Hakodate
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (January 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
Hakodate
函館市 | |
---|---|
Goryokaku, Hakodate Orthodox Church, Night View from Mount Hakodate , Goryokaku Tower, Hachiman-Zaka and Hakodate Port | |
UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time) | |
Phone number | 0138-21-3111 |
Address | 4-13 Shinonome-chō, Hakodate-shi, Hokkaidō 040-8666 |
Climate | Dfa |
Website | www |
Symbols | |
Bird | Varied tit |
Fish | Squid |
Flower | Azalea |
Tree | Japanese yew |
Hakodate (函館市, Hakodate-shi) (formerly written as Hakodadi) is a
History
Hakodate was Japan's first city whose port was opened to foreign trade in 1854, as a result of Convention of Kanagawa, and used to be the most important port in northern Japan. Also, the city had been the biggest city in Hokkaido before Great Fire of Hakodate in 1934.
Pre-Meiji restoration
Hakodate (like much of other parts of Hokkaido), was originally populated by the Ainu. They lived in the Oshima Peninsula. The name "Hakodate" may have originated from an Ainu word, "hak-casi" ("shallow fort"). Another possibility is that it means "box" or "building" in Japanese which refers to the castle built by the Kono (Kano) clan in the fifteenth century.[2]
Hakodate was founded in 1454, when Kono Kaganokami Masamichi constructed a large manor house in the Ainu fishing village of Usukeshi, the word for bay in Ainu.
After his death, Masamichi's son, Kono Suemichi, and family were driven out of Hakodate into nearby
Hakodate flourished during the
In 1779, the
-
Lithograph entitled "View of Hakodate from Snow Peak" looking towards the sea—artist, Wilhelm Heine (1856)
-
Port of Hakodate map c. 1863
Meiji restoration
The port of Hakodate was surveyed by a fleet of five U.S. ships in 1854 under the conditions of the Convention of Kanagawa, as negotiated by Commodore
Hakodate port partially opened to foreign ships for provisioning in the following year and then completely to foreign trade on 2 June 1859 as one of five Japanese open ports designated in the
A mariner in Perry's fleet died during a visit to the area and became the first U.S. citizen to be buried in Japan when he was interred in Hakodate's cemetery for foreigners.
-
Naval Battle of Hakodate (1869)
-
Omachi, one of the neighborhoods in the Hakodate foreign settlement (1880)
-
Port of Hakodate in 1897, by Ogawa Kazumasa
-
Goryōkaku fortress (1866)
-
Kanemori Red Brick Warehouse (1869)
British merchant, naturalist and spy, Thomas Blakiston, took up residence in Hakodate in the summer of 1861 to establish a saw milling business. He stayed in Hakodate until 1884, during which time he documented the local natural environment, equipped the local meteorological station and ran guns to the Boshin War rebels.[5]
As one of few points of Japanese contact with the outside world, Hakodate was soon host to several overseas consulates. The Russian consulate included a chapel from where
Hakodate also played a central role in the
On 14 June 1868, Hakodate was designated as an urban prefecture (府 fu), one of the first two, the other being Kyoto. On February 8, 1882, it was enlarged into Hakodate-ken, and then became part of Hokkaido on January 26, 1886.
The rebels occupied Hakodate's famous European-style
In 1878, Isabella Bird reported of the city in her travelogue:
The streets are very wide and clean, but the houses are mean and low. The city looks as if it had just recovered from a conflagration. The houses are nothing but tinder… Stones, however, are its prominent feature. Looking down upon it from above you see miles of grey boulders, and realise that every roof in the windy capital is "hodden doun" by a weight of paving stones.
20th century to present day
Hakodate was awarded city status on August 1, 1922. On March 21, 1934, a serious fire had destroyed around two-thirds of all the buildings in Hakodate. This event also led to many residents leaving and subsequently depopulating the city.[2] The city escaped most of the ravages of World War II. Areas around Hakodate-yama were fortified and access restricted to the public. Many prisoners of war were interned in Hakodate and historians record a total of 10 camps.[6] The city was subjected to two Allied bombing raids on 14 and 15 July 1945. Around 400 homes were destroyed on the western side of Hakodate-yama and an Aomori-Hakodate ferry was attacked with 400 passengers killed.
In 1976, a defecting Soviet pilot named Viktor Belenko flew his plane into the civilian airport in Hakodate.
Hakodate's size nearly doubled on December 1, 2004, when the town of Minamikayabe (from Kayabe District), and the towns of Esan and Toi, and the village of Todohokke (all from Kameda District), were merged into it.
The Hokkaido Shinkansen line opened on 26 March 2016.[7] The undersea Seikan Tunnel with the Shinkansen rail line greatly reduced the travel time from Honshu to Hakodate.
In April 2023, Jun Ōizumi became the mayor of Hakodate. Ōizumi, the older brother of actor Yo Oizumi, defeated 3-term incumbent Toshiki Kudō, receiving more than 80% of the vote.[8]
-
Hakodate Port circa 1930
-
US Navy Grumman TBF Avenger aircraft dropping bombs on Hakodate during July 1945
Geography
Mount Hakodate was originally an island that was formed by volcanic eruptions millions of years ago.[9] During the course of history a sand bar formed between Mount Hakodate and the peninsula.[9] This landform, which is an example of a tombolo, finished forming in circa 1000 BCE.[9] The tombolo connects the former Hakodate island with the main island Hokkaido to the north.[9] The main central area of Hakodate city is located on the sandbar.[9]
Hakodate is located at the center of Kameda Peninsula. The city is overlooked by
The former Goryōkaku fort is now used in as a public park and is popular in Hokkaido for hanami (cherry blossom viewing). Since April 2006, the park has also featured the tall, white Goryōkaku Tower. Resembling an air traffic control tower, the structure offers a panoramic view of the park, including mainland Japan across the Tsugaru Strait on clear days.
Nearby cities and towns
Mountains
- Mount E (618 m (2,028 ft)): Hokkaido's southernmost volcano
- Mount Hakodate (334 m (1,096 ft))
Rivers
- Kameda River (亀田川, Kameda-gawa)
- Matsukura River (松倉川, Matsukura-gawa)
- Shiodomari River (汐泊川, Shiodomari-gawa)
Cityscape
Hakodate has a cityscape that covers the center of the Kameda peninsula. A narrow land area separates Hakodate Bay to the west from Tsugaru Strait in the south-east side. It is best viewed from the top of Mount Hakodate.
Demographics
The population of Hakodate increased by 402% from 28,825 to 144,749 between 1873 till 1920. Hakodate's population peaked in 1980 at 320,154, but has been gradually in decline due to aging since then.[11]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Census data
Source: Statistics Bureau [1], Japanese Imperial Commission [2] (1873) | |
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, Hakodate's climate is humid continental (Dfb) of warm summer and winters with regular intense blizzards. With an alternate definition, using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm, Hakodate falls in the rare oceanic climate (Cfb) of the east coast of the continents due to the warm current of Tsushima. The warmest month has an average temperature of 22 °C (72 °F). And so the city is the limit of hot summer climates for a city on the immediate coast in Japan (Cfa/Dfa), although appearing in other interior regions of the province.[12] Hakodate has snowy winters and warm, humid summers. Winters are cold for the latitude but milder than much of Hokkaido.
Hakodate features four distinct seasons. The city sees a substantial amount of snowfall during the course of the year, averaging roughly 380 cm (150 in) of snow annually. Spring typically begins with some snowfall, but sees a gradual warming trend as the season progress. Summers are generally warm but not hot, with average high temperatures in the warmest month (August) hovering around 26 °C (79 °F). Fall initially is warm but becomes increasingly colder as the season progress. It is not uncommon to see snowfall in the latter parts of the fall season.
Climate data for Hakodate (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1872−present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 12.5 (54.5) |
13.6 (56.5) |
16.9 (62.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
28.0 (82.4) |
29.1 (84.4) |
33.6 (92.5) |
35.4 (95.7) |
32.6 (90.7) |
27.8 (82.0) |
21.5 (70.7) |
16.3 (61.3) |
35.4 (95.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
5.8 (42.4) |
12.0 (53.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
20.4 (68.7) |
24.1 (75.4) |
25.9 (78.6) |
23.2 (73.8) |
17.1 (62.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
3.2 (37.8) |
13.5 (56.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.4 (27.7) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
1.9 (35.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
12.3 (54.1) |
16.2 (61.2) |
20.3 (68.5) |
22.1 (71.8) |
18.8 (65.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
6.0 (42.8) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
9.4 (48.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.0 (21.2) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
2.8 (37.0) |
8.0 (46.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
17.3 (63.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
14.6 (58.3) |
7.8 (46.0) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
5.5 (41.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −21.7 (−7.1) |
−20.4 (−4.7) |
−18.9 (−2.0) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
2.0 (35.6) |
6.3 (43.3) |
9.0 (48.2) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−12.1 (10.2) |
−19.4 (−2.9) |
−21.7 (−7.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 77.4 (3.05) |
64.5 (2.54) |
64.1 (2.52) |
71.9 (2.83) |
88.9 (3.50) |
79.8 (3.14) |
123.6 (4.87) |
156.5 (6.16) |
150.5 (5.93) |
105.6 (4.16) |
110.8 (4.36) |
94.6 (3.72) |
1,188 (46.77) |
Average snowfall cm (inches) | 91 (36) |
74 (29) |
41 (16) |
2 (0.8) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
18 (7.1) |
79 (31) |
306 (120) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm) | 19.9 | 17.5 | 16.8 | 12.2 | 11.1 | 8.9 | 10.2 | 10.4 | 11.9 | 12.9 | 16.7 | 19.2 | 167.7 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
73 | 71 | 68 | 67 | 73 | 79 | 82 | 81 | 76 | 73 | 71 | 74 | 74 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 103.1 | 117.9 | 158.7 | 186.1 | 198.5 | 172.6 | 134.4 | 148.0 | 160.8 | 163.9 | 109.4 | 91.5 | 1,744.9 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
Source 1: Japan Meteorological Agency[13] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[14] |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
See or edit raw graph data.
Economy
Prior to its dissolution, Air Hokkaido was headquartered in Hakodate.[15] In January 2006, the regional airline Airtransse was headquartered in Hakodate.[16]
Culture and landmarks
In Funami-cho there is the Koryu-ji temple. It's the oldest Buddhist temple (affiliated with the Soto school) in the region which was built in 1633. It was badly damaged during the Boshin War and moved to its current location in 1879. The existing main building was built in 1900.[17][18]
The city is well known for seafood and sushi. Hakodate shio (salt) ramen is also a famous specialty of the city. Shio ramen has a pale, clear, broth made with plenty of salt and any combination of chicken, pork bone, vegetables, fish, and seaweed.[19] On a similar note, Hakodate's city fish is the squid. Hakodate is famous for the restaurant Ikkatei Tabiji, which serves a dish called "dancing squid": - a recently deceased squid is served with soy sauce, the sodium of the soy sauce causes a cadaveric spasm when it is poured over the squid.[20]
Every year (August) the city gets together for the Hakodate Port Festival. Many citizens gather in the streets to dance a wiggly dance known as the Ika-odori (Squid Dance), the name of which describes the dance appropriately. The glowing lights of squid-catching boats can be seen in the waters surrounding the city.[21][22] The bell of Haristos Orthodox Church is one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan.
The Hakodate Fish Market (otherwise known as the Asaichi or the Morning Market) is approximately 10-minute walk from the JR Hakodate Station. It is open daily and boasts hundreds of fish and sea food stands in addition to restaurants. Popular fares include sea urchin and calamari, the famous Japanese snow crab from the famous Hokkaido waters.
- Hakodate Hachiman Shrine
- Mt. Hakodate Ropeway
- Hakodate City Museum
- Hakodate City Museum of Literature
- Hakodate City Museum of Northern Peoples
- Hakodate Museum of Art, Hokkaido
- Hakodate Jōmon Culture Center
- Hakodate Park
- Shinori-date
- Shiryōkaku
- Our Lady of the Angels Trappistine Abbe
Transportation
Hakodate Transportation Bureau operates tram (Light rail) lines.
The Hokkaido Shinkansen opened in March 2016. It currently runs to Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto Station through the Seikan Tunnel from Shin-Aomori Station. The new terminal is 17 km (11 mi) away from Hakodate Station. There are plans to extend the Hokkaido Shinkansen north to Sapporo Station by 2030.
- JR Hokkaido station
- Hakodate Main Line: Hakodate Station - Goryōkaku Station - Kikyō Station
- South Hokkaido Railway Company: Goryōkaku Station
- Hakodate Airport
- Port of Hakodate
- Hokkaido Expressway
Mass Media and Communications
In Hakodate, there are mass media and information and telecommunications providers such as newspaper companies, TV broadcasters, community broadcasters, and cable TV operators.
Newspapers
- Hakodate Newspaper
Television Broadcastings
- NHK Hakodate Broadcasting Station
- HBC Hakodate Broadcasting Station
- STV Hakodate Broadcasting Station
Community Broadcasting
- FM Iruka
Cable TV
- NCV Hakodate Center
Education
Universities
National
- Hokkaido University, Hakodate Campus
- Hokkaido University of Education, Hakodate Campus
Public
Private
- Hakodate University
- Hakodate Junior College
- Hakodate Otani College
- Russia Kyokutou University Hakodate school
Colleges
National
High schools
Public
- Hokkaido Hakodate Chubu High School
- Hokkaido Hakodate Nishi High School
- Hokkaido Hakodate Ryohoku High School
- Hokkaido Hakodate Technical High School
- Hokkaido Hakodate Commercial High School
- Hokkaido Minamikayabe High School
- Hokkaido Toi High School
- Hakodate City High School
Private
- Hakodate La Salle Junior High School & Senior High School
- Hakodate Shirayuri Gakuen Junior High School & Senior High School
- Hakodate Otani High School
- Iai Joshi Women's Academy
- Otsuma High School
- Seisho Gakuin High School
- Hakuryo High School affiliated with Hakodate University
- Yuto High School affiliated with Hakodate University
Sister cities
- Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (since 1982)[23][24]
- Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai, Russia (since 1992)
- City of Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia (since 1992)
- Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Sakhalin Oblast, Russia (since 1997)
- Singapore, since 1992 (Treaty of Friendship)[25]
- Tianjin, China (since 2001)
- Gyeonggi-do, South Korea (since 2011)
Notable people
- Kazuo Ohno, Butoh dancer
- Saburō Kitajima, singer
- Glay, rock/pop band
- Juran Hisao, mystery writer
- Kōhan Kawauchi, screenwriter
- Hidemi Kon, literary critic
- Naoko Matsui, voice actress
- Kogo Noda, screenwriter
- Hideko Takamine, actress
- Nihongo: 倉持 有希, Kuramochi Yuki)
- Nihongo: 小鹿 信也, Koshika Shinya)
- Nihongo: 中島洋平, Nakajima Yōhei)
- Gorô Naya, voice actor
References
- ^ "Where is Hakodate, Japan?". worldatlas.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
- ^ ISBN 1-884964-04-4.
- ^ Capitalism from Within: Economy, Society, and the State in a Japanese Fishery Archived 2020-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, David L. Howell, University of California Press 1995, retrieved 29 June 2007
- ^ City of Hakodate official website Archived 2007-06-01 at the Wayback Machine, loaded 3 April 2007
- ^ Japan in Yezo, Thomas Wright Blakiston, Yokohama: Japan Gazette, 1883. Online excerpts Archived 2007-07-06 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 12 July 2007.
- ^ Hakodate POW Camp Group: Camp Histories 1942 TO 1945 Archived 2007-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, Center for Research Allied Pows under the Japanese, loaded 29 June 2007.
- ^ 北海道新幹線開業は来年3月26日 JRが最終調整 [Hokkaido Shinkansen to open on 26 March next year - JR Hokkaido makes final adjustments]. Doshin (in Japanese). Japan: The Hokkaido Shimbun Press. 12 August 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
- ^ "Brother of Popular TV Personality Set to Become Mayor of Hakodate". Yomiuri Shimbun. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "Travel Hakodate, History". Hakodate.travel. February 15, 2017. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020.
- ^ "About Mt. Hakodate - Hokkaido Travel Guide | Planetyze". Planetyze. Archived from the original on 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
- ^ "Statistics Bureau (Japan)". Archived from the original on 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
- ^ "Koppen Climate Classification" (PDF).
- ^ 気象庁 / 平年値(年・月ごとの値. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ "Hakodate, Japan – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ "会社案内." Air Hokkaido. June 11, 2004. Retrieved on May 20, 2009.
- ^ "会社概要." Airtransse. January 6, 2006. Retrieved on May 20, 2009.
- ^ "Koryu-ji Temple". hakodate.travel. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- ^ Youhei, Misaka (8 April 2018). "Koryu-ji Shows the Boshin War in Silence". Made in Japan Only. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- ^ Young, Davey (7 October 2017). "Hokkaido's Hakodate is heaven for gourmands of all stripes". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
- ^ "WATCH: How Is This Dead Squid Dancing?". HuffPost. 2013-02-12. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
- ^ "The Squid Dance of Hakodate". Taiken Japan. 20 March 2015. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
- ^ "4 charming summer festivals in Hakodate and southern Hokkaido". Hokkaido-Labo. 6 July 2017. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
- ^ "Sister Cities and Friendship City of Hakodate". Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
- ^ "Twin City Hakodate Japan". Halifax Municipal Archives. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
- ^ T, G Z (15 December 2017). "Merlion stands guard in Hakodate". mothership.sg. Mothership. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
Hakodate City has had a long-time friendship with Singapore, which began in 1992.