Haifa
Haifa
| |
---|---|
Madatech | |
Coordinates: 32°49′09″N 34°59′57″E / 32.81917°N 34.99917°E | |
Grid position | 145/246 PAL |
Country | Israel |
District | Haifa |
Founded | 1st century CE |
Government | |
• Mayor | Einat Kalisch-Rotem |
Area | |
• City | 63,666 dunams (63.666 km2 or 24.582 sq mi) |
Population (2022)[1] | |
• City | 290,306 |
• Density | 4,600/km2 (12,000/sq mi) |
• Urban | 600,000 |
• Metro | 1,050,000 |
Website | www.haifa.muni.il |
Haifa (
Built on the slopes of
As of 2016[update], the city is a major
, with an Arab-Israeli population of c.10%.Etymology
The ultimate origin of the name Haifa remains unclear. One theory holds it derives from the name of the high priest
Other spellings in English included Caipha, Kaipha, Caiffa, Kaiffa and Khaifa.[11]
Locations and names
Sycaminum and Efa
The earliest named settlement within the area of modern-day Haifa was a city known as
The name Efa first appears during Roman rule, some time after the end of the 1st century, when a Roman fortress and small Jewish settlement were established not far from Tel Shikmona.[12][13] Haifa is also mentioned more than 100 times in the Talmud, a work central to Judaism.[13]
Hefa or Hepha in
Porphyreon
Around the 6th century, Porphyreon or Porphyrea is mentioned in the writings of William of Tyre,[dubious ] and while it lies within the area covered by modern Haifa, it was a settlement situated south of Haifa-Sycaminon.[5][13]
Early Muslim Haifa
Following the Arab conquest in the 7th century, Haifa was used to refer to a site established on Tel Shikmona upon what were already the ruins of Sycaminon (Shiqmona).
Crusader Caiphas
The Crusaders, who captured Haifa briefly in the 12th century, call it Caiphas,
Late Ottoman "Old Haifa"
Haifa al-'Atiqa (Arabic: "Ancient Haifa") is another name used by some locals to refer to Tell es-Samak, when it was the site of Haifa while a hamlet of 250 residents, before it was moved in 1764–5 to the site from which the modern city emerged.[19]
Haifa al-Jadida (New Haifa) and modern Haifa
In 1764-5 Zahir al-Umar moved the village to a new site 1.5 mi (2.4 km) to the east, which he also fortified.[19] The new village, the nucleus of modern Haifa, was first called al-imara al-jadida (Arabic: "the new construction") by some, but others residing there called it Haifa al-Jadida (Arabic: "New Haifa") at first, and then simply Haifa.[2]
In the early 20th century, Haifa al 'Atiqa was repopulated with many
History
Bronze Age: Tell Abu Hawam
A town known today as Tell Abu Hawam was established during the Late Bronze Age (14th century BCE).[5] It was a port and fishing village.
In the Hebrew Bible
Mount Carmel and the Kishon River are mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.[21][22]
A grotto on the top of Mount Carmel is known as the "Cave of Elijah",[23] traditionally linked to the Prophet Elijah and his apprentice, Elisha.[21] In Arabic, the highest peak of the Carmel range is called the Muhraka, or "place of burning", harking back to the burnt offerings and sacrifices there in Canaanite and early Israelite times.[24]
Persian and Hellenistic period: near Shikmona
In the 6th century BCE, during the Persian period, Greek geographer
By
Shikmona
Haifa was located near the town of Shikmona, a center for making the traditional Tekhelet dye used in the garments of the high priests in the Temple. The archaeological site of Shikmona is southwest of Bat Galim.[26]
Early Haifa is believed to have occupied the area which extends from the present-day Rambam Hospital to the Jewish Cemetery on Yafo Street. The inhabitants engaged in fishing and agriculture.[27]
Roman period
In about the 3rd century CE, Haifa was first mentioned in Talmudic literature, as a Jewish fishing village and the home of Rabbi
Byzantine period
Under Byzantine rule, Haifa continued to grow but did not assume major importance.[30] A kinah speaks of the destruction of the Jewish community of Haifa along with other communities when the Byzantines reconquered the country from the Sasanian Empire in 628 during the Byzantine-Sasanian War.[29]
Early Muslim period
Following the Arab conquest of Palestine in the 630s-40s, Haifa was largely overlooked in favor of the port city of 'Akka.[2] Under the Rashidun Caliphate, Haifa began to develop.[31]
In the 9th century under the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, Haifa established trading relations with Egyptian ports and the city featured several shipyards. The inhabitants, Arabs and Jews, engaged in trade and maritime commerce. Glass production and dye-making from marine snails were the city's most lucrative industries.[31]
Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk rule
Prosperity ended in 1100 or 1101, when Haifa was besieged and blockaded by European Christians shortly after the end of the First Crusade, and then conquered after a fierce battle with its Jewish inhabitants and Fatimid garrison. Jews comprised the majority of the city's population at the time.[29][32][33] Under the Crusaders, Haifa was reduced to a small fortified coastal stronghold.[32] It was a part of the Principality of Galilee within the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Following their victory at the Battle of Hattin, Saladin's Ayyubid army captured Haifa in mid-July 1187 and the city's Crusader fortress was destroyed.[5][34] The Crusaders under Richard the Lionheart retook Haifa in 1191.[35]
In the 12th century religious hermits started inhabiting the caves on Mount Carmel, and in the 13th century they formed a new Catholic monastic order, the Carmelites.[36] Under Muslim rule, the church which they had built on Mount Carmel was turned into a mosque, later becoming a hospital. In the 19th century, it was restored as a Carmelite monastery, the Stella Maris Monastery. The altar of the church as we see it today, stands over a cave associated with Prophet Elijah.[37]
In 1265, the army of
Ottoman period
Haifa was apparently uninhabited at the time the Ottoman Empire conquered Palestine in 1516. The first indication of its resettlement was given in a description by German traveller
In 1742, Haifa was a small village and had a Jewish community composed mainly of immigrants from Morocco and Algeria which had a synagogue.[28] It had 250 inhabitants in 1764–5. It was located at Tell el-Semak, the site of ancient Sycaminum.[19][40]
In 1765, Zahir al-Umar, the Arab ruler of Acre and the Galilee, moved the population to a new fortified site 1.5 mi (2.4 km) to the east and laid waste to the old site.[19][41] According to historian Moshe Sharon, the new Haifa was established by Zahir in 1769.[42] This event marked the beginning of modern Haifa.[19] After al-Umar's death in 1775, the town remained under Ottoman rule until 1918, with the exception of two brief periods.
In 1799,
Between 1831 and 1840, the Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali governed Haifa, after his son Ibrahim Pasha had wrested control over it from the Ottomans.[43][44] When the Egyptian occupation ended and Acre declined, the importance of Haifa rose. In 1858, the walled city of Haifa was overcrowded and the first houses began to be built outside the city walls on the mountain slope.[28] The British Survey of Western Palestine estimated Haifa's population to be about 3,000 in 1859.[45]
Haifa remained majority Muslim throughout this time but a small Jewish community continued to exist there. In 1798, Rabbi
The arrival of German messianics, many of whom were
The first major wave of Jewish immigration to Haifa took place in the mid-19th century from Morocco, with a smaller wave of immigration from Turkey a few years later.[48] In the 1870s, large numbers of Jewish and Arab migrants came to Haifa due to the town's growing prosperity. Jews constituted one-eighth of Haifa's population, almost all of whom were recent immigrants from Morocco and Turkey who lived in the Jewish Quarter, which was located in the eastern part of the town. Continued Jewish immigration gradually raised the Jewish population of Haifa, and included a small number of Ashkenazi families, most of whom opened hotels for Jewish migrants coming into the city. In 1875, the Jewish community of Haifa held its own census which counted the Jewish population at about 200.[49] The First Aliyah of the late 19th century and the Second Aliyah of the early 20th century saw Jewish immigrants, mainly from Eastern Europe, arrive in Haifa in significant numbers. In particular, a significant number of Jewish immigrants from Romania settled in Haifa in the 1880s during the First Aliyah period. The Central Jewish Colonisation Society in Romania purchased over 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) near Haifa. As the Jewish settlers had been city dwellers, they hired the former fellahin tenants to instruct them in agriculture.[50] The Jewish population rose from 1,500 in 1900 to 3,000 on the eve of World War I.[51]
Baháʼí faith's shrine
In 1909, Haifa became important to the Baháʼí Faith when the remains of the Báb, founder of the Bábí Faith and forerunner of Baháʼu'lláh in the Baháʼí Faith, were moved from Acre to Haifa and interred in the shrine built on Mount Carmel. Baháʼís consider the shrine to be their second holiest place on Earth after the Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh in Acre. Its precise location on Mount Carmel was shown by Baháʼu'lláh himself to his eldest son, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, in 1891. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá planned the structure, which was designed and completed several years later by his grandson, Shoghi Effendi. In a separate room, the remains of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá were buried in November 1921.[53]
British Mandate
Haifa was captured from the Ottomans in September 1918 by Indian horsemen of the British Army armed with spears and swords who overran Ottoman positions.[54] On 22 September, British troops were heading to Nazareth when a reconnaissance report was received indicating that the Turks were leaving Haifa. The British made preparations to enter the city and came under fire in the Balad al-Sheikh district (today Nesher). After the British regrouped, an elite unit of Indian horsemen were sent to attack the Turkish positions on the flanks and overrun their artillery guns on Mount Carmel.[54]
Under the British Mandate, Haifa saw large-scale development and became an industrial port city.[44][55] The Baháʼí Faith in 1918 and today has its administrative and spiritual centre in the environs of Haifa.[56][57] Many Jewish immigrants of the Fourth Aliyah and Fifth Aliyah settled in Haifa. The port was a major source of income, and the nearby Jewish towns of the Krayot were established in the 1930s. At the same time, the Arab population also swelled by an influx of migrants, coming mainly from surrounding villages as well as the Syrian Hauran.[58] The Arab immigration mainly came as a result of prices and salary drop.[58] The 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British authorities, recorded Haifa's population as 24,634 (9,377 Muslims, 8,863 Christians, 6,230 Jews, 152 Baha'i, and 12 Druze).[59] By the time of the 1931 census of Palestine, this had increased to 50,403 (20,324 Muslims, 15,923 Jews, 13,824 Christians, 196 Baha'i, 126 Druze, and 10 with no religion).[60][61][62] Between the censuses of 1922 and 1931, the Muslim, Jewish, and Christian populations rose by 217%, 256%, and 156%, respectively.[63] In 1938, 99,000 people (including 48,000 Jews) lived in Haifa.[64][65]
Haifa's development owed much to British plans to make it a central port and hub for Middle-East crude oil. The British Government of Palestine developed the port and built
By 1945 the population was 138,300 (75,500 Jews, 35,940 Muslims, 26,570 Christians, and 290 "other").[67][68][69] In 1947, about 70,910 Arabs (41,000 Muslims and 29,910 Christians) and 74,230 Jews were living there.[70] The Christian community were mostly Greek-Melkite Catholics.
1947–1948 Civil War in Palestine
The 1947 UN Partition Plan in late November 1947 designated Haifa as part of the proposed Jewish state. Arab protests over that decision evolved into violence between Jews and Arabs that left several dozen people dead during December.[71] The Arab city was in a state of chaos. The local Arab national committee tried to stabilize the situation by organizing garrison, calming the frightened residents and to stop the flight. In a public statement, the national committee called upon the Arab residents to obey orders, be alert, keep calm, and added: "Keep away the cowards who wish to flee. Expell them from your lines. Despise them, because they harm more than the enemy". Despite the efforts, Arab residents abandoned the streets which bordered Jewish neighborhoods and during the days of the general strike instigated by the Arab Higher Committee, some 250 Arab families abandoned the Khalisa neighborhood.[72]
On 30 December 1947, members of the
British forces in Haifa redeployed on 21 April 1948, withdrawing from most of the city while still maintaining control over the port facilities. According to Ilan Pappé, although the Jewish mayor of the city, Shabtai Levy, urged the Arab residents to stay, in other parts of town loudspeakers could be heard ordering Arabs to leave "before it's too late."[75]
On 21 April, the downtown, controlled by a combination of local and foreign (ALA) Arab irregulars, was assaulted by
Rashid al-Haj Ibrahim, a Palestinian Arab municipal leader, described attacks “provoking terror among the women and children, who were very influenced by the horrors of Dayr Yasin", and provided an eyewitness account of the flight of Haifa's Arab residents:[80]
Thousands of women, children and men hurried to the port district in a state of chaos and terror without precedent in the history of the Arab nation. They fled their houses to the coast, barefoot and naked, to wait for their turn to travel to Lebanon. They left their homeland, their houses, their possessions, their money, their welfare, and their trades, to surrender their dignity and their souls.
The operation led to a massive displacement of Haifa's Arab population, and was part of the larger 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight. According to The Economist at the time, only 5,000–6,000 of the city's 62,000 Arabs remained there by 2 October 1948.[81] Morris quotes British sources as stating that during the battles between 22 and 23 April 100 Arabs were killed and 100 wounded, but he adds that the total may have been higher.[82]
Historian Walid Khalidi described "the mass exodus of Haifa’s Arab population" as "the spontaneous reaction to the ruthless combination of terror and psychological warfare tactics adopted by the Haganah during the attack."[1]
State of Israel
After the
Tel Aviv gained in status, while Haifa suffered a decline in the role as regional capital. The opening of Ashdod as a port exacerbated this. Tourism shrank when the Israeli Ministry of Tourism placed emphasis on developing Tiberias as a tourist centre.[86] Nevertheless, Haifa's population had reached 200,000 by the early 1970s, and mass immigration from the former Soviet Union boosted the population by a further 35,000.[44] The Matam high-tech park, the first dedicated high-tech park in Israel, opened in Haifa in the 1970s. Many of Wadi Salib's historic Ottoman buildings have now been demolished, and in the 1990s a major section of the Old City was razed to make way for a new municipal center.[44][85]
From 1999 to 2003, several Palestinian suicide attacks took place in Haifa (in Maxim and Matza restaurants, bus 37, and others), killing 68 civilians. In 2006, Haifa was hit by 93 Hezbollah rockets during the Second Lebanon War, killing 11 civilians and leading to half of the city's population fleeing at the end of the first week of the war.[87] Among the places hit by rockets were a train depot and the oil refinery complex.[88][89]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1800 | 1,000 | — |
1840 | 2,000 | +100.0% |
1880 | 6,000 | +200.0% |
1914 | 20,000 | +233.3% |
1922 | 24,600 | +23.0% |
1947 | 145,140 | +490.0% |
1961 | 183,021 | +26.1% |
1972 | 219,559 | +20.0% |
1983 | 225,775 | +2.8% |
1995 | 255,914 | +13.3% |
2008 | 264,407 | +3.3% |
2016 | 279,600 | +5.7% |
Haifa is Israel's third-largest city, consisting of 103,000 households,[92] or a population of 290,306. Immigrants from the former Soviet Union constitute 25% of Haifa's population,[93] thus making Russian one of the three main spoken languages of the city.
According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics,
Between 1994 and 2009, the city had a declining and
A development plan approved in 2016 seeks to raise Haifa's population to 330,000 residents by 2025.[99]
Religious and ethnic communities
The population is heterogeneous.
Haifa is home to the second-largest Arab Christian community in Israel,
Following Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000, some former South Lebanon Army soldiers and officers who fled from Lebanon settled in Haifa with their families.[106]
In 2006, 2.9% of the Jews in the city were Haredi, compared to 7.5% on a national scale.[90] However, the Haredi community in Haifa is growing fast due to a high fertility rate.[107] 66.6% were secular, compared to a national average of 43.7%.[90] There is also a Scandinavian Seamen Protestant church, established by Norwegian Righteous Among the Nations pastor Per Faye-Hansen.[citation needed]
Haifa is the center of liberal
Geography
Haifa is situated on the Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Plain, the
Flora and fauna
The Carmel Mountain has three main
Haifa is inundated with boars. The boars began to descend from the valleys around the city from before 2019, and began to roam in the city's streets. In 2019, mayor Einat Kalisch-Rotem decided to stop shooting the boars.[111] Boar sighting figures have struggled to go down since the Israel Nature and Parks Authority began fencing off forested areas, because residents often feed the boars.[112]
Climate
Haifa has a
Climate data for Haifa Airport (5 m / 16 ft) (Temperature: 1995–2010, Extremes 1898–2011, Precipitation: 1980–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 27.0 (80.6) |
30.4 (86.7) |
38.0 (100.4) |
42.5 (108.5) |
44.6 (112.3) |
43.5 (110.3) |
37.8 (100.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
41.8 (107.2) |
41.4 (106.5) |
36.0 (96.8) |
31.5 (88.7) |
44.6 (112.3) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 22.6 (72.7) |
25.0 (77.0) |
29.9 (85.8) |
35.5 (95.9) |
36.2 (97.2) |
34.6 (94.3) |
35.2 (95.4) |
34.1 (93.4) |
34.7 (94.5) |
35.4 (95.7) |
30.3 (86.5) |
24.7 (76.5) |
36.2 (97.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17.8 (64.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
20.9 (69.6) |
23.8 (74.8) |
26.5 (79.7) |
29.5 (85.1) |
31.6 (88.9) |
31.6 (88.9) |
30.2 (86.4) |
27.9 (82.2) |
24.4 (75.9) |
19.8 (67.6) |
25.2 (77.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.9 (57.0) |
14.4 (57.9) |
16.5 (61.7) |
19.4 (66.9) |
22.4 (72.3) |
25.7 (78.3) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.4 (83.1) |
26.7 (80.1) |
23.7 (74.7) |
19.8 (67.6) |
15.8 (60.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.0 (50.0) |
10.2 (50.4) |
12.1 (53.8) |
14.8 (58.6) |
18.2 (64.8) |
21.9 (71.4) |
24.4 (75.9) |
25.1 (77.2) |
23.2 (73.8) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.1 (59.2) |
11.8 (53.2) |
15.9 (60.6) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | 5.4 (41.7) |
6.1 (43.0) |
7.6 (45.7) |
9.5 (49.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
18.4 (65.1) |
21.7 (71.1) |
22.7 (72.9) |
19.5 (67.1) |
14.8 (58.6) |
9.9 (49.8) |
7.3 (45.1) |
5.4 (41.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −1.6 (29.1) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
2.0 (35.6) |
4.3 (39.7) |
9.6 (49.3) |
13.0 (55.4) |
17.0 (62.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
14.2 (57.6) |
8.5 (47.3) |
5.0 (41.0) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 124.9 (4.92) |
95.2 (3.75) |
52.8 (2.08) |
23.6 (0.93) |
2.7 (0.11) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.2 (0.05) |
28.0 (1.10) |
77.8 (3.06) |
135.5 (5.33) |
541.8 (21.33) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 13.9 | 11.7 | 8.6 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.8 | 3.9 | 8.0 | 11.8 | 63.9 |
Source: Israel Meteorological Service[114][115] |
Climate data for University of Haifa (475 m / 1558 ft) (Temperature: 1995–2010, Precipitation: 1980–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 23.6 (74.5) |
26.2 (79.2) |
32.9 (91.2) |
36.6 (97.9) |
39.0 (102.2) |
38.9 (102.0) |
36.6 (97.9) |
34.9 (94.8) |
38.9 (102.0) |
36.3 (97.3) |
30.0 (86.0) |
28.3 (82.9) |
39.0 (102.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.3 (55.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
16.8 (62.2) |
20.2 (68.4) |
23.3 (73.9) |
25.1 (77.2) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
24.2 (75.6) |
19.9 (67.8) |
15.5 (59.9) |
21.0 (69.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.0 (51.8) |
11.5 (52.7) |
13.8 (56.8) |
16.5 (61.7) |
19.7 (67.5) |
22.0 (71.6) |
23.7 (74.7) |
24.2 (75.6) |
23.4 (74.1) |
21.3 (70.3) |
17.2 (63.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
18.1 (64.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.6 (47.5) |
8.9 (48.0) |
10.7 (51.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.8 (65.8) |
20.8 (69.4) |
21.5 (70.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
14.6 (58.3) |
10.7 (51.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −0.3 (31.5) |
1.3 (34.3) |
1.0 (33.8) |
4.2 (39.6) |
10.1 (50.2) |
11.5 (52.7) |
16.7 (62.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
15.9 (60.6) |
8.8 (47.8) |
5.1 (41.2) |
2.5 (36.5) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 166 (6.5) |
128 (5.0) |
71 (2.8) |
21 (0.8) |
5 (0.2) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
2 (0.1) |
36 (1.4) |
93 (3.7) |
161 (6.3) |
683 (26.8) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 14 | 12 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 65 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
68 | 67 | 63 | 61 | 63 | 74 | 80 | 82 | 74 | 67 | 59 | 65 | 69 |
Source: Israel Meteorological Service[114][115][116] |
Neighborhoods
Haifa has developed in tiers, from the lower to the upper city on the Carmel. The oldest neighborhood in modern Haifa is Wadi Salib, the Old City center near the port, which has been bisected by a major road and razed in part to make way for government buildings. Wadi Salib stretches across to Wadi Nisnas, the center of Arab life in Haifa today. In the 19th century, under Ottoman rule, the German Colony was built, providing the first model of urban planning in Haifa. Some of the buildings have been restored and the colony has turned into a center of Haifa nightlife.[109]
The first buildings in Hadar were constructed at the start of the 20th century. Hadar was Haifa's cultural center and marketplace throughout the 1920s and into the 1980s, nestled above and around Haifa's Arab neighborhoods. Today Hadar stretches from the port area near the bay, approximately halfway up Mount Carmel, around the German Colony, Wadi Nisnas and Wadi Salib.[117] Hadar houses two commercial centers (one in the port area, and one midway up the mountain) surrounded by some of the city's older neighborhoods.
Above Hadar are affluent neighborhoods such as the Carmel Tzarfati (
Urban development
Recently, residential construction has been concentrated around Kiryat Haim and Kiryat Shmuel, with 75,000 m2 (807,293 sq ft) of new residential construction between 2002 and 2004, the Carmel, with 70,000 m2 (753,474 sq ft), and Ramot Neve Sha'anan with approximately 70,000 m2 (753,474 sq ft)[119] Non-residential construction was highest in the Lower Town, (90,000 sq m), Haifa Bay (72,000 sq m) and Ramot Neve Sha'anan (54,000 sq m).[119] In 2004, 80% of construction in the city was private.[119]
Currently, the city has a modest number of skyscrapers and high-rise buildings.[120] Though buildings rising up to 20 stories were built on Mount Carmel in the past, the Haifa municipality banned the construction of any new buildings taller than nine stories on Mount Carmel in July 2012.[121]
The neighborhood of Wadi Salib, located in the heart of downtown Haifa, is being redeveloped. Most of its Jewish and Arab residents are considered squatters and have been gradually evicted over the years. The Haifa Economic Corporation Ltd is developing two 1,000 square meter lots for office and commercial use.[122] Some historic buildings have been renovated and redeveloped, especially into nightclubs and theaters, such as the Palace of the Pasha, a Turkish bathhouse, and a Middle Eastern music and dance club, which has been converted into theaters and offices.[85]
In 2012, a new, massive development plan was announced for Haifa's waterfront. According to the plan, the western section of the city's port will be torn down, and all port activity will be moved to the east. The west side of the port will be transformed into a tourism and nightlife center and a point of embarkation and arrival for sea travel through the construction of public spaces, a beach promenade, and the renovation of commercial buildings. The train tracks that currently bisect the city and separate the city's beach from the rest of Haifa will also be buried.[123] A park will be developed on the border of the Kishon River, the refineries' cooling towers will be turned into a visitors' center, and bridges will lead from the port to the rest of the city. Massive renovations are also currently underway in Haifa's lower town, in the Turkish market and Paris Square, which will become the city's business center.[124] In addition, the ammonia depository tank in the Haifa bay industrial zone will be dismantled, and a new one built in an alternative location.[125]
Another plan seeks to turn the western section of Haifa Port into a major tourism and nightlife center, as well as a functioning point of embarkation and arrival for sea travel. All port activity will be moved to the western side, and the area will be redeveloped. Public spaces and a beach promenade will be developed, and commercial buildings will be renovated.[126] As part of the development plans, the Israeli Navy, which has a large presence in Haifa, will withdraw from the shoreline between Bat Galim and Hof Hashaket. A 5 km (3.1 mi) long esplanade which will encircle the shoreline will be constructed. It will include a bicycle path, and possibly also a small bridge under which navy vessels will pass on their way to the sea.[127]
In addition, a 50,000 square-meter entertainment complex that will contain a
In 2016, a new plan for the city was approved. The plan included a new main downtown business district, the creation of a park in a current industrial area, new construction and renovation of public buildings and hubs of higher education, tourism, culture, commerce, leisure, and residence.[99]
Economy
The common Israeli saying, "Haifa works, Jerusalem prays, and Tel Aviv plays" attests to Haifa's reputation as a city of workers and industry.
The Port of Haifa is the leader in passenger traffic among Israeli ports, and is also a major cargo
In 2014, it was announced that a technology-focused
Tourism
In 2005, Haifa had 13 hotels with a total of 1,462 rooms.[139][needs update] The city has a 17 km (11 mi) shoreline, of which 5 km (3 mi) are beaches.[140] Haifa's main tourist attraction is the Baháʼí World Centre, with the golden-domed Shrine of the Báb and the surrounding gardens. Between 2005 and 2006, 86,037 visited the shrine.[139] In 2008, the Baháʼí gardens were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[4][141][142] The restored German Colony, founded by the Templers, Stella Maris and Elijah's Cave also draw many tourists.[143] Located in the Haifa district are the Ein Hod artists' colony, where over 90 artists and craftsmen have studios and exhibitions,[144] and the Mount Carmel national park, with caves where Neanderthal and early Homo Sapiens remains were found.[145]
A 2007 report commissioned by the Haifa Municipality calls for the construction of more hotels, a ferry line between Haifa, Acre and Caesarea, development of the western anchorage of the port as a recreation and entertainment area, and an expansion of the local airport and port to accommodate international travel and cruise ships.[146]
Arts and culture
Despite its image as a port and industrial city, Haifa is the cultural hub of northern Israel. During the 1950s, mayor
The New Haifa Symphony Orchestra, established in 1950, has more than 5,000 subscribers. In 2004, 49,000 people attended its concerts.
Museums
Haifa has over a dozen museums.
Government
As an industrial port city, Haifa has traditionally been a Labor party stronghold. The strong presence of dock workers and
Today, Haifa is governed by its 12th city council, headed by the mayor Einat Kalisch-Rotem. The results of municipal elections decide on the makeup of the council, similarly to the Knesset elections. The city council is the legislative council in the city, and has the authority to pass auxiliary laws.[164] The 12th council, which was elected in 2003, has 31 members, with the liberal Shinui-Greens ticket holding the most seats (6), and Likud coming second with 5.[165] Many of the decisions passed by the city council are results of recommendation made by the various municipal committees, which are committees where non-municipal organs meet with representatives from the city council. Some committees are spontaneous, but some are mandatory, such as the security committee, tender committee and financial committee.[166]
Mayors
- Najib Effendi al-Yasin (1873–77)
- Ahmad Effendi Jalabi (1878–81)
- Mustafa Bey al-Salih (1881–84)
- Mustafa Pasha al-Khalil (1885–1903)
- Jamil Sadiq (1904–10)
- Rif'at al-Salah (1910–11)
- Ibrahim al-Khalil (1911–13)
- Abd al-Rahman al-Haj (1920–27)
- Hassan Bey Shukri (1914–20, 1927–40)
- Shabtai Levy (1940–51)
- Abba Hushi (1951–1969)
- Moshe Flimann (1969–1973)
- Yosef Almogi (1974–1975)
- Yeruham Zeisel (1975–1978)
- Arie Gur'el (1978–1993)
- Amram Mitzna (1993–2003)
- Giora Fisher (interim mayor, 2003)
- Yona Yahav (2003–2018)
- Einat Kalisch-Rotem (2018–present)
Medical facilities
Haifa medical facilities have a total of 4,000 hospital beds. The largest hospital is the government-operated
Education
Haifa is home to two internationally acclaimed universities and several colleges. The University of Haifa, founded in 1963, is at the top of Mt. Carmel. The campus was designed by the architect of
The
The
The first technological high school in Israel, Bosmat, was established in Haifa in 1933. It was affiliated with the Technion. Because of financial difficulties, it was closed in 2007, and later re-established as part of the Mofet network, which was started by science teachers from the 1990s post-Soviet aliyah.[172]
Other academic institutions in Haifa are the Gordon College of Education and Sha'anan Religious Teachers' College, the WIZO Haifa Academy of Design and Education,[173] and Tiltan College of Design. The Michlala Leminhal College of Management and the Open University of Israel have branches in Haifa. The city also has a nursing college and the P.E.T Practical Engineering School.[174]
Among Israeli higher education institutions the
As of 2006[update]–07, Haifa had 70
Transportation
Public transportation
Haifa is served by six
and others.Haifa's intercity bus connections are operated almost exclusively by the Egged bus company, which operates two terminals:
- HaMifratz Central Bus Station, adjacent to the HaMifrats Central Railway Station
- Haifa Hof HaCarmel Central Bus Station, adjacent to the Hof HaCarmel Railway Station
Lines to the North of the country use HaMifratz Central Bus Station and their coverage includes most towns in the North of Israel. Lines heading south use
Destinations directly reachable from Hof HaCarmel CBS include Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, Eilat, Raanana, Netanya, Hadera, Zikhron Ya'akov, Atlit, Tirat Carmel, Ben Gurion International Airport and intermediate communities. There are also three Egged lines that have their terminus in the Ramat Vizhnitz neighborhood and run to Jerusalem, Bnei Brak and Ashdod. These used to be "mehadrin" (i.e. gender segregated) lines.
All urban lines are run by Egged. There are also
Haifa and the Krayot suburbs also have a new Phileas concept bus rapid transit system called the Metronit. These buses, operating with hybrid engines, follow optical strips embedded in designated lanes of roads, providing tram-like public transportation services. The Metronit consists of 100 18-meter buses, each with the capacity for 150 passengers, operating along 40 km (25 mi) of designated roadways.[182][183] The new system officially opened on 16 August 2013 serving three lines.
Haifa is one of the few cities in Israel where buses operate on
The Haifa subway system is called Carmelit. It is a subterranean funicular railway, running from downtown Paris Square to Gan HaEm (Mother's Park) on Mount Carmel.[187] With a single track, six stations and two trains, it is listed in Guinness World Records as the world's shortest metro line. The Carmelit accommodates bicycles.
Haifa also has two cable cars. The Bat Galim cable car consists of six cabins and connects Bat Galim on the coast to the Stella Maris observation deck and monastery atop Mount Carmel. It serves mainly tourists.[188] Opened in April 2022, Rakavlit, the second cable car, is a 4.4 kilometre commuter cable car service, running from HaMifratz Central Bus Station at the foot of Mount Carmel to the Technion, and then to the University of Haifa.[189]
Air and sea transport
There are currently plans to expand services from Haifa.
Roads
Travel between Haifa and the center of the country is possible by road with Highway 2, the main highway along the coastal plain, beginning at Tel Aviv and ending at Haifa.[184] Furthermore, Highway 4 runs along the coast to the north of Haifa, as well as south, inland from Highway 2.[184] In the past, traffic along Highway 2 to the north of Haifa had to pass through the downtown area of the city. The Carmel Tunnels, opened for traffic 1 December 2010, now route this traffic under Mount Carmel, reducing congestion in the downtown area.[191]
Sports
The main stadiums in Haifa are: Sammy Ofer Stadium, a UEFA-approved 30,942-seat stadium, completed in 2014, replacing the 14,002-seat Kiryat Eliezer Stadium that was demolished 2016, Thomas D'Alesandro Stadium and Neve Sha'anan Athletic Stadium that seats 1,000.[192] The city's two main football clubs are Maccabi Haifa and Hapoel Haifa who both currently play in the Israeli Premier League and share the Sammy Ofer Stadium as their home pitch. Maccabi has won twelve Israeli titles, while Hapoel has won one.
Haifa has 4
Maccabi Haifa Women plays in Israeli Female Basketball Premier League 1 division.
Hapoel Haifa Woman plays in the 3 division, the team plays at Kiryat Eliezer Arena.
The city also has an American football club, the
Notable people
- Abed Abdi (born 1942), Arab Palestinian painter and sculptor
- Ralph Bakshi (born 1938), animator and filmmaker
- Orr Barouch (born 1991), footballer
- Naftali Bennett (born 1972), politician
- Aaron Ciechanover (born 1947), biologist; Nobel Prize, Chemistry
- Jonathan Erlich (born 1977), tennis player
- Ari Folman (born 1962), filmmaker, creator of Waltz with Bashir
- Anastasia Gorbenko (born 2003), swimmer
- Lea Gottlieb (1918–2012), founder and fashion designer of Gottex
- Avram Hershko (born 1937), biochemist, 2004 Nobel Prize, Chemistry
- Leila Khaled (born 1944), Palestinian refugee and former militant
- Jonatan Kopelev (born 1991), swimmer
- Shiri Maimon (born 1981), Hebrew singer, represented Israel in Eurovision 2005
- Shahar Perkiss (born 1962), tennis player
- Yehuda Poliker (born 1950), Hebrew songwriter and folk singer
- Odeya Rush (born 1997), Hollywood actress and model
- kickboxer
- Gene Simmons (born 1949), musician
- Josef Singer (1923–2009), President of Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Uri Sivan (born 1955), physicist, professor, and President of the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Hillel Slovak (1962–1988), founding guitarist of the Red Hot Chili Peppers
- Lior Suchard (born 1981), Mentalist or Mind Reader
- Avi Wigderson (born 1956), mathematician and computer scientist, recipient of the 2021 Abel Prize
Twin towns – sister cities
Part of a series on the |
Baháʼí Faith |
---|
- Marseille, France (1962)
- Portsmouth, United Kingdom (1962)
- Hackney, United Kingdom (1968)
- Manila, Philippines (1971)
- San Francisco, United States (1973)
- Aalborg, Denmark (1973)
- Cape Town, South Africa (1975)
- Bremen, Germany (1978)
- Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (1979)
- Antwerp, Belgium (1986)
- Mainz, Germany (1987)
- Düsseldorf, Germany (1988)
- Rosario, Argentina (1988)
- Odesa, Ukraine (1992)
- Shanghai, China (1994)
- Limassol, Cyprus (2000)
- Fort Lauderdale, United States (2002)
- Erfurt, Germany (2005)
- Mannheim, Germany (2005)
- Shenzhen, China (2012)
- Chengdu, China (2013)
- Shantou, China (2015)
See also
- Haifa Pride
- List of people from Haifa
- Wikimania 2011
- List of clock towers – Haifa has an Ottoman clock tower next to the El-Jarina Mosque and the Saraya (government house), inaugurated c. 1898-1900
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Sources
- Lane-Poole, Stanley (1906), Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Heroes of the Nations, London: G. P. Putnam's Sons
Further reading
- Carmel, Alex (2002). The History of Haifa Under Turkish Rule (in Hebrew) (4th ed.). Haifa: Pardes. ISBN 978-965-7171-05-9.
- Shiller, Eli; Ben-Artzi, Yossi (1985). Haifa and its sites (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Ariel.
External links
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. .
- City of Haifa