Viral hemorrhagic fever
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Viral hemorrhagic fever | |
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Other names | viral haemorrhagic fever |
Infectious disease |
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of animal and human
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of VHFs include (by definition) fever and bleeding:
- Flushing of the face and chest, small red or purple spots (petechiae), bleeding, swelling caused by edema, low blood pressure (hypotension), and circulatory shock.
- Malaise, muscle pain, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea occur frequently.
The severity of symptoms varies with the type of virus. The "VHF syndrome" (capillary leak,
Causes
Five families of RNA viruses have been recognised as being able to cause hemorrhagic fevers.[citation needed]
- The order Arenaviridae, Fimoviridae, and all members of the former family Bunyaviridae, especially Peribunyaviridae.
- The family Whitewater Arroyo virushemorrhagic fevers.
- The former family Bunyaviridae includes
- the causative agents of Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HV-HFRS) (Hantaviridae),
- the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus from the genus Orthonairovirus (Nairoviridae),
- Garissa virus and Ilesha virus from the genus Orthobunyavirus (Peribunyaviridae), and
- the Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus from the genus Phlebovirus (Phenuiviridae).
- The family
- The family Ebola virus and Marburg virus.
- The family dengue, yellow fever, and two viruses in the tick-borne encephalitis group that cause VHF: Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus and Kyasanur Forest diseasevirus.
- The family Chikungunya virus which causes Chikungunya fever.
- Family Bas-Congo virus. The non-fatal cases occurred in healthcare workers involved in the treatment of the other two, suggesting the possibility of person-to-person transmission.[1] This virus is related to the Ephemerovirus and Tibrovirusgenera.
The pathogen that caused the
Pathophysiology
Different hemorrhagic fever viruses act on the body in different ways, resulting in different symptoms. In most VHFs, it is likely that several mechanisms contribute to symptoms, including liver damage,
The reasons for variation among patients infected with the same virus are unknown but stem from a complex system of virus-host interactions. Dengue fever becomes more virulent during a second infection by means of antibody-dependent enhancement. After the first infection, macrophages display antibodies on their cell membranes specific to the dengue virus. By attaching to these antibodies, dengue viruses from a second infection are better able to infect the macrophages, thus reducing the immune system's ability to fight off infection.[citation needed]
Diagnosis
Definitive diagnosis is usually made at a reference laboratory with advanced
Prevention
With the exception of yellow fever vaccine and Ebola vaccines, vaccines for VHF-associated viruses are generally not available. Post-exposure prophylactic (preventive) ribavirin may be effective for some bunyavirus and arenavirus infections.[4][5]
VHF isolation guidelines dictate that all VHF patients (with the exception of dengue patients) should be cared for using strict contact precautions, including hand hygiene, double gloves, gowns, shoe and leg coverings, and face shield or goggles. Lassa, CCHF, Ebola, and Marburg viruses may be particularly prone to
Management
Medical management of VHF patients may require intensive supportive care. Antiviral therapy with intravenous
Epidemiology
- Cocoliztli in Mexico 1545 and 1576 (suspected)[2][7][8][9][10]
- The Great Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793in Philadelphia, PA, US. Nearly 10% of the population of 50,000 died from the disease.
- Ebola virusdisease.
- Durba and Watsa were the epicenter of the 1998–2000 outbreak of Marburg virusdisease.
- Uíge Province in Angola was the site of another outbreak of Marburg virus disease in 2005, the largest one to date of this disease.[11]
- A VHF outbreak in the village of Ebola virus.
- A viral hemorrhagic fever is a possible cause of the Plague of Athens during the Peloponnesian War.[12]
- A viral hemorrhagic fever is an alternate theory of the cause of the Black Death and the Plague of Justinian[13]
- The initial, and currently only, outbreak of Lujo virus in September–October 2008 left four of five patients dead.[14]
- The 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak, which was the biggest outbreak in history.
Biowarfare potential
The VHF viruses are spread in a variety of ways. Some may be transmitted to humans through a respiratory route.[citation needed] The virus is considered by military medical planners to have a potential for aerosol dissemination, weaponization, or likelihood for confusion with similar agents that might be weaponized.[15][16]
See also
- Biosafety
- Jordi Casals-Ariet
- Dr. Matthew Lukwiya (1957–2000)
- C. J. Peters
References
- PMID 23028323.
- ^ PMID 11971767.
- ^ "500 years later, scientists discover what probably killed the Aztecs". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 2018-01-16.
- PMID 30124196.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - PMID 21122249.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases. pp. 143–44. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
- ^ "Was the Huey Cocoliztli a Haemorrhagic Fever?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
- ^ Indigenous Hemorrhagic Fever and The Spanish Conquest
- PMID 11304065. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2007-03-20. Retrieved 2006-12-04.
- ^ "Epidemics in New Spain". Archived from the original on 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
- PMID 16775337.
- PMID 8964060.
- ISBN 0-470-09000-6.
- PMID 19478873.
- ^ Woods 2005, p. 145
- ISBN 978-1555811976.
External links
- "Viral Haemorrhagic Fever". The National Archives of United Kingdom. Public Health England (PHE). Archived from the original on 2014-07-14.
- "Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers". World Health Organization (WHO). United Nations (UN). Archived from the original on August 23, 2004.
- "Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) Virus Families". National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID). U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2019-09-24.