Hakkâri Province

Coordinates: 37°27′58″N 44°03′52″E / 37.46611°N 44.06444°E / 37.46611; 44.06444
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Hakkari Province
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For the historical Assyrian/Ottoman region, see Hakkari (historical region).
Hakkâri Province
Province
The river Great Zab in Hakkâri Province
The river Great Zab in Hakkâri Province
Location of the province within Turkey
Location of the province within Turkey
CountryTurkey
SeatHakkâri
Government
 • GovernorAli Çelik
Area
7,095 km2 (2,739 sq mi)
Population
 (2023)[1]
287,625
 • Density41/km2 (100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Area code0438
Websitewww.hakkari.gov.tr

Hakkâri Province (pronounced [hacːaːɾi], Turkish: Hakkâri ili; Kurdish: Parêzgeha Colemêrg[2]), is a province in the southeast of Turkey.[3] The administrative centre is the city of Hakkâri. Its area is 7,095 km2,[4] and its population is 287,625 (2023).[1] The current Governor is Ali Çelik.[5] The province encompasses 8 municipalities, 140 villages and 313 hamlets.[3]

The province is a stronghold for

Kurdish–Turkish conflict.[6][7]

Districts

Districts of Hakkâri province

Hakkâri province is divided into five districts (capital district in bold):

Demographics

Hakkari Province is located in

Tyari.[12] Relations between Assyrians and Kurds have been described as a 'tense coexistence' due to the ability to coexist despite the recurring disputes over land and life stock, and robbery of each other and of travelers. Assyrian resentment in the region was more directed towards the Ottomans than the Kurds, due to the Ottoman hostility towards the Christian minority, viewing them as a disloyal non-Muslim component.[13]

Hakkari Sanjak, part of Van vilayet, had a population of 5,896 in 1881-1882 of which 81.9% was Muslim and 18.1% Christian.[14]

In the 1945 census, 98.8% of the population was Muslim, while

Kurdish as first language, while the second largest first language was Turkish at 9%.[18] In the subsequent census of 1955, Kurdish constituted the first language for 88.4% of the population and Turkish for 11.5%. The same census found 100% of the population to be Muslim.[19] Kurdish and Turkish remained the two largest first languages in the 1960 census for 80.7% and 19.2% of the population, respectively.[20] As with the previous census, Muslims constituted 100% of the population.[21] In the last census conducted in Turkey in 1965, Kurdish remained the largest first language with 86.2%, while Turkish remained the second largest first language at 12.3%.[22] 99.1% of the population was Muslim and 0.8% was Christian in 1965.[23]

In 1980, the only language spoken in rural parts was Kurdish while both Kurdish and Turkish were spoken in urban areas, due to the presence of military and civil officials from other parts of Turkey.[24]

History

In the 14th century,

Nisibis. The head of the Church of the East moved from Baghdad to Maragheh by 1553.[25]

Ottoman control

Main article: Emirate of Hakkâri

Although the region was nominally under

Van Vilayet during the Ottoman era as Hakkari sanjak with Başkale serving as capital, except from 1880 to 1888 where it was elevated to vilayet status.[13] As of 1920, Hakkari was producing lead. The lead, which came from a government owned mine, was used to make bullets.[30]

Massacres of Badr Khan

Main article:
Massacres of Badr Khan

In the 19th century, several competing Kurdish centers began emerging in the region. Mir Muhammed, the Kurdish Emir of the

Persian Azerbaijan.[31] He was however defeated in battle when he tried to subdue the Assyrians of Hakkari in 1838. The Ottomans, seeking to consolidate their control of the region, engaged him in a costly war which eventually led to the dissolution of his Emirate.[32] After the fall of his main rival, Bedir Khan Beg of Bohtan sought to extend his dominion by annexing the Assyrian regions in Hakkari.[33] He took advantage of a rift between the patriarch Shimun XVII Abraham and Nur Allah, the Emir of Hakkari. Bedir Khan allied with Nur Allah and attacked the Assyrians of Hakkari in the summer of 1843, massacring them and taking those who survived as slaves. Another massacre was inflicted in 1846 on the Tyari tribe, also residing in Hakkari. The western powers, alarmed by the massacres pressured the Ottomans to intervene and the Emir of Bohtan was ultimately defeated and exiled to Crete in 1847.[34]

Genocide and exodus

On the eve of the First World War, patriarch

labour battalions and later executed.[38]

The turning point was when the patriarch's brother was taken prisoner as he was studying in Constantinople. The Ottomans demanded Assyrian neutrality and executed him as a warning.[39][40] In return, the patriarch declared war on the Ottomans on 10 April 1915.[39]

The Assyrians were immediately attacked by Kurdish irregulars backed by the Ottomans, driving most of the Assyrians of Hakkari to the mountain tops, as those who stayed in their villages were killed.

Russian control, and tried to persuade them to send a relief force to the besieged Assyrians.[39] When the Russians replied that the request was unreasonable, he returned to Hakkari and led the surviving 50,000 Assyrians through the mountains to safety in Urmia.[39] Thousands perished from cold and hunger during this march.[39] In 1924, Turkey expelled the last Christian inhabitants in the region.[41]

In Turkey

In order to

Democrat Party.[47] Hakkari though was still banned for foreign citizens until 1965.[45]

From July 1987 to August 2002 Hakkari was within the

OHAL state of emergency region.[48] It was Governed by a so-called Supergovernor, who was invested with additional powers than a normal Governor. He was given authority over all the other provincial Governors in the OHAL area and also the power to permanently relocate and resettle the village's population.[49]

Historical population

Population history of the province from 1927 to 2023:[50][51][52]

Population
YearPop.±%
192725,016—    
193533,109+32.4%
194036,446+10.1%
194535,124−3.6%
195044,207+25.9%
195554,824+24.0%
196067,766+23.6%
196583,937+23.9%
1970102,312+21.9%
1975126,036+23.2%
YearPop.±%
1980155,463+23.3%
1985182,645+17.5%
1990172,479−5.6%
2000236,581+37.2%
2007246,469+4.2%
2010251,302+2.0%
2015278,775+10.9%
2020280,514+0.6%
2023287,625+2.5%

See also

Bibliography

  • ISBN 978-1-60497-583-3
  • Alexander, V (1994) [1994], The First Civilization, Victor Alexander,
    ISBN 978-1-4486-7089-5
  • Dündar, Fuat (2000), Türkiye nüfus sayımlarında azınlıklar (in Turkish),
    ISBN 9789758086771
  • ISBN 978-1-59333-301-0
  • McDowall, D (2000), A modern history of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris,
    ISBN 978-1-85043-416-0
    .
  • ISBN 978-0-7864-1375-1
    .
  • Stafford, R (2006) [1935], The Tragedy of the Assyrians, Gorgias Press,
    ISBN 978-1-59333-413-0

References

  1. ^
    TÜİK
    . Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  2. ^ "Li Colemêrgê boriyên gaza xwezayî hatin danîn" (in Kurdish). Rûdaw. 23 July 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri". T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  4. ^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  5. ^ "Yöneticilerimiz". Hakkari Valiliği. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  6. ^ Birch, Nicholas (21 May 2010). "PKK's Nihilism Fostering Divisions among Turkey's Kurds". Eurasia.
  7. ISBN 9780812290301
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  8. ISBN 9781856493291
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  9. ISBN 9780295990507
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  10. ^ "124 - Proche-Orient, géopolitique de la crise (premier trimestre 2007) Le Kurdistan irakien". Hérodote (in French). 2007.
  11. ISBN 978-975-343-220-7
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  12. ISBN 9780226145457
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  13. ^ a b Coakley, James F. "Hakkari". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  14. ISBN 9780299091606
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  15. ^ Dündar (2000), p. 176.
  16. ^ Dündar (2000), p. 177.
  17. ^ Özgen, Özden (2016). "Hakkari bölgesinde yaşamış dini topluluklar". İnsan Kaynakları ve Eğitim Müdürü (in Turkish): 48.
  18. ^ Dündar (2000), p. 186.
  19. ^ Dündar (2000), pp. 197–198.
  20. ^ Dündar (2000), p. 207.
  21. ^ Dündar (2000), p. 211.
  22. ^ Dündar (2000), p. 218.
  23. ^ Dündar (2000), p. 222.
  24. ^ Peter Alfred, Andrews; Benninghaus, Rüdiger, eds. (1989). Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey. p. 212.
  25. ^ Alexander 1994, p. 36
  26. ^ Aboona 2008, p. 2.
  27. ISBN 978-0-907132-32-5
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  28. ISBN 9781477311073
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  29. ^ Aboona 2008, p. 3
  30. ^ Prothero, W. G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 71.
  31. ^ Aboona 2008, p. 173
  32. ^ Aboona 2008, p. 174
  33. ^ Aboona 2008, p. 179
  34. ^ McDowall 2000, p. 47
  35. ^ Stafford 2006, p. 23
  36. ^ Stafford 2006, p. 24
  37. ^ Gaunt & Beṯ-Şawoce 2006, p. 134
  38. ^ Gaunt & Beṯ-Şawoce 2006, p. 136
  39. ^ a b c d e f Stafford 2006, p. 25
  40. ^ Yusuf, Malik. "The Assyrian Tragedy". www.aina.org. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
  41. ^ Nisan 2002, p. 188
  42. ^ Üngör, Umut. "Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. pp. 244–247. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  43. ^ Aydogan, Erdal. "Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliği'nin Kurulması ve III. Umumî Müfettiş Tahsin Uzer'in Bazı Önemli Faaliyetleri". Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  44. ^
    ISBN 978-1-317-09579-8
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  45. ^
    ISBN 978-90-04-15557-2
    .
  46. ^ Umut, Üngör. "Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. p. 258. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  47. ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3
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  48. ^ "Case of Dogan and others v. Turkey" (PDF). p. 21. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  49. ISBN 978-90-47-42011-8
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  50. ^ Genel nüfus sayımı 2000: Hakkari (in Turkish). T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü. 2002. p. 45.
  51. ^ "Genel Nüfus Sayımları" (in Turkish). Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  52. ^ "Address Based Population Registration System Results". Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (in Turkish). Retrieved 15 February 2023.

Further reading

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