Hadiya people
Hadiya People | |
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Total population | |
1,269,382 |
Hadiya (Amharic: ሐድያ), also spelled as Hadiyya, is an
History
The Hadiya people are the scattered remnants of a formerly much larger ethnic complex under the once mighty Muslim principality called
During the reign of Zara Yaqob (1434-1468), Garad Mahiko, the son of Garaad Mehmad, or Sultan of Hadiya, repeated his predecessor's actions and refused to submit to the Abyssinian Emperor. Mahiko collaborated with both the Hadiya people and Adalites to launch a conflict with Ethiopia.[14] However, with the help of one of Mahiko's followers, the Garaad was deposed in favor of his uncle Bamo. Garaad Mahiko then sought sanctuary at the court of the Adal Sultanate. He was later slain by the military contingent Adal Mabrak, who had been in pursuit. The chronicles record that the Adal Mabrak sent Mahiko's head and limbs to Zara Yaqob as proof of his death.[15] Following the annexation of Hadiya state by the Ethiopian Empire, Zara Yacob began a tradition of Abyssinian elites marrying high ranking Hadiya women, Zara Yaqob himself married Eleni which was denounced by Muslims in the region.[16][17][18] In 1444 Eleni of Hadiya is mentioned in the Zara Yaqob chronicles as Empress, and she is linked to the aggression towards Ethiopia by Sultan Badlay of Adal.[19]
According to
With the outbreak of Imam Ahmad's jihad in 1529, the rulers of Hadiya and Bale identified with the cause of Islam and Adal, slaughtered the Christian garrisons in their midst, and sent their best troops to help in the invasion of the Christian kingdom. The southern frontiers were left unguarded, and the Oromo began to break in. Meanwhile, the Christian reconquest under Galawdewos devastated northern Hadiya, but failed to check the Oromo advance. Crushed between the upper and the nether millstone, Hadiya as a state ceased to exist. Of its very diverse population, some, including most of the Rift valley pastoralists, joined the Oromo, adopting both their language and their gada social organization, which was the basis of their military strength. The rest fled in all directions, but eventually resettled themselves in pockets along the western margin of the Rift valley and in the adjoining highlands.[23]
In the 1600s Garad
In the late sixteenth century, the Hadiya regions were overrun by
The Hadiya state of
Identity
Historical definition of Hadiya people includes a number of Ethiopian ethnic groups currently known by other names according to ethnologist Ulrich Braukämper, who lived in various parts of southern-central Ethiopia for over four years during his research.
Hadiyya sub-groups
1. Current Hadiyyisa speaking groups (Hadiya proper): Leemo, Sooro, Shaashoogo, Baadawwaachcho, Haballo, Hojje, Sha’ammanna, Gabara, Baadoogo (Weexo Giira-Baadoog, Haballo)
2. Libidoo (Maraqo, Marako) (total about 27 sub-groups): Abaachche, Agabeello, Waaremanna, Weerarmanna, etc.
3. Cushitic speaking: Alaaba and Qabeena
4. East-Gurage speaking: Azernet, Barbare, Ulbarag, Woriro, Wolane, Zay, Gadabaano, Abeechcho, Aboosare, Abbiyyo, Gammaso, Wosharmine, Qaalisha, Shandar
5. Hadiya Clans in Arsi and Bale: Abaanna, Abbayymanna, Abbure, Aboosara, Holbaatmanna, Wonamanna, Woshermine, Yabsanna, Oodomanna, Lataamanna, Insemanna, Dollomana, etc.
6. Hadiya Clans in Sidama: Buchche (Bushe) (5 Clans): Fakisa, Hollo, Malga, Hadichcho and Awacho
7. Hadiya Clans in Wolega (among Maaca Oromo around Nekemte)
8. Hadiya Clans in Wolayta (total 11 sub-groups): Ansoomooso, Bohalmanna, Doodichchmanna, Haballooso
9. Hadiya Clans in Harar (among Ittu Oromo, total 5 sub-groups): Abosaara, Asalmanna, Dooyyomanna, Horsumanna, Tokkomanna
10. Alaaba (total 12 sub-groups): Bukaanna, Kitaabo, Kolmine, Shaamanna
11. Hadiya clans in Kambata
12. Hadiya clans in Afar and Somali
13. Hadiya clans in Amhara and Tigray (Raya)
14. Hadiya clans around Jimma and Kafa
In addition, the Habarnoosa clan claim descent from the Habr Yunis subclan of Isaaq.[33]
Social and political life
The Hadiya nation is divided approximately into 16 sub-clans. Each clan traced its lineage to a single male ancestor. The clans were not restricted to any particular geographical area; they lived side by side. Some clans had a recognized leader, others did not. However, in either case, real political power was exercised by the ruling council of elders for each clan. Each clan then forwarded the leader of its council to the apex council of elders for the whole community. The overall council of elders representing all the clans was then led by a headman or the nation's spokesman.
The
Natural environment
The area occupied by the Hadiyya proper and groups of Hadiyya descent extends from the upper Gibe in the west to the bend of the Wabi Šäbälle in the east. Transferred to the administrative map of Ethiopia of the 1970s, the area comprises southern Šäwa, the entire General Arsi and the north of Bale. On today's map it covers the Hadiyya Zone and parts of the Gurage Zone in the north of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State (SNNPRS) and some central-southern parts of Oromia. The geography of this region is characterized by a division into an eastern and a western zone by the Ethiopian Rift Valley, which is a part of the great East African Rift System. The main areas inhabited by the Hadiyya, who have preserved their original ethnic identity, are situated on the western edge of the Rift Valley; east of the axis there are only parts assimilated by ethnic groups who are known by other names. The Rift Valley extends in a north-north-easterly direction from approximately 6° north latitude as a rough estimate, and continues through the Awaš depression towards the funnel-shaped Afar lowlands. Within this massive rupture zone, which came into being in the middle tertiary period, there is a difference in altitude of between 1,250m (Lake Abbayya) to sometimes well over 2,000m.[35]
Notable Hadiya
- Eleni of Ethiopia, empress of Ethiopia
- Aze, 16th century leader of Hadiya
- Side Mohammed, 17th century leader of Hadiya
- Hassan Enjamo, 19th century leader of Hadiya
- Beyene Petros – is a professor of Biology at Addis Ababa University, former member of the Ethiopian House of People's Representatives, former chairman of Forum for Democratic Dialogue in Ethiopia or Medrek (FDDE), and its current head of Public Relations & External Affairs, and chairman of Ethiopian Social Democratic Party (ESDP).
- Habtamu Wondimu – Professor of Social Psychology in the College of Education of Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
- Fantu Magiso Manedo - an Ethiopian runner specializing in the 400 metres and 800 metres.
- Garad Amano-Famous King of Hadiya in 14th century [2]
- Garad Mehamed-Chief of Hadiya and father of Princess Eleni [2]
- Garad Mahiko-Famous King of Hadiya in 15th century [36]
See also
- Hadiya Sultanate
- Hadiya Zone
- Hadiyya language
- Cushitic peoples
- Kingdom of Kush
References
- ^ "Census 2007" Archived February 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ JSTOR 42731322.
- ^ ISBN 978-3447068048.
- ^ a b D'Abbadie, A. T. (1890). Reconnaissances magnetiques. Annales du Bureau des Longitudes, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 4, b1-b62.
- ^ Hadiyya ethnography. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
- ^ a b Pankhurst, Richard. The Ethiopian borderlands: Essays in regional history from ancient times to the end of the 18th century. The Red Sea Press, 1997.
- ^ Hassen, Mohammed. Oromo of Ethiopia (PDF). University of London. p. 137.
- JSTOR 41988257.
- ISBN 9781847011176.
- ^ First identified by Enrico Cerulli, according to David Allen Hubbard, "The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast" (St. Andrews, 1954), p. 397 n. 71.
- ^ Wydawn, Naukowe (1977). Folia orientalia. p. 134.
- ^ Pankhurst, Ethiopian Borderlands, p. 77
- ^ Pankhurst, Ethiopian Borderlands, p. 78
- ISBN 9781317649151.
- ISBN 9780932415196.
- ^ Hadiya history. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
- ^ Hassan, Mohammed. Oromo of Ethiopia (PDF). University of London. p. 22.
- ISBN 978-1-317-04546-5.
- JSTOR 43660161.
- ISBN 978-1-351-54132-9.
- ^ Trimingham, J.Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia (PDF). Taylor & Francis. pp. 78–79.
- JSTOR 42731322.
- JSTOR 42731322.
- ^ Aregay, Merid. Southern Ethiopia and the Christian kingdom 1508-1708 with special reference to the Galla migrations and their consequences. University of London. pp. 438–439.
- ISBN 9780932415196.
- ^ Wolane ethnography. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
- ^ Lindahl, Bernhard. Local History of Ethiopia (PDF). Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 4–5.
- ISBN 978-1-56902-013-5.
- ^ Abdel Karim, El Amin. AN HISTORICAL STUDY OF THE SHAWAN –AMHARA CONQUEST OF THE OROMO and SIDAMAREGIONS OF SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA 1865-1900. University of Khartoum. p. 154.
- ^ Hadiyya ethnography. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
- ^ Braukaemper, Ulrich. A history of the Hadiya in Southern Ethiopia. Universite Hamburg. p. 9.
- ISBN 978-3-447-19264-4.
- ^ Zeitschrift für Ethnologie (in German). Springer-Verlag. 1957. pp. 71, 75.
- ^ ""Census 2007, Country Level"". Archived from the original on 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
- ^ Tadesse Sibamo (2015). Documentation and Description of Hadiyya (A Highland East Cushitic Language of Ethiopia) (PhD thesis). Addis Ababa University.
- JSTOR 41988257.