of Great Britain from the Habsburg Leopold Line {above}.
The House of Habsburg-Lorraine retained Austria and attached possessions after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire; see below.
A son of Leopold II was Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria whose wife was from the House of Savoy; a daughter Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia was the wife of King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia and King of Italy. Their Children married into the Royal Houses of Bonaparte; Saxe-Coburg and Gotha {Bragança} {Portugal}; Savoy {Spain}; and the Dukedoms of Montferrat and Chablis.
Emperors of Austria (House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line)
- Francis I, Emperor of Austria 1804–1835: formerly Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
(→Family Tree)
- Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria 1835–1848
Kings of Hungary (Habsburg-Lorraine)
- Joseph II, king of Hungary 1780–1790
- Leopold II, king of Hungary 1790–1792
- Francis I, king of Hungary 1792–1835
- Ferdinand V, king of Hungary and Bohemia 1835–1848
- Francis Joseph I, king of Hungary 1867–1916
- Charles IV, king of Hungary 1916–1918
Kings of Bohemia (Habsburg-Lorraine)
- Joseph II, king of Bohemia 1780–1790
- Leopold II, king of Bohemia 1790–1792
- Francis I, king of Bohemia 1792–1835
- Ferdinand V, king of Bohemia 1835–1848
- Francis Joseph, king of Bohemia 1848–1916
- Charles III, king of Bohemia 1916–1918
Italian branches
Grand dukes of Tuscany (House of Habsburg-Lorraine)
- Francis Stephen 1737–1765 (later Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor)
Francis Stephen assigned the
- Peter Leopold I 1765–1790 (later Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor)
- Ferdinand III 1790–1800, 1814–1824 (→Family Tree)
- Ferdinand IV1859–1860
Dukes of Modena (Austria-Este branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine)
The
- Francis IV 1814–1831, 1831–1846 (→Family Tree)
- Francis V 1846–1848, 1849–1859
Duchess of Parma (House of Habsburg-Lorraine)
The
- Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma 1814–1847 (→Family Tree)
Other monarchies
King of England
- Philip II of Spain (Jure uxoris King, with Mary I of England 1554–1558)
Empress consort of Brazil and Queen consort of Portugal (House of Habsburg-Lorraine)
.Empress consort of France (House of Habsburg-Lorraine)
- Marie Louise of Austria 1810–1814
Emperor of Mexico (House of Habsburg-Lorraine)
Maximilian, the adventurous second son of Archduke
- Maximilian I (1864–1867) (→Family Tree)
List of post-monarchical Habsburgs
Main Habsburg-Lorraine line
Charles I was expelled from his domains after World War I and the empire was abolished.[59]
- Charles I (1918–1922) (→Family Tree)
- Otto von Habsburg (1922–2007)[65]
- Zita of Bourbon-Parma, guardian (1922–1930)
- Karl von Habsburg (2007–present)
House of Habsburg-Tuscany
- Ferdinand IV 1860–1908
- Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany(1908–1942)
- Archduke Peter Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany(1942–1948)
- Archduke Gottfried, Prince of Tuscany(1948–1984)
- Archduke Leopold Franz, Prince of Tuscany (1984–1994)
- Archduke Sigismund Otto, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1994–present)
House of Habsburg-Este
- Francis V (1859–1875)
- Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Este & Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary (1875–1914)
- Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este(1914–1917)
- Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este (1917–1996)
- Lorenz, Archduke of Austria-Este(1996–present)
Male-line family tree
See also
- A.E.I.O.U.
- Habsburg monarchy
- Habsburg Spain
- Royal intermarriage
- Habsburg family tree
- Heraldry of the House of Habsburg
- French–Habsburg rivalry
- Habsburg Myth
Notes
- ^ a b c d e Jure uxoris.
- ^ a b Titular claim rather than de facto.
- ^ a b Contested.
- ^ Title given to Philip II by his father, Charles V, prior to his marriage with Mary of England. This was to ensure that Philip would not be outranked by his wife.
- ^ Through Archduke Lorenz of Austria-Este.
- Latin: Domus Austriæ: Casa da Áustria
- French: Maison d'Autriche
- Hungarian: Ausztria Háza
- Italian: Casa d'Austria
- Portuguese
References
- ^ Kiva, Cross, and Crown: The Pescos Indians and New Mexico, p. 251.
- ^ Letters of Don Diego de Vargas to His Family from New Spain and New Mexico, p. 56.
- ^ "The House of Austria – the Habsburgs and the Empire". Die Welt der Habsburger.
- ^ "house of Habsburg | Rulers, Motto, History, Map, & Inbreeding". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-09-13.
- ^ "Habsburger-Gedenkjahr im Aargau", Neue Zürcher Zeitung, (page 17) 23 May 2008.
- ^ "art-tv.ch". Archived from the original on September 21, 2008.
- ^ "Kanton Aargau" (in German). Archived from the original on December 23, 2008.
- ^ "Definition of HAPSBURG". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
- ^ "The Imperial Style: Fashions of the Hapsburg Era – MetPublications". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
- ^ Mandell Creighton; Justin Winsor; Samuel Rawson Gardiner; Reginald Lane Poole; Sir John Goronwy Edwards (1887). The English Historical Review, Volume 2. Oxford University Press. p. 670.
- ISBN 978-1317895701.
- ISBN 978-0141987194.
- ^ ISBN 3-406-44754-6.
- ^ Naumann 1855, pp. 11 passim.
- ^ Kos 1985, p. 260.
- ^ France Dolinar & al, Slovenski zgodovinski atlas (Ljubljana: Nova revija, 2011), p. 72.
- ^ Hugh Agnew. The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Studies of Nationalities. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 2004. p. 29.
- ISBN 978-3-7980-0700-0.
- ^ a b Erbe 2000, p. ?.
- ^ Callaghan 2019, pp. 112–114.
- ISBN 9781137069771 – via Google Books.[permanent dead link]
- Kingdom of Hungary was partly under Habsburg rule from 1526. For 150 years most of the country was occupied by the Ottoman Turksbut these territories were re-conquered in 1683–1699.
- ^ PMID 23572123.
- S2CID 208536371.
- ^ Hollway, Deon (December 2014). "The Habsburg Chin". History Magazine. Vol. 16, no. 2. pp. 6–7.
- ^ Bittles & Grant 2002, pp. 111–130.
- PMID 19367331.
- ^ Maria Theresa was originally engaged to Léopold Clément of Lorraine, older brother of Francis Stephan.
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–39.
- ^ Microsoft Encarta: The height of the dual monarchy.
- ^ Igor Lukes, "Central Europe Has Joined NATO: The Continuing Search for a More Perfect Habsburg Empire." SAIS Review (1999): 47–59.
- ^ Timothy Snyder "The Red Prince: The Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke" (2008); James Longo "Hitler and the Habsburgs: The Fuhrer's Vendetta Against the Austrian Royals" (2018); Bob Carruthers "Hitler's Violent Youth: How Trench Warfare and Street Fighting Moulded Hitler" (2015).
- ^ On Habsburg and the diversity: Pieter M. Judson "The Habsburg Empire. A New History" (Harvard 2016); Christopher Clark "The Sleepwalkers" (New York 2012).
- ^ Wolfgang Mueller "Die sowjetische Besatzung in Österreich 1945–1955 und ihre politische Mission" (German – "The Soviet occupation in Austria 1945–1955 and its political mission"), 2005, p. 24.
- ^ Otmar Lahodynsky: Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall (Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall – German), in: Profil 9 August 2014; Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German – Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse, 16 August 2018.
- ISBN 978-3-902494-83-2, pp. 299–305.
- ^ a b c Jean-Marie Moeglin (2011). L'Empire et le Royaume: Entre indifférence et fascination 1214-1500. Villeneuve-d'Ascq: Presses universitaires du Septentrion.
- ^ "Charles IV – the greatest Czech". Prague.eu.
- ^ "The Golden Bull of the Emperor Charles IV 1356 A.D." Yale Law School – The Avalon Project.
- ^ Madariaga Orbea, Juan (2014). Sociedad y lengua vasca en los siglos XVII y XVIII. Euskaltzaindia. p. 712.
- ^ Charles V, Pierre Chaunu and Michèle Escamilla.
- ^ Cornelius August Wilkens (1897). "VIII. Juan de Valdés". Spanish Protestants in the Sixteenth Century. William Heinemann. p. 66. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
- ^ "Habsburci a jejich jazyková vybavenost". Fórum zájemců o historii. 2010.
- ^ Mutschlechner, Martin. "Franz Joseph: childhood and upbringing". The World of the Habsburgs.
- ^ Foltýnová, Terezie (2014). "Dr Otto von Habsburg a jeho proevropský přínos (Dr Otto von Habsburg and his pro-European contribution)". Masaryk University. Brno.
- ^ "Die Kapuzinergruft in Wien | Straße der Kaiser und Könige". webpaket. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ Lauzun, Hélène de (2023-10-06). "Last Ever Burial at Vienna's Habsburg Crypt". europeanconservative.com. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ "The Kapuzinergruft – last residence of the Habsburgs". Die Welt der Habsburger. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ "Capuchin Crypt Vienna | The burial place of the Habsburg emperors". www.kapuzinergruft.com. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ "Ducal Crypt, Vienna". cityseeker. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ "Stephansdom: Tombs, Catacombs, and Crypts". www.wienvienna.com. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ "Herzogsgruft". www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ Zello, ViennaUK, based on [File:Buda castle plan jpg] by (2020-11-02), English: Plan of Buda Castle and the Palatinal Crypt with annotations: buildings A, B, C, D – Hungarian National Gallery, building E – Budapest Historical Museum, building F – National Széchényi Library. Palatinal Crypt (subterranean): room 1 – older burials, room 2 – newer burials, room 3 – chapel and crypt access., retrieved 2024-02-15
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Palatine Crypt". pestbuda.hu. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ "The most Hungarian Habsburg rests in Buda Castle – A visit to the Palatine Crypt". pestbuda.hu. 2020-11-14. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ The Kingdom of Germany formed the central part of the Holy Roman Empire. Its rulers were styled King of the Romans before their coronation as emperors.
- ^ Geoffrey Parker. The Grand Strategy of Philip II, (2000)
- ^ ISBN 0-85011-023-8
- ISBN 978-3-406-44754-9.
- ISBN 978-3-640-50510-4.
- ^ "The World of Habsburgs". 2011. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
- ^ Cowans 2003, pp. 26–27.
- ISBN 3-406-44754-6. pp. 38–45.
- ^ "Otto von Habsburg, heir to Austria's last emperor, dies at 98". The Local: Germany's News in English. 2011-07-04. Archived from the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
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