Haketia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Haketia
Hakitia, Haquitía, Western Judeo-Spanish
North African Sephardic Jews
Native speakers
1000 (2023)
Early forms
Dialects
speech communities
in the Mediterranean. Ringed circles represent modern speech communities. Haketia is spoken on the southwest Mediterranean.
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Haketia (

Arabic: حاكيتية; Spanish: Haquetía) (also written as Hakitia or Haquitía) is an endangered Jewish Romance language also known as Djudeo Spañol, Ladino Occidental, or Western Judaeo-Spanish. It was historically spoken by the North African Sephardim[2] in the Moroccan cities of Tétouan, Tangier, Asilah, Larache, Chefchaouen, Ksar el-Kebir, and the Spanish towns of Ceuta and Melilla. Tetuani Ladino was also spoken in Oran, Algeria. One of the distinctions between Ladino
and Haketia (Haquetia) is that the latter incorporates Arabic.

Etymology

The name "Haketia" derived from the Arabic حكى ḥaká, "tell",[3] and is therefore pronounced with IPA: [ħ], reflecting the Arabic ḥāʾ ح. In some places it is written "Jaquetía" with the same pronunciation.

Description

The well-known form of Judaeo-Spanish spoken by Jews living in the Balkans, Greece, Turkey and Jerusalem is Ladino Oriental (eastern Ladino). Haketia may be described by contrast as Ladino Occidental. The language is a variety of Spanish that borrows heavily from Judeo-Moroccan Arabic. It evidently also contains a number of words of Hebrew origin and was originally written using Hebrew letters. There is some cultural resemblance between the two Judaeo-Spanish dialect communities, including a rich shared stock of romanzas (ballads) from medieval Spain, though both words and music often differ in detail (as indeed they do between one Oriental-Sephardic community and another).

The Haketia lexicon is made up mostly of Spanish words but 34.5% of words are from Arabic and 18.5% are from Hebrew. It contains many calques of Hebrew phrases, such as hiĵas de Israel, a literal translation of the Hebrew phrase בנות ישראל, meaning "daughters of Israel".[4]

Other words have shifted in meaning. For example, שכן [ʃaˈχen], "neighbor", became sajén, which has taken on the meaning "Christian/Spanish".[4]

Spanish prefixes and suffixes are combined with Hebrew base words.[4]

Modern use

Haketia, unlike other varieties of Judaeo-Spanish, did not develop a literary tradition, so the language remained as a colloquial form of communication and was not used as a vehicle for formal education since in

Spanish Morocco, Spanish was used, along with French, at the Alliance Israélite Universelle schools. Due to the influence of the Spanish and French conquests and the large number of Jews from northern Morocco who emigrated to Venezuela, Spain and later Argentina, the language was levelled with modern Spanish, which has contributed greatly to its extinction. Nevertheless, there has been a slow renaissance of the language, helped by musicians such as Doris Benmaman [lad], Mor Karbasi and Kol Oud Tof Trio [lad], among others. Jose Benoliel [lad] and Alegría Bendayán de Bendelac have both compiled Spanish-Haketía[5] dictionaries, published in 1977 and 1995, respectively. The Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies [lad] regularly publishes articles in Haketia in its magazine Maguen-Escudo.[6] The language is also spoken in some communities in the Amazon areas of Brazil.[7]

Scholarship

Joseph Benoliel collected oral tradition, grammar, and a lexicon. Alegria Bendelac conducted fieldwork.[8] Nina Pinto-Abecasis collected folklore.[9]

Status

Decline began as early as 1860 during the Spanish occupation of Tetuan and accelerated as a increasing share of Haketia speakers adopted Modern Spanish. Today Haketia is a declining language with only 1000 speakers remaining, down from 30,000 in 1900.[4]

References

  1. ^ Cunha (2009), p. 11.
  2. ^ Sisso Raz, Alicia. "La Haketía". Voces de Haketia (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2017-09-21. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
  3. OCLC 5982985.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  4. ^ a b c d "Haketia". Jewish Languages. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
  5. ^ "Haketía: El Djudeo-Espagnol de la Afrika del Nord". Anajnu.cl. Archived from the original on 2020-01-07.
  6. ^ Moreno, Aviad (14 October 2016). "Maguén-Escudo". Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  7. ^ Cunha, Álvaro (2012). Hakitia: o judeu-árabe na Amazônia. São Paulo: Sapientia.
  8. ^ "Haketia". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
  9. S2CID 147182606. Archived
    from the original on 2023-03-27. Retrieved 2023-03-30.

Bibliography

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haketia&oldid=1217600135"