Halford Mackinder
Sir Halford Mackinder | |
---|---|
Member of Parliament for Glasgow Camlachie | |
In office 15 January 1910 – 15 November 1922 | |
Preceded by | Alexander Cross |
Succeeded by | Campbell Stephen |
Personal details | |
Born | Halford John Mackinder 15 February 1861 Gainsborough, England |
Died | 6 March 1947 | (aged 86)
Political party | Conservative |
Alma mater | Christ Church, Oxford |
Known for | "The Geographical Pivot of History" |
Awards | Charles P. Daly Medal (1943) |
Sir Halford John Mackinder (15 February 1861 – 6 March 1947) was a British
Early life and education
Mackinder was born in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England, the son of a doctor, and educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School in Gainsborough, Epsom College, and Christ Church, Oxford. At Oxford he started studying natural sciences, specializing in zoology under Henry Nottidge Moseley, who had been the naturalist on the Challenger expedition. When he turned to the study of history, he remarked that he was returning "to an old interest and took up modern history with the idea of seeing how the theory of evolution would appear in human development". He was a strong proponent of treating both physical geography and human geography as a single discipline. Mackinder served as President of the Oxford Union in 1883.[2]
He received a degree in biology in 1883 and one in modern history the next year.[3]
Career
In 1887, he published "On the Scope and Methods of Geography", a manifesto for the New Geography.[4] A few months later, he was appointed reader in geography at the University of Oxford, where he introduced the teaching of the subject. As Mackinder himself put it, "a platform has been given to a geographer". This was arguably at the time the most prestigious academic position for a British geographer. In 1892, he was the first principal of University Extension College, Reading, a role he retained until he was succeeded, in 1903, by William Macbride Childs. The college became the University of Reading in 1926, a progression that owed no small debt to his early stewardship of the institution.[5][6] In 1893, he was one of the founders of the Geographical Association, which promotes the teaching of geography in schools. He later became chairman of the GA from 1913 to 1946 and served as its President from 1916 to 1917.
In 1895, he was one of the founders of the
In 1904, Mackinder gave a paper on "
His next major work, Democratic Ideals and Reality: A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction, appeared in 1919.[17] It followed the 1904 book titled The Geographic Pivot of the History,[14] and presented his theory of the Heartland and made a case for fully taking into account geopolitical factors at the Paris Peace conference and contrasted (geographical) reality with Woodrow Wilson's idealism. The book's most famous quote was: "Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island; Who rules the World Island commands the World."[18] This message was composed to convince the world statesmen at the Paris Peace conference of the crucial importance of Eastern Europe as the strategic route to the Heartland was interpreted as requiring a strip of buffer states to separate Germany and Russia. These were created by the peace negotiators but proved to be ineffective bulwarks in 1939 (although this may be seen as a failure of other, later statesmen during the interbellum). The principal concern of his work was to warn of the possibility of another major war (a warning also given by economist John Maynard Keynes).
Mackinder was anti-
Mackinder was contemporary of the Swedish political scientist Rudolf Kjellén, born three years later, who like Mackinder was a conservative member of the national parliament from 1910 until 1922 (year of his death).[21] The two fathers of geopolitics both believed that the development of international transportation on land was growing to such a high rate "that the advantage of the sea powers was more of historical importance.[22] Hence, they argued that the pivot of the global political power was the land control of Eurasia while a naval power – such as the Great Britain – was playing a secondary role. They disagreed about Mackinder's emphasis on serving the British Empire.[23]
Significance
Mackinder's work paved the way for the establishment of geography as a distinct discipline in the United Kingdom. His role in fostering the teaching of geography is probably greater than that of any other single British geographer.
Whilst Oxford did not appoint a statutory
Mackinder is often credited with introducing two new terms into the English language: "manpower" and "heartland". In 1944, he received the Charles P. Daley medal from the
The Heartland Theory and more generally classical geopolitics and geostrategy were extremely influential in the making of US strategic policy during the period of the Cold War.[25] Arguably it continued afterwards.[26] The theory has seen a revival in application to China's Belt and Road Initiative.
Evidence of Mackinder's Heartland Theory can be found in the works of geopolitician Dimitri Kitsikis, particularly in his geopolitical model "Intermediate Region". In the book Sri Lanka at Crossroads, Asanga Abeyagoonasekera revisits Mackinder's 1904 Map while highlighting the geostrategic importance of Sri Lanka.[27] Reviewing the work, Swaran Singh writes, "Asanga talks of Mackinder's 'outer crescent' that makes him see two other nations, Britain and Japan, being similarly ordained. However, as world drifts from continents to Oceans following Mahanian axioms, it leaves only Sri Lanka that sits in the midst of global east-west super expressway of sea lanes of communications connecting the two ends of the Indo-Pacific geopolitical paradigm.".[28] His ideas experienced a revival of interest in post-Cold War former-Soviet Central Asia, in particular the republics of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.[29]
Works
- Mackinder, H.J. "On the Scope and Methods of Geography", Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Mar. 1887), pp. 141–174.
- Mackinder, H.J. Sadler, M.E. University extension: has it a future?, London, Frowde, 1890.
- Mackinder, H.J. "The Physical Basis of Political Geography", Scottish Geographical Magazine Vol 6, No 2, 1890, pp. 78–84.
- Mackinder, H.J. "A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 15, No. 5 (May 1900), pp. 453–476.
- Mackinder, H.J. Britain and the British Seas. New York: D. Appleton and company, 1902.
- Mackinder, H.J. "An Expedition to Possil, an Outpost on the Frontiers of the Civilised World", The Times. 12 October 1903.
- Mackinder, H.J. "The geographical pivot of history". The Geographical Journal, 1904, 23, pp. 421–37. Available online as Mackinder, H.J. "The Geographical Pivot of History", in Democratic Ideals and Reality, Washington, DC: National Defence University Press, 1996, pp. 175–194.
- Mackinder, H.J. "Man-Power as a Measure of National and Imperial Strength", National and English Review, XLV, 1905.
- Mackinder, H.J. "Geography and History", The Times. 9 February 1905.
- Mackinder, H.J. as editor of The Regions of the World series which includes the 1902 Britain and the British Seas mentioned above—which included The Nearer East by D.G. HogarthLondon, Henry Frowde, 1902 and 1905
- Mackinder, H.J. Our Own Islands: An Elementary Study in Geography, London: G. Philips, 1907
- Mackinder, H.J. The Rhine: Its Valley & History. New York: Dodd, Mead. 1908.
- Mackinder, H.J. Eight Lectures on India. London : Waterlow, 1910.
- Mackinder, H.J. The Modern British State: An Introduction to the Study of Civics. London: G. Philip, 1914.
- Mackinder, H.J. Democratic Ideals and Reality: A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction. New York: Holt, 1919. Available online as Democratic ideals and reality; a study in the politics of reconstruction Democratic Ideals and Reality, Washington, DC: National Defence University Press, 1996.
- Mackinder, H.J. 1943. "The round world and the winning of the peace", Foreign Affairs, 21 (1943) 595–605. Available online as Mackinder, H.J. "The round world and the winning of the peace", in Democratic Ideals and Reality, Washington, DC: National Defence University Press, 1996, pp. 195–205.
References
Notes
- ISBN 978-1-350-23394-2.
- ^ Edmund W. Gilbert, British Pioneers in Geography (Newton Abbot, David & Charles, 1972), p. 141.
- ISBN 9780312019549.
- ^ H. J. Mackinder, "On the Scope and Methods of Geography", Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Mar. 1887), pp. 141–174; J. F. Unstead, "H. J. Mackinder and the New Geography", Geographical Journal, Vol. 113 (January–June 1949), pp. 47–57.
- ^ Ian Macrae, "The making of a university, the breakdown of a movement: Reading University Extension College to The University of Reading, 1892–1925", Journal International Journal of Lifelong Education, Volume 13, Issue 1 (January 1994), pp. 3–18.
- ^ "Granting of the Charter" (PDF). University of Reading Bulletin (447). University of Reading: 4. 16 March 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
- ^ L. M. Cantor, "The Royal Geographical Society and the Projected London Institute of Geography 1892–1899", Geographical Journal, Vol. 128, No. 1 (March 1962), pp. 30–35.
- ^ H. J. Mackinder, "A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa", Geographical Journal, Vol. 15, No. 5 (May 1900), pp. 453–476.
- ISBN 978-0-19-923011-2.
- ^ H. J. Mackinder, Britain and the British Seas. New York: D. Appleton and company, 1902.
- ^ Beatrice Webb, Our Partnership, London, 1948, p. 312.
- ^ H. J. Mackinder, "The geographical pivot of history", Geographical Journal, 1904, 23, pp. 421–437; Pascal Venier, "The Geographical Pivot of History and Early 20th Century Geopolitical Culture", Geographical Journal, Vol. 170, No. 4 (December 2004), pp. 330–336. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). - ^ G. R. Sloan, "Sir Halford Mackinder: The heartland theory then and now", in C. S. Gray and G. R. Sloan (eds.), Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy. London: Frank Cass, pp. 15–38.
- ^ ISBN 978-88-17-00634-7. See chapter 3: "Astrology and Geopolitics" (Astrologia e geopolitica).
- ^ Brian Blouet, "The imperial vision of Halford Mackinder", Geographical Journal, Vol. 170, Issue 4, pp. 322–329.
- ^ "No. 31712". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1919. p. 3.
- ^ H. J. Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality], Washington, DC: National Defence University Press, 1996. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 15 September 2007.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link). - ^ Kumar Chowdhury, Suban; Hel Kafi, Abdullah. "The Paper | "Heartland Theory" of Mackinder & its Relevancy in Central Asia Geopolitics". IndraStra Global. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
- ^ Brian W. Blouet, "Sir Halford Mackinder as British high commissioner to South Russia 1919–1920", Geographical Journal, Vol. 142 (1976), pp. 228–236.
- ^ "Halford Mackinder's Last View of the Round World", The Diplomat.
- ISBN 978-88-17-00634-7.
- ^ "Rudolf Kjellen, the Swedish Father of Geopolitics". varldsinbordeskriget.wordpress.com. 9 February 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
- ISBN 978-1452265339. Archivedfrom the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ "List of Past Gold Medal Winners" (PDF). Royal Geographical Society. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
- ^ Sloan, G.R. Geopolitics in United States Strategic Policy, Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books, 1988.
- ^ Tomgram: Alfred McCoy, Washington's Great Game and Why It's Failing
- S2CID 158838891.
- ^ Singh, Swaran. "'Sri Lanka at Crossroads': Geopolitical Challenges and National Interests". Daily News.
- ^ Megoran, Nick, and Sevara Sharapova, eds. Central Asia in International Relations: The Legacies of Halford Mackinder. London: Hurst and Co., 2013.
Bibliography
- Ashworth, Lucian M. "Realism and the spirit of 1919: Halford Mackinder, geopolitics and the reality of the League of Nations", European Journal of International Relations, 17(2), June 2011, 279–301.
- Blouet, Brian. Global Geostrategy, Mackinder and the Defence of the West, Londres, Frank Cass, 2005. [ISBN missing]
- Blouet, Brian. Halford Mackinder: A Biography. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1987. [ISBN missing]
- Blouet, Brian, "The imperial vision of Halford Mackinder", Geographical Journal, Vol. 170 Iss. 4, pp. 322–329.
- Blouet, Brian W., "Sir Halford Mackinder as British high commissioner to South Russia 1919–1920". Geographical Journal, 142 (1976), 228–236.
- Cantor, L.M. "The Royal Geographical Society and the Projected London Institute of Geography 1892–1899". The Geographical Journal, Vol. 128, No. 1 (Mar. 1962), pp. 30–35
- Fettweis, Christopher J. "Sir Halford Mackinder, Geopolitics, and Policymaking in the 21st Century", Parameters, Summer 2000
- ISBN 978-1-4000-6983-5
- Kearns, Gerry. "Halford John Mackinder, 1861–1947". Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies, 1985, 9, 71–86.
- Kearns, Gerry. Geopolitics and Empire: The Legacy of Halford Mackinder. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
- Megoran, Nick, and Sevara Sharapova, eds. Central Asia in International Relations: The Legacies of Halford Mackinder. London: Hurst and Co., 2013
- Parker, Geoffrey. Western Geopolitical Thought in the Twentieth Century, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985.
- Parker, W.H. Mackinder: Geography as an Aid to Statecraft, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982.
- Sloan, G.R. Geopolitics in United States Strategic Policy, Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books, 1988.
- Sloan, G.R. "Sir Halford Mackinder: the heartland theory then and now", in Gray C S and Sloan G.R., Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy. London: Frank Cass, pp. 15–38. [ISBN missing]
- Unstead, J.F. H. J. Mackinder and the New Geography, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 113, (Jan. – Jun. 1949), pp. 47–57
- Venier, Pascal. "The Geographical Pivot of History and Early 20th century Geopolitical Culture", Geographical Journal, vol. 170, no 4, December 2004, pp. 330–336.