Hall of Mirrors

Coordinates: 48°48′17.4″N 2°7′13.2″E / 48.804833°N 2.120333°E / 48.804833; 2.120333
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Hall of Mirrors (disambiguation).

Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles

The Hall of Mirrors (French: Grande Galerie, Galerie des Glaces, Galerie de Louis XIV) is a grand Baroque style gallery and one of the most emblematic rooms in the royal Palace of Versailles near Paris, France. The grandiose ensemble of the hall and its adjoining salons was intended to illustrate the power of the absolutist monarch Louis XIV. Located on the first floor (piano nobile) of the palace's central body, it faces west towards the Palace Gardens.[1][2] The Hall of Mirrors has been the scene of events of great historic significance, including the Proclamation of the German Empire and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.

Cultural and historical background

Construction

The royal apartments adjacent to the Hall of Mirrors

In 1623, King

absolutist royal court and government of supreme authority, residence of choice for the aristocratic society and arena for elaborate state festivals and ceremonies, Europe's centre of culture, art and entertainment. During the early expansion phase Louis Le Vau added the Forecourt (1662) and the "Le Vau Envelope" (1668 to 1670), encased the old château and added two new wings in the north and south. The new wings towered over the original western building by the garden. The space in between was a terrace supported by arcades. The buildings of the "Le Vau Envelope" included the king's apartments in the north and the queen's apartments in the south.[3]

The Hall of Mirrors was built during the third building stage between 1678 and 1684 and was to replace a large terrace and several smaller salons facing the gardens. The terrace was originally situated directly outside of the King's and the Queen's apartments. The terrace was considered to be a rather misplaced architectural element and exposed to the elements, reducing its utility. Eventually it was decided to demolish it and architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart was tasked with the design development and the construction of the Mirror Hall Gallery and artist Charles Le Brun received the honor to create the interior decorative apparatus.[4][5]

The garden facade of the Corps de logis was built in a straight front and essentially received its current appearance. The Hall of Mirrors is flanked at the far ends by the Salon of War (Salon de la guerre) in the north and the Salon of Peace (Salon de la paix) in the south, respectively. The Mirror Gallery connects to the two salons, which were assigned to and incorporated into the king's apartments in the north and the queen's apartments in the south. Both salons are accessible via the Mirror Gallery through wide opening passageways. The hall and the two salons were identically furnished and decorated and form a stylistic and functional unit. The exterior walls of the salons date from the time of Le Vau's encasings of the old château and were given their current appearance after the installation of the Mirror Hall by Hardouin-Mansart.[6][7]

The Hall of Mirrors is—besides the

Attic floor of the Corps de Logis. The square windows on the upper floor, which can be seen from the outside, only serve aesthetic purposes, as there are no rooms inside. The installation of any kind of fireplaces was never contemplated as the Hall of Mirrors was too large to effectively be heated.[9][10]

Arts and decoration

Sculptured Guéridons replaced the 1689 melted down silver furniture.

The Mirror Hall's 17 windows open in the direction of the park. On the opposite inside wall of the hall are 17 equally large mirrors, that are composed of more than 350 individual mirror surfaces. On the one hand, the mirrors had an aesthetic function, as the mirror image of the garden depicted the exterior of the castle into the interior of the building and reflected the candlelight in the evening. On the other hand, the mirrors also conveyed the king's wealth and the efficiency of the French economy in a subtle way. Mirror glass was an expensive luxury product in the 17th century and could only be produced with great effort. The manufacture of the mirror surfaces was the first major order for the

Venetian monopoly on the manufacture of mirrors in Europe was broken.[11][12]

Much of the original solid silver furniture of the Hall of Mirrors, famous at the time, was soon lost, particularly the silver Guéridons (tables), which were melted down and coined by order of Louis XIV in 1689 to finance the War of the League of Augsburg. Today's furniture was manufactured during the 19th century after most of the original furnishings were lost during the French Revolution.

Sculptures

The gilded bronze capitals of the Rouge de Rance marble pilasters are decorated with the Fleur-de-lis and Gallic roosters. The gilded bronze trophies, that adorn the green marble Pier glasses, were manufactured by goldsmith Pierre Ladoyreau.

The marble and porphyry busts of eight Roman emperors are accompanied by sculptures of Greek and Roman deities and Muses, such as Bacchus, Venus (Venus of Arles), Modesty, Hermes, Urania, Nemesis and Diana (Diana of Versailles). The latter, moved to the Louvre in 1798, was replaced by a Diana sculpted by René Frémin for the gardens of the Château de Marly until the restoration of the Hall of Mirrors during 2004 to 2007, which in turn was replaced by a copy of the original Diana.[13][14]


Ceiling

The ceiling combines with the mirrors and the light from the western windows to confer on the room its unique character. Nine large and numerous smaller paintings, most of them on canvas using marouflage and the rest directly painted on masonry, are dedicated to the idolization Louis XIV as the Sun King and to the successes of the first two decades of his personal rule (starting in 1661). Charles Le Brun, "the greatest French artist of all time" according to king Louis XIV,[citation needed] directed the ceiling paintings. The central scene is titled The King rules by Himself, highlighting Louis's claim to absolute power and his adversarial stance to rival European powers, the main three of which (the Holy Roman Empire, the United Provinces, and Spain) are depicted on the opposite side of the same panel. The themes of the larger panels center on the Franco-Dutch War of 1672–1678, while the other scenes include episodes of the prior War of Devolution of 1667–1668 and domestic achievements.

According to a contemporary anecdote, the decoration of the eastern wall with mirrors was a ploy by architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart to prevent Le Brun from having even more opportunities to impress Louis with his work.[15][16]

The narrative sequence of the central scenes starts with the formation of the German (Imperial)-Spanish-Dutch alliance in 1672 on the Northern end, and ends with the unraveling of that alliance with the Dutch acceptance of a separate peace with France in 1678. The full list is a compendium of key propaganda themes of the early 1680s, with titles provided by poets Boileau and Racine in their capacity as the regime's official historians:

  1. Alliance of Germany and Spain with Holland, 1672
  2. Holland rescued from the bishop of Munster, 1665
  3. Relief of the people during the famine [fr], 1662
  4. Reparation of the Corsican Guard's affront in Rome, 1664
  5. The crossing of the Rhine in front of the enemy, 1672
  6. The King seizes Maastricht in thirteen days, 1673
  7. Defeat of the Turks in Hungary by the King's troops, 1664
  8. The folly of duelling abolished, 1662
  9. The precedence of France acknowledged by Spain, 1662
  10. The King gives his orders to simultaneously attack
    Holland's best-defended strongholds
    , 1672
  11. The King ramps up military preparations on land and sea, 1672
  12. The restoration of France's naval power, 1663
  13. War against Spain for the Queen's rights, 1667
  14. The reformation of the justice system, 1667
  15. The King rules by Himself, 1661
  16. The pomp of France's neighboring powers
  17. Order restored to the kingdom's finances, 1662
  18. The peace concluded in Aix-la-Chapelle, 1668
  19. Protection awarded to the fine arts, 1663
  20. Franche-Comté conquered once again, 1674
  21. Resolution to undertake war against Holland, 1671
  22. Establishment of the royal institution of Les Invalides, 1674
  23. Acquisition of Dunkirk, 1662
  24. Embassies sent from the confines of the Earth
  25. Takeover of the city and citadel of Ghent in six days, 1678
  26. Spanish actions countered by the takeover of Ghent
  27. Renewal of the alliance with the Swiss [fr], 1663
  28. Safety of the City of Paris [fr
    ], 1665
  29. The junction of the two seas, 1667
  30. Holland accepts peace and leaves the alliance with Germany and Spain, 1678

Many of the same themes would be illustrated again a few years later, albeit with a different iconography, in the Louis XIV Victory Monument on Place des Victoires in the center of Paris.

  • The King rules by Himself, 1661 (top) and The pomp of France's neighboring powers (bottom)
    The King rules by Himself, 1661 (top) and The pomp of France's neighboring powers (bottom)
  • Takeover of the city and citadel of Gand in six days, 1678 and Spanish actions countered by the takeover of Ghent
    Takeover of the city and citadel of Gand in six days, 1678 and Spanish actions countered by the takeover of Ghent
  • Order restored to the Kingdom's finances, 1662
    Order restored to the Kingdom's finances, 1662
  • The peace concluded in Aix-la-Chapelle, 1668
    The peace concluded in Aix-la-Chapelle, 1668
  • Acquisition of Dunkirk, 1662
    Acquisition of Dunkirk, 1662
  • Symbol of Louis XIV
    Symbol of Louis XIV

Functions

Louis XIV receiving the Doge of Genoa at Versailles on 15 May 1685
The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, by William Orpen, depicts the peace agreement to end World War I, 28 June 1919

During the 17th century, the hall's main purpose was to serve as a kind of covered promenade for Louis XIV's visit to the chapel. He entered the gallery at least once a day and from 1701, the king's bedroom lay behind the middle wall of the gallery. Courtiers assembled to meet the king and members of the royal family and might make a particular request by intoning: "Sire, Marly?". This was the manner in which nobles were able to obtain a much sought-after invitation to one of the king's house parties at Marly-le-Roi, a villa Louis XIV had built north of Versailles on the route to Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

Its central location and size predestined the Hall of Mirrors as a place for court festivities such as the wedding of the

Marquise de Pompadour
.

Foreign audiences were granted, including that of the

Sultan Husayn.[17][18]

The Second

the Entente dismantled the German Empire in the very room where it had been proclaimed.[20][21][22]

The Hall of Mirrors remains reserved for official ceremonies of the

Group of Seven summit by President François Mitterrand
from 4 to 6 June 1982.

Gallery

Historical depictions of the Hall of Mirrors

References

  1. ISBN 978-1-4464-7356-6
    .
  2. ISBN 978-0-19-157863-2
    .
  3. ^ "Palace of Versailles | palace, Versailles, France". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  4. ISBN 978-1-136-78758-4
    .
  5. ^ "La galerie des Glaces". Versailles Tourisme. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  6. ^ "Palace of Versailles – The Hall of Mirrors". Chateau Versailles. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  7. doi:10.1080/00043079.1940.11409005
    .
  8. ^ "La galerie des Glaces" (PDF). Chateau Versailles. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  9. ^ Riccardo Biancchini (11 February 2019). "Palace of Versailles". In Exhibit. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  10. ^ "Hall of Mirrors". David Grubin Productions. 12 September 2006. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  11. S2CID 194077148
    .
  12. ISBN 9781118314234
    .
  13. ^ "Restoration of the Hall of Mirrors gets under way" (PDF). Vinci. 1 July 2004. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  14. ^ "The "Grand Versailles" project". Chateau Versailles. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  15. ISBN 978-0-300-23719-1
    .
  16. ISBN 978-0-300-07743-8
    .
  17. ^ "The Hall of Mirrors at The Palace of Versailles". Study com. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  18. doi:10.3138/cjh.31.2.171
    .
  19. ^ "Proclamation of the German Empire, 1871". Palace of Versailles. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  20. ^ "1919 – XXth century – Over the centuries – Versailles 3d". versailles3d.com. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  21. ^ Michael Stürmer (1 July 2007). "Versailles, ein Schicksalsort Europas". HISTORY com. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  22. ISBN 978-1-58839-622-8
    .

Further reading

External links

Media related to Hall of Mirrors (Palace of Versailles) at Wikimedia Commons

48°48′17.4″N 2°7′13.2″E / 48.804833°N 2.120333°E / 48.804833; 2.120333

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