Hajj
Hajj الحج | |
---|---|
Religious pilgrimage | |
Begins | 8th day of Dhu al-Hijja |
Ends | 12th or 13th day of Dhu al-Hijja |
Frequency | Annual |
Location(s) | Mecca |
Coordinates | 21°25′22.3″N 39°49′32.6″E / 21.422861°N 39.825722°E |
Country | Saudi Arabia |
Founder | Abraham (historical) Muhammad (current form) |
Participants | Muslims |
Attendance | 2,489,406 (2019) (10,000 limit in 2020 due to COVID-19) (60,000 limit in 2021 due to COVID-19) 1,000,000 (2022) 1,845,045 (2023) |
Organised by | Ministry of Hajj and Umrah (Saudi Arabia) |
Part of a series on |
Islam |
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Hajj (
In Islamic terminology, Hajj is a pilgrimage made to the
The Hajj is associated with the life of the
According to the official published statistics between 2000 and 2019,[16][17][18] the average number of attendees is 2,269,145 per year, of which 1,564,710 come from outside Saudi Arabia and 671,983 are local. The year 2012 marks the highest number of participants with 3,161,573.[19] In June 2020, while not cancelling the Hajj outright, the Saudi Government announced that they would only welcome "very limited numbers" of pilgrims who are residents of Saudi Arabia due to the global COVID-19 pandemic.[20] Similar restrictions applied in 2021, but women were permitted to attend without a male guardian (mahram) provided they went in a trustworthy group.[21]
Etymology
The word in
History
The present pattern of Hajj was established by
In pre-Islamic Arabia, a time known as
During medieval times, pilgrims would gather in the big cities of Syria, Egypt, and Iraq to go to Mecca in groups and caravans comprising tens of thousands of pilgrims,
Timing of Hajj
The date of Hajj is determined by the
The table below shows the Gregorian dates of Hajj in recent years (the dates correspond to 9 Dhul-Hijjah of the Hijri calendar). Prospective dates are approximate:
AH
|
Gregorian date |
---|---|
1432 | 2011, 5 November[39] |
1433 | 2012, 25 October |
1434 | 2013, 14 October[40][41] |
1435 | 2014, 3 October[42] |
1436 | 2015, 23 September[43] |
1437 | 2016, 11 September[44][45] |
1438 | 2017, 31 August[46] |
1439 | 2018, 20 August[47] |
1440 | 2019, 10 August[47] |
1441 | 2020, 30 July[47] |
1442 | 2021, 19 July[47] |
1443 | 2022, 8 July[47] |
1444 | 2023, 27 June[47] |
1445 | 2024, 15 June[47] |
Rites
Fiqh literature describes in detail the manners of carrying out the rites of Hajj, and pilgrims generally follow handbooks and expert guides to successfully fulfill the requirements of Hajj.[48] In performing the rites of Hajj, the pilgrims not only follow the model of Muhammad, but also commemorate the events associated with Abraham.[49]
Ihram
Ihram is the name given to the special spiritual state, state of holiness, which marks the start of the ritual of Hajj for each person.[7][50] Ihram is initiated upon the arrival to the Miqat or prior to reaching it, depending on where they have come from.
When pilgrims enter into the state of Ihram, they are required to abstain from certain actions.[51] While in ihram, males are required to wear two white seamless cloths, with one wrapped around the waist reaching below the knee and the other draped over the left shoulder and tied at the right side. For females this involves wearing ordinary dress that fulfills the Islamic condition of public dress with hands and face uncovered;[52][page needed]. Other prohibitions include refraining from clipping nails, shaving any part of the body, having sexual relations; using perfumes, damaging plants, killing animals, covering the head (for men) or the face and hands (for women); getting married; or carrying weapons.[7][50]
The Ihram is meant to show equality of all pilgrims in front of God, with no difference between the rich and the poor.[49] Donning such unsewn white garments entirely is believed to distance man from material ostentation, and engross him in a world of purity and spirituality, since clothes are believed to show individuality and distinction and create superficial barriers that separate individuals. The garments of Ihram are seen as the antithesis of that individualism. Ihram clothing is also a reminder of shrouds worn after death.[53]
Tawaf and sa'ay
The ritual of
The completion of Tawaf is followed by two
Although the circuits around the Kaaba are traditionally done on the ground level, tawaf is now also performed on the first floor and roof of the mosque because of the large crowds.
This rite is said to be the manifestation of Tawhid, the Oneness of God. The heart and soul of the pilgrim should move around Kaaba, the symbol of the House of God, in a way that no worldly attraction distracts him from this path. Only Tawhid should attract him. Tawaf also represents Muslims' unity. During tawaf, everyone encircles Kaaba collectively.[53]
Tawaf is followed by sa'ay, running or walking seven times between the hills of Safa and Marwah, located near the Kaaba.[54][57] Previously in the open air, the place is now entirely enclosed by the Sacred Mosque, and can be accessed via air-conditioned tunnels.[59] Pilgrims are advised to walk the circuit, though two green pillars mark a short section of the path where they run. There is also an internal "express lane" for elderly or disabled people. After sa'ay, male pilgrims shave or trim their hair and women generally clip a portion of their hair, which completes the Umrah.
-
Sa'yee towards Safa
-
Central section reserved for the elderly and the disabled. It is also divided into two directions of travel.
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Sa'yee returning from Safa
First day of Hajj: 8th Dhu al-Hijjah (Tarwiyah Day)
On the 8th Dhu al-Hijjah, the pilgrims are reminded of their duties. They again don the Ihram garments and confirm their intention to make the pilgrimage. The prohibitions of Ihram start now.
The name of Tarwiyah refers to a narration of Ja'far al-Sadiq. He described the reason that there was no water at Mount Arafat on the 8th day of Dhu al-Hijjah. If pilgrims wanted to stay at Arafat, they would have prepared water from Mecca and carried it by themselves there. So they told each other to drink enough. Finally, this day called Tarwiyah[60] that means to quench thirst in the Arabic language.[61] Tarwiyah Day is the first day of Hajj ritual. Also on this day, Husayn ibn Ali began to go to Karbala from Mecca.[62] Muhammad nominated to Tarwiyah Day as one of the four chosen days.[61]
Mina
After the
Second day: 9th Dhu al-Hijjah (Arafah Day)
The 9th Dhul-Hijjah is known as Day of Arafah, and this day is called the Day of Hajj.[45]
Arafat
On 9th Dhu al-Hijjah before noon, pilgrims arrive at
Muzdalifah
Pilgrims must leave Arafat for
Third day: 10th Dhu al-Hijjah (Qurban Day)
After the morning prayer, the Pilgrims move from Muzdalifah to Mina.
Ramy al-Jamarat
At Mina, the pilgrims perform symbolic Stoning of the Devil (Ramy al-Jamarat) by throwing seven stones from sunrise to sunset at only the largest of the three pillars, known as Jamrat al-Aqabah.[67][self-published source?] The remaining two pillars (jamarah) are not stoned on this day.[68] These pillars are said to represent Satan.[69] Pilgrims climb ramps to the multi-levelled Jamaraat Bridge, from which they can throw their pebbles at the jamarat. Because of safety reasons, in 2004 the pillars were replaced by long walls, with catch basins below to collect the pebbles.[70][71]
Animal sacrificing
After the stoning of the Devil, cattle (Surah 22:34-36) are sacrificed to commemorate the story of Ibrahim and Ismael. Traditionally the pilgrims slaughtered the animal themselves or oversaw the slaughtering. Today many pilgrims buy a sacrifice voucher in Mecca before the greater Hajj begins, which allows an animal to be slaughtered in the name of God (Allah) on the 10th, without the pilgrim being physically present. Modern abattoirs complete the processing of the meat, which is then sent as a charity to poor people around the world.[59] At the same time as the sacrifices occur at Mecca, Muslims worldwide perform similar sacrifices, in a three-day global festival called Eid al-Adha.[13]
Hair removal
After sacrificing an animal, another important rite of Hajj is the shaving or trimming of head hair (known as Halak). All male pilgrims shave their head or trim their hair on the day of
Tawaf Ziyarat/Ifadah
On the same or the following day, the pilgrims re-visit the Sacred Mosque in Mecca for another tawaf, known as Tawaf al-Ifadah, an essential part of Hajj.[73] It symbolizes being in a hurry to respond to God and show love for Him, an obligatory part of Hajj. The night of the 10th is spent back at Mina.
Fourth day: 11th Dhu al-Hijjah
Starting from noon to sunset on the 11 Dhu al-Hijjah (and again the following day), the pilgrims again throw seven pebbles at each of the three pillars in Mina. This is commonly known as the "Stoning of the Devil".[67]
Fifth day: 12th Dhu al-Hijjah
On 12 Dhu al-Hijjah, the same process of the stoning of the pillars as of 11 Dhu al-Hijjah takes place.[67] Pilgrims may leave Mina for Mecca before sunset on the 12th.
Last day at Mina: 13th Dhu al-Hijjah
If unable to leave on the 12th before sunset or opt to stay longer, they must perform the stoning ritual again on the 13th before returning to Mecca.[67]
Tawaf al-Wadaa
Finally, before leaving Mecca, pilgrims perform a farewell tawaf called the Tawaf al-Wadaa. 'Wadaa' means 'to bid farewell'. The pilgrims circle the Kaaba seven times counter-clockwise, and if they can, attempt to touch or kiss the Kaaba.[75]
Journey to Medina
During their journey for Hajj, pilgrims traditionally also travel to the city of Medina (approximately 450 kilometres (280 mi) to the northeast), in particular to pray at the
Significance
To Muslims, Hajj is associated with religious as well as social significance.[78] The obligation for performing this pilgrimage is only fulfilled if it is done on the eighth to twelfth day of the last month of the Islamic calendar. If in a given year, an adult Muslim is in good health and their life and wealth are safe, they must perform the Hajj in the same year. Delaying it is considered sinful unless the delay is caused by reasons beyond their control.[79]
Apart from being an obligatory religious duty, the Hajj is seen to have a spiritual merit that provides Muslims with an opportunity of self-renewal.
A 2008 study on the impact of participating in the Islamic pilgrimage found that Muslim communities become more positive and tolerant after Hajj. Titled Estimating the Impact of the Hajj: Religion and Tolerance in Islam's Global Gathering and conducted in conjunction with
There were tens of thousands of pilgrims, from all over the world. They were of all colors, from blue-eyed blondes to black-skinned Africans. But we were all participating in the same ritual, displaying a spirit of unity and brotherhood that my experiences in America had led me to believe never could exist between the white and the non-white. America needs to understand Islam because this is the one religion that erases from its society the race problem. You may be shocked by these words coming from me. But on this pilgrimage, what I have seen, and experienced, has forced me to rearrange much of my thought-patterns previously held.[83]
Differences between Hajj and Umrah
- Both are Islamic pilgrimages, the main difference is their level of importance and the method of observance.[84]
- Hajj is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. It is obligatory for every Muslim once in their lifetime, provided they are physically fit and financially capable.[85]
- Hajj is performed over specific days during a designated Islamic month. However, Umrah can be performed at any time.
- Although they share common rites, Umrah can be performed in less than a few hours while Hajj is more time-consuming, and involves more rituals.
Arrangement and facilities
Technology solutions
The Saudi government employs technology to protect the safety, and enhance the experience, of the pilgrim's journey. Recently, the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah has introduced the Hajj pilgrims' e-bracelet program that stores pilgrims' essential data and which helps to provide them with the necessary support.[91] In 2018, SAFCSP organized the Hajj Hackathon event in Jeddah, with 2,950 participants from over 100 countries. The event aims at exploring the use of technology to provide solutions for Hajj pilgrims.[92][93] In 2019, the "Fatwa Robot" service was launched to provide pilgrims with fatwas and other religious advice.[94] Two interactive apps were launched by Hajj authorities to provide pilgrims with a range of services through their smartphones. The services, which are available in nine languages, help pilgrims in finding emergency service centres, holy sites, currency exchanges, restaurants, and accommodation.[95]
Visa requirements
To enter Saudi Arabia to participate in the Hajj as a Muslim, visa requirements have to be satisfied.[96][97] Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Hajj and Umrah is planning to ease visas issuance by enabling Hajj and Umrah pilgrims to obtain e-visa within minutes through campaigns and companies.[98] For the upcoming Umrah season, visas can be electronically issued within 24 hours via a special platform established by the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah.[99] For passengers traveling from the United States, they must purchase a package from a licensed Hajj agency. People from Gulf Cooperation Council countries do not need a visa to enter Saudi Arabia and vice versa. People with Saudi visas are not allowed to enter the site unless they are Muslim.
Makkah Route Initiative
Makkah Route Initiative is an initiative made by the Saudi government to facilitate the pilgrims entries to Saudi Arabia by completing it in the airports of their countries. The initiative has been implemented since 2018 by The Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[100] In 2019, the initiative is planned to provide service to around 225,000 pilgrims from airports in Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Tunisia.[101] The provided services include:
- Issuance of visas.
- Making sure that the pilgrims' health conditions comply with the requirements and to make certain that the potential pilgrims have taken preventive measures related to the epidemiological situation in the world.[102]
- Codifying and sorting luggage at the pilgrims' airports and delivering them to the pilgrims' hotels directly upon arrival.[101]
Transportation
Traditionally, the pilgrimage to Mecca was mainly an overland journey using
During official Hajj days, pilgrims travel between the different locations by metro, bus or on foot. The Saudi government strictly controls vehicles access into these heavily congested areas. However, the journey can take many hours due to heavy vehicular and pedestrian traffic. In 2010, the Saudi government started operating the Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro line as an exclusive shuttle train for pilgrims between Arafat, Muzdalifa and Mina. The service, which operates only during the days of Hajj, shortens the travel time during the critical "Nafrah" from Arafat to Muzdalifah to minutes. Due to its limited capacity, the use of the metro is not open to all pilgrims.
Climate crisis
Hajj has a considerable environmental impact, with the average pilgrim contributing about 60.5 kg CO2-eq per day. Transport, lodging, food, and waste generated an estimated 3.0 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent during the 2011 Hajj season.[111] Most pilgrims travel to Mecca by air[112] and long-haul air travel accounts for 60% of greenhouse gas emissions created by Hajj.[111]
Rising global temperatures mean that in the future, people undertaking Hajj could face "extreme danger" due to heat and humidity.[113][114][115] Projected temperature rises of 1.5° to 2° could have significant impacts on the health of participants, many of whom are elderly.[116][117] In 2021 Ummah for Earth and Greenpeace Middle East published research which suggested climate actions which included adapting the Great Mosque for solar power.[118]
Green Hajj Camp
In 2011, Husna Ahmad created the first green guide to Hajj.[114] In 2019, Saudi Arabia launched an environment-friendly Hajj initiative under the auspices of the environmental technologist Magda Abu Ras.[119] One aspect discouraged the consumption of plastics and was entitled Hajj without Plastic.[119] The project is implemented in 30 camps in Mina where pilgrims are encouraged to sort out their wastes. Moreover, the proceeds are used for charitable purposes.[120] The project has a number of objectives as follows:
- Decreasing environmental harms.
- Improving the management system of solid waste.
- Preserving pilgrims' and camps' safety.[120]
Modern crowd-control problems
Pilgrim numbers have greatly increased in recent years, which has led to numerous accidents and deaths due to overcrowding. The first major accident during Hajj in modern times occurred in 1990, when a
Despite safety measures, incidents may happen during the Hajj as pilgrims are trampled or ramps collapse under the weight of the many visitors.
In November 2017, Saudi authorities banned
In February 2020, Saudi Arabia temporarily banned foreign pilgrims from entering Mecca and Medina to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the Kingdom.[133] It later temporarily suspended the pilgrimage of Umrah.[134] In June, the Saudi government announced that only "very limited numbers" of pilgrims already resident in Saudi Arabia would be permitted to participate in the Hajj.[20]
Hajj and the Saudi economy
In 2014, Saudi Arabia was expected to have earned up to $8.5 billion from Hajj.[135] Saudi Arabia's highest source of revenue after oil and gas is Hajj and the country is expected to depend more on Hajj as the amounts of available oil and gas for sale decline.[136]
Furthermore, the increase of religious tourism from about 12 million Muslims annually to almost 17 million by 2025 has given rise to increasing luxury hotel businesses in the area to accommodate pilgrims. The
Most pilgrims, from countries such as the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom decide to purchase packages from licensed Hajj agencies in their countries. This helps direct the flow of traffic into the Kingdom and allows for pilgrims to work directly with a business responsible for their services instead of dealing directly with Saudi Arabia's government.[138]
In July 2020, the WSJ reported that following the COVID-19 pandemic, the Saudi authorities have curtailed the five-day event in Mecca to fewer than 10,000 people, already residing in the country. It also said that the hospitality and housing industries that rely entirely on Hajj revenue, will face severe loss of revenue.[139]
In 2022, the Hajj revenues exceeded US$150 billion.[140] Hajj revenues are expected to cross US$350 billion by 2032, according to a report published by The Moodie Davitt.[141]
Number of pilgrims per year
There has been a substantial increase in the number of pilgrims during the last 92 years, and the number of foreign pilgrims has increased by approximately 2,824 percent, from 58,584 in 1920 to 1,712,962 in 2012.[143] Because of development and expansion work at Masjid al-Haram, the authority restricted the number of pilgrims in 2013.[144][145]
Between 1940 and 1945, foreign pilgrims were restricted from arriving in Saudi Arabia as a result of World War II;[146] the pilgrimages in 2020 and 2021 were severely restricted while the country was dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. In the most recent 2023 Hajj, there were 1,845,045 total pilgrims, including about 184,000 Saudis.[147]
The following number of pilgrims arrived in Saudi Arabia each year to perform Hajj:
Gregorian year | Hijri year | Local pilgrims | Foreign pilgrims | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
1920 | 1338 | 58,584[143] | ||
1921 | 1339 | 57,255[143] | ||
1922 | 1340 | 56,319[143] | ||
1950 | 1369 | 100,000 (approx.)[3] | ||
1950s | 150,000 (approx.)[148] | |||
1960s | 300,000 (approx.)[148] | |||
1970s | 700,000 (approx.)[148] | |||
1980s | 900,000 (approx.)[148] | |||
1989 | 1409 | 774,600[149] | ||
1990 | 1410 | 827,200[149] | ||
1991 | 1411 | 720,100[149] | ||
1992 | 1412 | 1,015,700[149] | ||
1993 | 1413 | 992,800[149] | ||
1994 | 1414 | 997,400[149] | ||
1995 | 1415 | 1,046,307[149] | ||
1996 | 1416 | 784,769 | 1,080,465[149][17] | 1,865,234 |
1997 | 1417 | 774,260 | 1,168,591[149][17] | 1,942,851 |
1998 | 1418 | 699,770 | 1,132,344 | 1,832,114[149][150] |
1999 | 1419 | 775,268 | 1,056,730 | 1,831,998 |
2000 | 1420 | 466,430[151] | 1,267,355 | 1,733,785[151] |
2001 | 1421 | 440,808 | 1,363,992 | 1,804,800[152] |
2002 | 1422 | 590,576 | 1,354,184 | 1,944,760 |
2003 | 1423 | 493,230 | 1,431,012 | 1,924,242[153] |
2004 | 1424 | 473,004[154] | 1,419,706[155] | 1,892,710[154] |
2005 | 1425 | 1,030,000 (approx.) | 1,534,769 | 2,560,000 (approx.)[156] |
2006 | 1426 | 573,147 | 1,557,447 | 2,130,594[157] |
2006 | 1427 | 724,229 | 1,654,407 | 2,378,636[158] |
2007 | 1428 | 746,511 | 1,707,814 | 2,454,325[159][160] |
2008 | 1429 | 1,729,841[18] | ||
2009 | 1430 | 154,000 | 1,613,000 | 2,521,000[161] |
2010 | 1431 | 989,798 | 1,799,601 | 2,854,345[162] |
2011 | 1432 | 1,099,522 | 1,828,195 | 2,927,717[163] |
2012 | 1433 | 1,408,641 | 1,752,932 | 3,161,573[19] |
2013 | 1434 | 600,718[164] | 1,379,531[165] | 1,980,249[164] |
2014 | 1435 | 696,185[164] | 1,389,053[166] | 2,085,238[164] |
2015 | 1436 | 567,876[164] | 1,384,941[167] | 1,952,817[164] |
2016 | 1437 | 537,537[168] | 1,325,372[168] | 1,862,909[168] |
2017 | 1438 | 600,108 | 1,752,014 | 2,352,122[16] |
2018 | 1439 | 612,953 | 1,758,722 | 2,371,675[169] |
2019 | 1440 | 634,379 | 1,855,027 | 2,489,406[170] |
2020 | 1441 | 1,000[171] | ||
2021 | 1442 | 58,745[172][173] | 0[172] | 58,745[173] |
2022 | 1443 | 119,434[174] | 779,919[174] | 899,353[174] |
2023 | 1444 | 184,000[147] | 1,845,045[147] |
Gallery
-
Pilgrim in supplication at the Al-Masjid Al-Haram in Mecca.
-
The largest Jamarah (pillar) these pillars depict the evils in Islam and are stoned by the devotees.
-
Pilgrims visiting the well of Zamzam.
-
Mount Safa within the Al-Masjid Al-Haram in Mecca.
-
Mount Marwah within the Al-Masjid Al-Haram in Mecca.
-
Tents at Mina.
-
Mount Arafat during Ḥajj with Pilgrims supplicating.
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Mount Arafat, a few miles away from Mecca.
See also
References
Notes
- ^ The verses read: "And remember that Abraham was tried by his Lord with certain commands, which he fulfilled.... Remember We made the House a place of assembly for men and a place of safety, and take ye the station of Abraham as a place of prayer; and We covenanted with Abraham and Ishmael, that they should sanctify My House for those who compass it round or use it as a retreat, or bow, or prostrate themselves (therein in prayer).... And remember Abraham and Ishmael raised the foundations of the House (2:124–127)" and "And proclaim the Pilgrimage among men: they will come to thee on foot and (mounted) on every kind of camel, through deep and distant mountain highways, that they may witness the benefits (provided) for them, and celebrate the name of Allah, through the Days appointed, over the cattle which He has provided for them (for sacrifice): then eat ye thereof and feed the distressed one, the needy. Then let them complete the rites prescribed for them, perform their vows, and (again) circumambulate the Ancient House." (22:27–29)
- ISBN 1-86207-906-4.]
- ^ For example, one such Hadith says Abu Huraira quoted Muhammad as saying: "Whoever performs Hajj for God's pleasure and does not have sexual relations with his wife, and does not do evil or sins then he will return (after Hajj free from all sins) as if he were born anew."Sahih al-Bukhari, 2:26:596
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Further reading
- Bianchi, Robert R. (2004). Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517107-5.
- ISBN 978-0-8090-7609-3.
- Khan, Qaisra (2014). "Hajj & 'Umra". In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. I. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 239–245. OCLC 857754274.
- Patler, Nicholas (2017). From Mecca to Selma: Malcolm X, Islam, and the Journey tnto the American Civil Rights Movement. The Islamic Monthly. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-904950-29-5.
External links
- Hajj: a Cultural History – online exhibition
- Mapping Faith: The Pilgrimage to Mecca – CNN interactive feature
- Virtual Hajj by PBS
- The Hajj Goes High Tech –Time magazine photo essay
- Sequence of Hajj explained through Google Earth Archived 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- https://english.alarabiya.net/News/saudi-arabia/2023/06/21/Over-1-3-million-pilgrims-have-arrived-in-Saudi-Arabia-for-Hajj}}