Haldia Port

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Haldia Port
Syama Prasad Mukherjee Port Authority, Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Government of India
Type of harbourLarger river port/sea port
Size6,367 acres (25.77 km2)
No. of berths12
No. of wharfs6
Draft depth9 metres (30 ft) (Maximum)
Water depth12.5 metres (41 ft)
Statistics
Annual cargo tonnage49.54 million tonnes (2023-2024)[1][2][3]
Annual container volume1,07,182 TEUs (2022-2023)[4]
Net income₹632 crore (US$79 million) (2022–23)[5]

Haldia Port, officially Haldia Dock Complex (HDC),[6][7] is a port on the river bank of the confluence of the Haldi River and the Hooghly River. The port is located on the west bank of the Hooghly River at Haldia in West Bengal, about 121 km (75 mi) from the deep sea (sandheads), 45 kilometres (28 mi) upstream from Pilotage Station and 104 km (65 mi) downstream of Kolkata. It developed in independent India in the 1960s, and officially began operations in 1977 as an associate port of the Port of Kolkata. The dock system of the port consists of a lock and riverside jetties. Haldia port mainly handles fully loaded Handy size (not Handymax) – carriers of 28,000–40,000 DWT – vessels; but the port has a maximum draft depth of 9 metres (30 ft) and can accommodate vessels up to 230 metres (750 ft) in length.

The Haldia Port or Haldia Dock Complex belonging to Shyamaprasad Mukherjee Port (Kolkata) has a vast hinterland consists of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Northeast India, and India's landlocked neighbors of Nepal and Bhutan. The port mainly transports bulk cargo; according to data for the financial year 2022–23, the port was able to handle 48.6 million metric tons of cargo, most of which was transported to states like West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. In terms of bulk cargo volume, the port was India's fifth busiest port in 2023 along with Kolkata Dock System managed by Shyamaprasad Mukherjee Port (Kolkata).

Location and meteorology

Haldia port is 8 meters above sea level and is located at 21.20 north and 88.00 east.[8][9] It is 156 nautical miles (289 km; 180 mi) north of Paradip Port by sea and river route,[10] and 104 kilometres (65 mi) south of Kolkata Dock System by river route. The port is situated about 121 kilometres (75 mi) north of the deep sea (Sandhead) and 40 kilometres (25 mi) inland from the Bay of Bengal by river. It is developed on the western bank of the Hooghly River at the confluence of the Hooghly and Haldi rivers in the Tamluk subdivision of Purba Medinipur district in the southern part of the state of West Bengal in eastern India.[9]

The Haldia port is located on the eastern coast of India in the Lower Gangetic Plain which is part of a flat plain known as the Gangetic Plain; the land slope is fairly flat. Haldia has seasonal temperature variations; April and May are the warmest months, while December and January are the coldest months. The highest temperature recorded so far is 44.90°C (May) and the lowest temperature is 6.90°C (December), which was recorded in 1975. The port area receives most of its seasonal rainfall from the southwest monsoon from June to September, with an average rainfall of 250 mm. Occasionally, cyclones formed in the Bay of Bengal hit the coast. Average monthly rainfall is less than 50 mm from November to February under the influence of northwest monsoon.[9]

It is situated on alluvial plain, mainly formed from silt carried by the Hooghly and Haldi rivers. The area surrounding the port falls under Seismic Zone III indicating a moderate risk of earthquakes. As there is no natural harbour, the dock is constructed by excavating the land along the river. The maximum depth is up to 12.5 metres (41 ft) and the soil in the dock entrance basin is mainly composed of silt. Visibility in the harbor area is good throughout the year and low visibility is usually associated with heavy rains caused by the southwest monsoon. On average, there are five to seven morning fogs every month from November to February.[9]

History

Background

The Kolkata dock system was unable to handle large sea-going vessels due to the low navigability of the

crude oil and petroleum products needed for the Barauni refinery built in the 1960s, which fueled plans to build a new port.[11]

Calcutta Port Commissioners: Till 1975

In the initial period, the then Chief Minister Dr. Bidhanchandra Roy selected

shiping channel.[11] In 1959, the project report for the new port was prepared but was delayed due to some technical problems. The master plan envisaged the construction of a Trishula shaped dock included two entrances with lock, 47 berths, two oil jetties on the river bank and two large dry docks.[12]

Due to its proximity to the Bay of Bengal, Haldia was designed in the early 1960s to accommodate large ships. In the late 1960s, the Haldia was first developed as a river port. Construction for the dock began in 1967. In the first phase, only 7 berths and a single oil jetty were taken under construction. Construction of the first oil jetty began in 1965, which was completed in 1968 with a pipeline connecting it to the Barauni refinery.[12]

In 1966, Calcutta Port Commissioners entrusted dredging work under Haldia Port project to Ivan Milutinnovic – PIM; the company had successfully completed dredging for the Paradip port project.[13] ₹2.86 crore was paid to the company under the dredging contract. The contract involved the dredging of 1.5 million cubic meters of silt in front of the oil jetty, at approaches to the lock-gate and the dock. The dredged silt was deposited in low-lying land near the docks. The dredging work was supposed to start in 1966 and finish in 1969, but the dredgers of the Dutch company were deployed from 1973 to 1975. The daily rent for dredging was fixed at ₹1.49 lakh. The Dredger Ham-308 was deployed at Auckland (a Submerged Sandbars on the Hooghly River) and the Dredger Delta Bay at Middleton (another Submerged Sandbars on the Hooghly River). The proposed estimate was that dredging 76 million cubic meters of sediment would provide 12.2 metres (40 ft) of navigability for 320 days a year, and dredging 30 million cubic meters of sediment would provide 10.67 m of navigability throughout the year.[13]

Calcutta Port Trust: 1975–present

Finally in 1977, the Port gained momentum with the opening of the Haldia Dock Complex.[12] Haldia Dock Complex, a modern dock complex of Kolkata Port Trust, was set up in 1977 to handle larger vessels, carrying bulk cargo with optimum economy. Cargo projection for the first financial year (1975-76) at Haldia Dock Complex was 21 million metric tonnes, which is 2.5 times more than the Kolkata dock system.[14]

The Dutch dredging company had dredged 50 million cubic meters of silt up to 1977, at a total cost of ₹ 26 crore. By 1978, the total amount of dredging was 82 million cubic metres, including 50 million cubic meters at Auckland, 21 million cubic meters at Jellingham and 11 million cubic meters at Midleton. However, despite dredging above the estimated value, the improvement in navigability was not consistent. The Haldia project was designed for a draft of 12.2 metres (40 ft), but even after more dredging than required, the draft did not exceed 9.67 metres (31.7 ft). As a result, Capital dredging has stopped; later dredging continued only for channel maintenance.[13]

Later,

eastern India in the following decades. Thus, long before the Economic liberalisation was adopted by the Government of India in the early 1990s, the Haldia port and industrial area became an oasis for private entrepreneurs and foreign capital.[15]

The

Kolkata Port Trust launched a floating jetty known as Haldia Floating Terminal under Haldia Dock Complex in March 2018. It is capable of discharging cargo from 10-12 thousand DWT barges/mini bulk carriers; the annual capacity is 4 million metric tons.[16]

Dock system

Outside lock gate

Oil jetty

MT Clearocean Ajax With 48,111 MT of Naphtha anchored at Haldia Oil Jetty-III.

Liquid cargos at Haldia port are primarily handling by three oil jetties on the west bank of the Hooghly River, which have a draft of 12.5 metres (41 ft). These oil jetties are known as Haldia Oil Jetty I (HOJ-I), Haldia Oil Jetty II (HOJ-I) and Haldia Oil Jetty III (HOJ-III). According to the construction design and infrastructure, HOJ-I is capable of handling tankers up to 89,000 DWT, and HOJ-II and HOJ-III of up to 1,50,000 DWT. The distance between the two outermost mooring dolphins at HOJ-I is 290 metres (950 ft), allowing vessels with a maximum length of 200 meters and a minimum length of 84 metres (276 ft). On the other hand, the distance between the two outermost mooring dolphins at HOJ-II and HOJ-III is 330 metres (1,080 ft) and 345 metres (1,132 ft) respectively; these Oil Jettys allow berthing of vessels with a maximum length of 250 metres (820 ft) and a minimum length of 160 metres (520 ft).[17]

There are three oil jetties with an annual capacity of 10.7 million tons of liquid cargos, Of which HOJ-I, HOJ-II and HOJ-III are able to handling 2.6 million tons, 3.7 million tons and 4.4 million tons of liquid cargos annually respectively.

liquid ammonia, FO, various chemicals and edible oils are transported through the three jetties.[17]

Outer terminal-II

Outer Terminal-II is located in the river between lock-gate and HOJ-II. The berth or jetty of the terminal consists of 4 mooring dolphins and a service deck. The distance between the two outermost mooring dolphins is 270 metres (890 ft), while the distance between the inner mooring and the outermost mooring dolphin is 55 metres (180 ft) and the distance between the inner mooring and centre line of the jetty is 80 metres (260 ft). The service deck is 12 metres (39 ft) long and 16 metres (52 ft) wide, and has a height of 8.70 metres (28.5 ft) above the water line (CD). The terminal is capable of accommodating vessels up to 9 metres (30 ft) in draft and 185 metres (607 ft) in length. As per construction design and infrastructure, Outer Terminal-II is capable of handling tankers of maximum size of 40,000 DWT. It mainly handling edible oil.[18]

Floating cargo handling terminal

The floating cargo handling terminal has infrastructure to handle barges and mini bulk ships, and its jetty is capable of handling 10,000-12,000 DWT vessels. The terminal has a 66 metres (217 ft) long berth, with 3 mooring dolphins. Cargo Transloading from large vessels to small vessels at deep sea and Sagar anchorages is transported to this terminal and unloaded. The cargos are transported from the jetty to the riverside yard through conveyor belts. The terminal's jetty has a minimum water depth of 8 metres (26 ft), which can easily handle mini bulk ships. The terminal is capable of handling 2.55 million tonnes of cargos annually.[17][19]

Impounded dock

The port's impounded dock is enclosed by lock-gate, and mainly bulk cargos and containers are handle here. The maximum depth of water in the dock basin is 12.5 meters (41 ft), providing the ability to anchorage for ships up to 277 meters (909 ft) long. The average depth of the channel from the pilot station to the dock is 8.3 m (27 ft); therefore, the dock is capable of anchoring ships up to 230 meters (750 ft) long. The lock-gate of the dock is 330 metres (1,080 ft) long and 39 metres (128 ft) wide. Along with the lock-gate there is a jetty known as the approach jetty parallel to the banks of the Hooghly River, which primarily provides mooring facilities to ships before entering the lock-gate. The dock has only one turning basin, which is 545 meters in diameter.[17][20]

The impounded dock has a total of 14 berths, out of which 3 berths are fully mechanized for cargo handling. Berths at the dock include 6 dry bulk cargo berths, 3 liquid cargo berths, 3 multipurpose berths and 2 dedicated container berths. Berths are identified by numbers, which can range from 2 to 13. Dry cargo handling facilities are available at Berths No. 2, No. 4, No. 4A, No. 4B, No. 8 and No. 13, of which No. 4 and No. 4A handle cargo through fully mechanized systems. There are two Mobile Harbor Cranes (MHC) at Berth No. 2 for loading and unloading of goods on Panamax and Handymax vessels and sufficient number of equipment like dumpers, pay loaders and bulldozers required for handling goods at the terminal.[17]

Berth No. 3, Berth No. 9 and Berth No. 12 are used as multi-purpose berths, the three berths collectively known as multi-purpose terminal. Dry bulk cargo, clean dry bulk cargo and break-bulk cargo are handling through the terminal. Berth No. 3 has facilities for loading/unloading of dry bulk as well as break-bulk cargo, cargo loading/unloading is mainly done using ship's gear. Edible oil is also handled through pipelines laid at this berth. Berth No. 9 has dry bulk cargo loading/unloading facilities, while Berth No. 12 has semi-mechanized infrastructure for cargo loading/unloading, equipped with mobile harbor cranes, hoppers etc. Operations on shore are carried out with dumpers, payloaders etc. Berths No. 9 and Berth No. 12 each have one warehouse for storing cargos, area of their storage area is 9,000 square meters and 3,000 square meters respectively. The combined cargo capacity of the berths is 5.1 million tonnes per annum, of which Berth No. 3, Berth No. 9 and Berth No. 12 are capable of handling 2.3 million tonnes, 0.9 million tonnes and 1.9 million tonnes per annum respectively.[17]

Berths No. 5, No. 6 and No. 7 have liquid cargo handling infrastructure, the three berths are part of the port's liquid bulk cargo terminals. Berths No. 6 and 7 have a finger jetty, which provide vessel mooring facilities for both berths. Berths are equipped to transport edible oil, Carbon Black Feed Stock (CBFS), phosphoric acid and various non-dangerous liquid cargos. These three berths have the capacity to handle 4.2 million tons of cargo annually. Berths No. 6 and No. 7 have an open storage area of 19,000 square meters for storage of cargos.[17][20]

Portugal-flagged container ship MSC Ricarda II of MSC Line berthed at the Container Terminal of Haldia Dock Complex.

Berths No. 10 and No. 11 have infrastructure for handling container ships, the two berths are collectively referred to as the Container Terminal by the Port Authority. The terminal is operated and maintained by Haldia International Container Terminal Limited, a subsidiary of International Cargo Terminal and Infrastructure Pvt. The quay of the terminal is 432 metres (1,417 ft) long. The terminal is operated with state-of-the-art systems and equipment. There are 3 rail mounted quay cranes for handling container ships and 4 rubber tyred gantry cranes for stacking containers. 2 rail mounted quay cranes were added to the service in the first phase and third rail mounted quay cranes in the second phase; the third quay crane has a lifting capacity of 40 tonnes and is capable of handling containers with an outreach of 40 meters by crane arm.[21] The terminal has ground slots of around 1500 TEUs with stacking facilities of equivalent height of 3/4 containers. It has the capacity to handling 3 lakh TEUs (0.3 million TEUs) annually.[17][22]

Transloading facilities

Transfer of naphtha from mother vessel MT Yamillah-3 to daughter vessel MT Sanmar Songbird at Sandheads anchorage through ship-to-ship operation.

floating cranes. Through this system, Cargos are transferred from large ships to smaller ships or barges and unloaded at the Haldia Dock Complex.[17] The agency appointed by the Kolkata Port Trust executes the deep sea unloading operations. Floating cranes – cranes mounted on barges – are in service for this work. MV Yugalraj and MV Viganraj are the two floating cranes used for deep sea cargo unloading. Sandheads anchorage has a water depth of 40–50 metres (130–160 ft), capable of anchoring the world's largest ships; On the other hand, the Sagar anchorage has a water depth of 9–10 metres (30–33 ft), where mainly small capesize ships anchor.[23] The floating crane facility mainly transshipment of dry products such as coal,[24] but the Sandheads anchorage also has infrastructure to transshipment of liquid products such as naphtha, Propane, Butane.[25]

Connectivity

Railway

Haldia Dock Complex has its own railway system to cater the traffic demand for warehouses and sidings. Each berth of the dock has railway connectivity. The dock's rail system is connected to the Panshkura-Haldia broad gauge railway section at Gaurich near Durgachak station under the South Eastern Railway Zone of Indian Railways through a fully electrified single line rail corridor. The railway system consists of 11.5 kilometres (7.1 mi) railway with 115 kilometres (71 mi) track and 2 yards. Freight trains within the dock are operated by 12 locomotives under the dock's own railway, and annual capacity of transportation of cargos is 30 million metric tonnes. This railway system has general marshalling yards and bulk handling yards. Through the rail link, the cargoes are mainly transported to the manufacturing units of the port's customers like Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) and NTPC etc.[26]

Highway

Haldia Dock Complex is directly connected to National Highway 116 (Old, NH-41).[27] This National Highway connects with National Highway 16 (Old, NH-6)—part of Golden Quadrilateral—at Kolaghat, which makes the dock complex accessible to other states of the country including Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha.

Waterway

The Haldia Dock Complex is connected to National Waterway 1,[28] which provides connectivity with North India by Waterway. The Haldia Multi-Modal Terminal has been constructed by the Inland Waterways Authority of India on the land of the dock complex, through which cargoes are transported directly from the port to Varanasi and Sahebganj terminals. On the other hand, the port is connected with the riverine ports of Bangladesh and Indian state of Assam by National Waterway 97 (Sunderbans Inland Waterways)[29] and Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Waterway.[30]

See also

References

  1. ^ Haranadh 2023, p. 1.
  2. ^ "Kolkata Port profit jumps 65pc to Rs 501cr in FY'24, records all-time high cargo handling". The Economic Times. 4 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  3. ^ "An all time record cargo handling in 2022-23 at SMP, Kolkata after 1870". pib.gov.in. Delhi: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways. 4 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  4. ^ Haranadh 2023, p. 2.
  5. ^ "লাভের অঙ্ক বাড়ল হলদিয়া বন্দরের". www.anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Haldia: Anandabazar Patrika. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  6. ^ "Port of HALDIA (IN HAL) details - Departures".
  7. ^ "অচলাবস্থা কাটার মুখে হলদিয়া বন্দর, শুরু পণ্য খালাস". Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  8. ^ "Location Map of Haldia Sea Port".
  9. ^ a b c d Feasibility Report for Construction of Liquid Jetty at Outer Terminal-II Haldia Dock Complex (PDF) (Report). Indian Ports Association. 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  10. ^ "Port of Paradip, India to Haldia Dock Complex (HDC), India sea route and distance". Ports.com. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  11. ^ a b Das 2018, pp. 73–74.
  12. ^ a b c d Das 2018, p. 74.
  13. ^ a b c Kumar 2011b, p. 14.
  14. ^ Kumar 2011b, pp. 12–13.
  15. ^ Das 2018, p. 72–73.
  16. ^ "Haldia Floating Terminal Pvt. Ltd(HFTPL)". Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kumar, Vinit (2011). Haldia Dock Complex Redefining Opportunities (Report). Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  18. ^ Study for Redevelopment of Cargo Handling Facility at Outer Terminal (Near 2nd OIL Jetty) at Haldia Dock Complex, Kolkata Port Trust (West Bengal) (Report). Kolkata Port Trust (KoPT). 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  19. ^ "Haldia Floating Terminal Pvt. Ltd(HFTPL)". Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  20. ^ a b "Liquid bulk cargo Terminal". Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  21. ^ "Prime Minister to inaugurate and lay foundation stone of MoPSW projects worth more than Rs. 900 crore in West Bengal Tomorrow". pib.gov.in. PIB Delhi. 29 February 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  22. ^ "Container Terminal". Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  23. ^ Chattopadhyay, Jagannath (14 December 2015). "মাঝদরিয়ায় 'ডাউনলোড'ই এখন নতুন ভরসা বন্দরের". Anandabazar Patrika (in Bengali). Anandabazar Patrika Online. ABP. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  24. ^ "অতিকায় জাহাজ সাগর চ্যানেলে, পণ্য খালাসে সাফল্য". Anandabazar Patrika (in Bengali). Anandabazar Patrika Online. ABP. 10 June 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  25. ^ "বাংলাদেশে পাঠাতে বন্দরে ছোট বার্জে পেট্রোপণ্য খালাস". Anandabazar Patrika (in Bengali). Anandabazar Patrika Online. ABP. 21 March 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  26. ^ "General information regarding access to Haldia Dock Complex". Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  27. ^ "The List of National Highways in the Country is as under:" (PDF). Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  28. ^ "NATIONAL WATERWAYS 1". Inland Waterways Authority of India. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  29. ^ "Final Technical Economic & Financial Feasibility Report - Development of Sunderbans Inland Waterways" (PDF). Feedback Infra (P) Limited. 30 March 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  30. ^ "Protocol on Inland Water Transit and Trade" (PDF). Inland Waterways Authority of India. Retrieved 23 April 2024.

Bibliography

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