Haemagogus
| Haemagogus | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Culicidae |
| Subfamily: | Culicinae |
| Tribe: | Aedini |
| Genus: | Haemagogus Williston, 1896[1] |
| Type species | |
| Haemagogus splendens | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Cacomyia Coquillett, 1906 | |
Haemagogus is a genus of
Species of this genus are
As these mosquitoes, in general, have relatively long lives, they can transmit viruses for long periods.They tend to live in the canopy of forests, where the female lays eggs in between layers of tree bark or in cut bamboo. The eggs adhere to the surface and when submerged by rain water develop into larvae.
Species
- Haemagogus acutisentis Arnell, 1973
- Haemagogus aeritinctus Galindo & Trapido, 1967
- Haemagogus albomaculatus Theobald, 1903
- Haemagogus anastasionis Dyar, 1921
- Haemagogus andinus Osorno-Mesa, 1944
- Haemagogus argyromeris Dyar & Ludlow, 1921
- Haemagogus baresi Cerqueira, 1960
- Haemagogus boshelli Osorno-Mesa, 1944
- Haemagogus capricornii Lutz, 1904
- Haemagogus celeste Dyar & Nunez Tovar, 1926
- Haemagogus chalcospilans Dyar, 1921
- Haemagogus chrysochlorus Arnell, 1973
- Haemagogus clarki Galindo, Carpenter and Trapido, 1952
- Haemagogus equinus Theobald, 1903 [4]
- Haemagogus iridicolor Dyar, 1921
- Haemagogus janthinomys Dyar, 1921
- Haemagogus leucocelaenus Dyar & Shannon, 1924
- Haemagogus leucophoebus Galindo, Carpenter and Trapido, 1952
- Haemagogus leucotaeniatus Komp, 1938
- Haemagogus lucifer Howard, Dyar & Knab, 1912
- Haemagogus mesodentatus Komp & Kumm, 1938
- Haemagogus nebulosus Arnell, 1973
- Haemagogus panarchys Dyar, 1921
- Haemagogus regalis Dyar & Knab, 1906
- Haemagogus soperi Levi-Castillo, 1955
- Haemagogus spegazzinii Brethes, 1912
- Haemagogus splendens Williston, 1896[1]
- Haemagogus tropicalis Cerqueira & Antunes, 1938
Yellow fever epidemics involving Haemagogus species
The discovery in 1953 by two scientists from the
After government felling of large stands of native forest, yellow fever was isolated from a patient from Cumaca in the northern range in 1954. The infection soon spread to other humans and into the Aedes aegypti mosquito population, greatly increasing transmission. Warnings were made that an epidemic was imminent and Dr. Wilbur Downs and Dr. A. E. (Ted) Hill, a specialist in tropical medicine, began a program of inoculating health workers and stockpiling vaccine. Trinidad health authorities followed up with large-scale vaccination and intensive anti-aegypti measures including public education, regular inspection for breeding sites, and spraying of domestic residences with DDT. In spite of these measures, and the fact that an estimated 80% of the population of Port of Spain were immune to yellow fever and dengue, several more cases were soon reported. Most probably due to the health measures taken, it did not develop into a widespread epidemic in Trinidad itself.
An attempt was made to totally quarantine the island just before Christmas, 1954, but the disease spread to the nearby mainland of Venezuela and, from there, all the way to southern Mexico, probably killing several thousand people in the process.[6]
In 1998 an epidemic of yellow fever killed many Howler monkeys near the city of Altamira, Pará in the eastern Amazon basin, in Brazil. The virus was isolated in specimens of Haemagogus janthinomys mosquitoes.[7]
Footnotes
- ^ a b c Williston, Samuel Wendell (1896). "On the Diptera of St. Vincent (West Indies)". Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. 1896: 253–446, pls. 8–14. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
- ISBN 0-300-01508-9.
- ^ "Haemagogus mosquito may be a vector for Diseases Database".
- ^ Haemagogus equinus Theobald, 1903. Integrated Taxonomic Information System, https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=126524#null.
- ^ "Haemagogus - Encyclopedia of Life".
- ISBN 0-300-01508-9.
- PMID 12656130.
References
- The Arthropod-borne Viruses of Vertebrates: An Account of The Rockefeller Foundation Virus program 1951-1970. 1973. Max Theiler and W. G. Downs. Yale University. ISBN 0-300-01508-9.
- Global Mapping of Infectious Diseases: Methods, Examples and Emerging Applications. (1963). Edited by S. I. Hay, Alastair Graham, David J. Rogers. Updated edition with DVD 2007. Academic Press; Pbk/Dvdr R edition. ISBN 978-0-12-031764-6.
External links
- Haemagogus at Encyclopedia of Life
- Vasconcelos, Pedro F.C; Sperb, Alethéa F; Monteiro, Hamilton A.O; Torres, Maria A.N; Sousa, Maria R.S; Vasconcelos, Helena B; Mardini, Lúcia B.L.F; Rodrigues, Sueli G (2003). "Isolations of yellow fever virus from Haemagogus leucocelaenus in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 97 (1): 60–2. PMID 12892055.
- World Health Report on Yellow Fever