Hainanese

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Hainanese" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Hainanese
Qiongwen
海南話, Hhai3 nam2 ue1, Hái-nâm-oe
Pronunciation	[hai˨˩˧ nam˨˩ ue˨˧] (Haikou dialect)
Native to	China, Singapore, Thailand
Region	Hainanese
Native speakers	Around 5 million in China (2002)[1]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Min Coastal Min Qiong–Lei Hainanese
Early forms	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese[a] Proto-Min
Dialects	Haikou Wenchang Qionghai Wanning Lingshui Sanya
Writing system	Chinese characters[citation needed] Hainanese Pinyin Hainan Romanized
Language codes
ISO 639-3	(hnm is proposed[5])
Glottolog	hain1238
Linguasphere	79-AAA-k
Hainanese
Varieties of the Hainanese spoken in Hainan.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Hainanese (

living in Hainan, but generally refers to Min varieties spoken in Hainan.

Phonology

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

The phonologies of the different varieties of Hainanese are highly divergent,

Consonants

Below is a table for the consonants of Hainanese across the dialects of Wenchang, Haikou and Banqiao.^[10] For more information on a specific variety, please consult the relevant article.

		Labial	Dental		Alveolo- palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	/p/[i] 爸 pa	/ t / 洗 toi			/k/ 公 kong	/ʔ/ 啊 a
	aspirated	/pʰ/[i][ii] 婆 pho	/tʰ/[i]			/kʰ/[i][ii] 去 khu
	voiced	/b/[iii]	/ d/[iii]			/g/[iv] 我 gua
	implosive	/ɓ/[iii][ii] 北 ɓak	/ɗ/[iii][ii] 茶 ɗei			(/ɠ/)[v]
Affricate	voiceless			/ts/[i][ii]	/tɕ/[iv] 食 tsia
	aspirated			/tsʰ/[i]
	voiced			/dz/[i]	/dʑ/[iv] 日 jit
Fricative	voiceless	/ɸ/[iv] 皮 fi	/θ/[i]	/s/ 事 sei	/ɕ/[iv][ii]	/x/	/h/ 海 hai
	voiced	/v/[i][ii] 文 vun		/z/[ii] 欲 zok			/ɦ/[iv]
Nasal		/m/ 目 mak	/ n / 念 niam			/ŋ/ 乐 ngak
Approximant		/w/[iv] 发 wat	/ l / 老 lao		/j/[iv] 肉 yok

Many of the most widely spoken varieties of Hainanese notably have a series of

The consonant system of Hainanese corresponds well with that of Hokkien, but it has had some restructuring. In particular:^[10]

• Etymological plain stops have undergone implosivization (*p > [ɓ], *t > [ɗ]) in the more innovative varieties such as Wenchang and Haikou.
• Etymological aspirated stops have spirantized (*pʰ > [ɸ], *tʰ > [h], *tsʰ > [ɕ], *kʰ > [h~x]) in more innovative varieties.
• The lenition of an historic *b into [v] in Banqiao and Haikou, though not in Wenchang.
• Former *s has hardened into a stop (*s > [t]), although in the more conservative Banqiao dialect some instances have only undergone fortition to (*s > [θ]), and others have remained [s].
• Former *h has become [ɦ] in Wenchang.

Additionally, [ʑ] is an allophone of /j/.

These changes also make Hainanese fairly close to Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary.

Chinese character	Mandarin	Taiwanese Hokkien	Haikou Hainanese	Sino-Vietnamese
邪	xié	siâ	dia2	da
仙	xiān	sian	din1	tiên
散	sàn	suànn	dan4	tàn
跡	jì	jiak	di1	tích
神	shén	sîn	din2	thần
痴	chī	chi	si1	si

Vowels

Hainanese has seven phonemic vowels ^{[citation needed]}.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	/i/		/u/
Close-mid	/e/		/o/
Open-mid	/ɛ/		/ɔ/
Open		/a/

Tones

Tone chart of the Hainan dialect

Tone number	Tone name	Tone contour	Example
1	yin ping (阴平)	˨˦ (24)	诗
2	yang ping (阳平)	˨˩ (21)	时
3	yin shang (阴上)	˨˩˩ (211)	死
4	yin qu (阴去)	˧˥ (35)	四
5	yang qu (阳去)	˧ (33)	是
6	yin ru (阴入)	˥ (5)	失
7	yang ru (阳入)	˧ (3)	实
8	chang ru (长入)	˥ (55)	视

Romanization

Hainanese Pinyin

Hainanese Pinyin (海南话拼音方案) is a phonetic system announced by the Education Administration Department of Guangdong Province in September 1960. It marks tones with numbers.

Initials

IPA	Hainanese Pinyin	Bǽh-oe-tu	Example
/ɓ/	b	b	北
/p/	b	p	波
/pʰ/	p	ph	坡
/ɸ/	p	f	皮
/m/	m	m	摩
/b/	v	b	?
/v/	v	v	无
/ t /	d	t	装
/ɗ/	dd	d	刀
/ n /	n	n	挪
/ l /	l	l	罗
/k/	g	k	哥
/ŋ/	ng	g	俄
/x/	h	kh	可
/h/	hh	h	号
/ɠ/	gh	g	我
/ts/	z	c	支
/s/	s	s	妻
/z/	y	j	余

Finals

IPA	Hainanese Pinyin	Bǽh-oe-tu	Example
/a/	a	a	亚
/o/	o	o	荷
/ɛ/	e	e	摩
/i/	i	i	医
/u/	u	u	呜
ai	ai	ai	哀
ɔi	oi	oi	鞋
au	ao	au	喉
ia	ia	ia	也
iɔ	io	io	腰
ua	ua	oa	换
ue	ue	oe	话
ui	ui	oi	威
uai	uai	oai	坏
ɔu	ou	ou	黑
iu	iu	iu	柚
iau	iao	iau	妖
iam	iam	iam	厌
im	im	im	音
am	am	am	暗
an	an	an	安
in	in	in	烟
un	un	un	温
uan	uan	oan	弯
aŋ	ang	ag	红
eŋ	eng	eg	英
ɔŋ	ong	og	翁
iaŋ	iang	iag	央
uaŋ	uang	oag	汪
iɔŋ	iong	iog	匈
ip	ib	ib	邑
iap	iab	iab	协
at	ad	at	遏
it	id	it	乙
ut	ud	ut	核
uat	uad	oat	挖
ak	ag	ak	鹤
ek	eg	ek	益
ok	og	ok	喔
iok	iog	iok	育
uak	uag	oak	廓
-ʔ	-h	-h	不

See also

• Hainanese culture
• Hainanese people

Notes

References

Further reading

• Chang, Kuang-yu (1986). Comparative Min phonology (PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley.
• Chen, Hongmai (1996). Hǎikǒu fāngyán cídiǎn 海口方言詞典 [Haikou dialect dictionary].
  ISBN 978-7-5343-2886-2
  .
• Huang, Karen. "Contact-induced changes in the languages of Hainan". Annual Student Conference of the College of Languages, Linguistics, and Literature. University of Hawaii.
• Kwok, Bit-chee (2006). "The role of language strata in language evolution: three Hainan Min dialects". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (2): 201–291.
  JSTOR 23754124
  .
• Miyake, Marc. 2008. Hainanese articles.
• Miyake, Marc. 2008. Hainanese -om and -op.
• Norman, Jerry Lee (1969). The Kienyang Dialect of Fukien (PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley. includes a description of the phonology of the Ding'an dialect.
• Solnit, David B. (1982). "Linguistic Contact in Ancient South China: The Case of Hainan Chinese, Be, and Vietnamese". Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 8: 219–230.
  doi:10.3765/bls.v8i0.2041
  .
• Woon, Wee-Lee (1979a). "A synchronic phonology of Hainan dialect: Part I". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 7 (1): 65–100.
  JSTOR 23753034. describes Wenchang dialect
  .
• Woon, Wee-Lee (1979b). "A synchronic phonology of Hainan dialect: Part II". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 7 (2): 268–302.
  JSTOR 23752923
  .
• Yan, Margaret Mian (2006). Introduction to Chinese Dialectology. LINCOM Europa.
  ISBN 978-3-89586-629-6
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hainanese language.

Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Hainanese.

• Learn hainanese Archived 2018-07-01 at the Wayback Machine