Hadiya (historical region)

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(Redirected from
Hadiya Sultanate
)
For other uses, see Hadiya (disambiguation).

Hadiya also known as Adea or Hadia was a medieval

Zway and Langano but still between these areas.[4]

Hadiya was described in the mid-fourteenth century by the Arab historian

Richard Pankhurst estimates was 160 by 180 kilometers. Although small, Hadiya was fertile with fruit and cereals, rich with horses, and its inhabitants used pieces of iron as currency. It could raise an army of 40,000 cavalry and at least twice as many foot soldiers.[5]

History

Medieval map of peoples, kingdoms and regions alongside major trade routes in the Horn

Hadiya was likely part of the domain of the

Abadir, who intermarried with Sidama. The earliest surviving mention of Hadiya is in the Kebra Nagast (ch. 94), indicating that the kingdom was in existence by the 13th century.[9]

Another early mention is in a manuscript written on the island monastery of

Amda Seyon I proceeded to Hadiya and brought it under his control using Gura armies from modern Eritrea which would later become Gurage region.[10][11] Later during Amda Seyon's reign, the King of Hadiya, Amano, refused to submit to the Emperor of Ethiopia. Amano was encouraged in this by a Muslim "prophet of darkness" named Bel'am. Amda Seyon subsequently set forth for Hadiya, where he "slew the inhabitants of the country with the point of the sword", killing many of the inhabitants while enslaving others.[12] Despite such punitive measures, many of the Hadiya people served in the military units of Amda Seyon.[5]

In the fourteenth century according to professor Lapiso Delebo, the Hadiya state which he designates as "Hadiya-Harla Sultanate" maintained one of the largest armies in the region, consisting of 80,000 infantry and 40,000 cavalry.

Ifat and, under specific circumstances, lent their support to him.[14]

During the reign of Zara Yaqob, the Garad or Sultan of Hadiya, Mahiko, the son of Garaad Mehmad, repeated his predecessor's actions and refused to pay tribute to the Ethiopian Emperor. However, with the help of one of Mahiko's followers, the Garaad was deposed in favor of his uncle Bamo. Garaad Mahiko then sought sanctuary at the court of the Adal Sultanate. He was later slain by the military contingent Adal Mabrak, who had been in pursuit. The chronicles record that the Adal Mabrak sent Mahiko's head and limbs to Zara Yaqob as proof of his death.[15] Zara Yaqob turned away from the policy of expansion to that of consolidating what had been won so far. He organized the administration of the empire by appointing his relatives to the highest posts. He initiated the policy of appointing Christians in the peripheral Muslim territories, he instituted the practice of converting and marrying Hadiya princesses most notably Eleni of Ethiopia, which was denounced by Muslims in the region.[16] Adal attempted to invade Ethiopia in response, however the campaign was a disaster and led to the death of Sultan Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din at the Battle of Gomit.[17]

Hadiya was later visited by the Portuguese traveler

Lebna Dengel lists it in his letter to Manuel I of Portugal as being apart of his realm.[18]

The next time Hadiya is mentioned is in the Futuh al-Habasa, the history of the conquests of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi. Just prior to arriving in the province, the unnamed governor addressed the Imam and declared "I am a Muslim, like you, I will obey your orders." The Imam was said to have received a warm welcome and hospitality from the Muslim populace. The inhabitants then informed the Imam of the oppression their people had to endure under the Emperor, "He was stronger then us; he forbade us carry defensive arms, hold swords or ride on saddled horses, allowing us only to ride bareback; he imposed on us the obligation of giving him each year a young girl, which we do for fear that he will kill us and destroy our mosques." The Imam told the people of Hadiya to have no more fear and called upon them to join his struggle against the Christians. After staying in Hadiya for five days, the Imam then left the province, taking with him the governor and his brother.[19]The lord of Hadiya later gave his daughter Mureyas to the Imam, who died 3 months later.[20]

Emperor Sarsa Dengel suppressed a rebellion by Hadiya leader Garad Aze at the Battle of Hadiya.[21]

In the 1600s the

Arsi Oromo today claim Hadiya ancestry.[23] However the Hadiya Muslim cluster state existed until the Abyssinian invasion under Menelik II in the 1800s.[24]

The Hadiya state of

Qabeena at the time Hassan Enjamo who began a resistance movement.[25] In the following years, Hassan would expand his dominion into all of Hadiya, Gurage and some parts of Oromo territory. Hassan was however defeated in 1889 at the battle of Jabdu Meda leading to Qabeena Hadiya states annexation by the Abyssinians.[26] With the exception of the Halaba Hadiya under their chief Barre Kagaw who continued to resist until 1893 when the Abyssinians took advantage of the famine that had struck the region and led a conquest into their territory.[27]

Identity

Historical definition of Hadiya people includes a number of Ethiopian ethnic groups currently known by other names according to ethnologist Ulrich Braukämper, who lived in various parts of southern-central Ethiopia for over four years during his research.

Sidama.[32][28] Hadiya are related to the Harari.[33]

Famous members

See also

  • Silte people
  • Silte Zone
  • Silte language

Notes

  1. ^ Hadiyya history. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
  2. ^ Hadiyya (Ethiopia). BRILL. 4 May 2016.
  3. ^ Lindahl, Bernhard. Local History of Ethiopia (PDF). Nordic Africa Institute. p. 9.
  4. ^ "Local History in Ethiopia" Archived 2008-02-27 at the Wayback Machine (pdf) The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 25 January 2008)
  5. ^ a b Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1977) p. 79
  6. ^ Hassen, Mohammed. Oromo of Ethiopia (PDF). University of London. p. 137.
  7. doi:10.3406/ethio.2014.1572
    .
  8. JSTOR 41988257
    .
  9. ^ First identified by Enrico Cerulli, according to David Allen Hubbard, "The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast" (St. Andrews, 1954), p. 397 n. 71.
  10. ^ Wydawn, Naukowe (1977). Folia orientalia. p. 134.
  11. ^ Pankhurst, Ethiopian Borderlands, p. 77
  12. ^ Pankhurst, Ethiopian Borderlands, p. 78
  13. OCLC 318904173
    .
  14. ^ Pankhurst, Ethiopian Borderlands, p. 74
  15. ^ Pankhurst, Ethiopian Borderlands, pp. 143f
  16. ^ Hassen, Mohammed. Oromo of Ethiopia with special emphasis on the Gibe region (PDF). University of London. p. 22.
  17. ^ J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 75.
  18. ^ Pankhurst, Ethiopian Borderlands, p. 148
  19. ^ Pankhurst, Ethiopian Borderlands, p. 208
  20. ISBN 978-0-9723172-6-9
    .
  21. ISBN 978-1-315-30797-8
    .
  22. ^ Aregay, Merid. Southern Ethiopia and the Christian kingdom 1508-1708 with special reference to the Galla migrations and their consequences. University of London. pp. 438–439.
  23. ^ Ethiopianist Notes. Michigan State University. 1977. p. 28.
  24. ^ Wolane ethnography. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
  25. ^ Lindahl, Bernhard. Local History of Ethiopia (PDF). Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 4–5.
  26. ISBN 978-1-56902-013-5
    .
  27. ^ Abdel Karim, El Amin. AN HISTORICAL STUDY OF THE SHAWAN –AMHARA CONQUEST OF THE OROMO and SIDAMAREGIONS OF SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA 1865-1900. University of Khartoum. p. 154.
  28. ^
    ISBN 978-3447068048
    .
  29. ^ D'Abbadie, A. T. (1890). Reconnaissances magnetiques. Annales du Bureau des Longitudes, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 4, b1-b62.
  30. ^ Pankhurst, Richard. The Ethiopian borderlands: Essays in regional history from ancient times to the end of the 18th century. The Red Sea Press, 1997.
  31. ^ Hadiyya ethnography. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
  32. ^ Walane ethnography. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
  33. ^ Braukaemper, Ulrich. A history of the Hadiya in Southern Ethiopia. Universite Hamburg. p. 9.

References

  • Braukämper, Ulrich. (1980), Geschichte der Hadiya Süd-Äthiopiens: von den Anfängen bis zur Revolution 1974, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag (Studien zur Kulturkunde 50).
  • Braukämper, Ulrich. (2005), "Hadiyya Ethnography", in: Siegbert Uhlig (ed.):
    Encyclopaedia Aethiopica
    , vol. 2: D-Ha, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 961–963.
  • Braukämper, Ulrich. (2005), "Hadiyya Sultanate", in: Siegbert Uhlig (ed.):
    Encyclopaedia Aethiopica
    , vol. 2: D-Ha, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 963–965.
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