Hammadid dynasty
Hammadid dynasty الحماديون ( Arabic) Al-Hāmmādiyūn | |||||||||||||
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1014–1152 | |||||||||||||
Status | Nominal vassal of the Abbasid or Fatimid Caliphate[a] | ||||||||||||
Capital | (c. 1007–1090)
| ||||||||||||
Official languages | Berber languages | ||||||||||||
Religion | Official:
Islam Minority: | ||||||||||||
Government | Hereditary monarchy | ||||||||||||
Emir | |||||||||||||
• c. 1007-1028 | Hammad (first) | ||||||||||||
• c. 1062-1088 | Al Nasir ibn Alnas | ||||||||||||
• c. 1121-1152 | Yahya ibn Abd al-Aziz (last) | ||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||
• Almohads | 1152 | ||||||||||||
Currency | Dinar (gold coin) [3] : 240 | ||||||||||||
|
History of Algeria |
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The Hammadid dynasty (
At first,
: 58History
Establishment
In 987 and 989,
In 1014, Hammad declared his independence from Zirid
In 1039, Qaid ibn Hammad was attacked by Hammama, the ruler of Fes, but Hammama soon returned to Fez, requested peace, and declared his submission to the Hammadids.[18]
Al-Mu'izz subsequently also broke with the Fatimids and changed his allegiance to the Abbasids. The Fatimid caliph, al-Mustansir, sent Bedouin Arab allies, the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, into a mass migration and invasion of the lands in present-day Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria, culminating in al-Mu'izz's defeat in 1053 and the subsequent reduction of the Zirids to a small, insignificant territory based in Mahdia.[11] Amidst the chaos, the Hammadids reverted their allegiance to the Fatimids and managed to negotiate an alliance with the Bedouin tribes.[11][9]
Although the Hammadids and Zirids entered into an agreement in 1077 in which Zirid ruler
Apogee
Buluggin ibn Muhammad (r. 1055–1062), a subsequent Hammadid ruler, invaded northern Morocco in 1062 and briefly took Fez for a few months before being assassinated by his paternal cousin, An-Nasir ibn Alnas, who succeeded him as emir.[22][9] The Hammadid empire peaked during al-Nasir's reign.[23][11] Under his reign the Hammadids established their control across large parts of the Maghreb. Al-Nasir captured Constantine and Algiers, then established Hammadid influence far to the east in Sfax, where the local ruler acknowledged Hammadid suzerainty, as well as in Susa and Tripoli.[9][10][24] At the request of local shaykhs, he was also able to install a loyal governor in Tunis until 1067.[25][9] Between 1067 and 1072 he built Béjaïa, developing it from a small fishing village into a large, fortified town and port.[24][11] The Hammadids also expanded south deep into the Sahara, with Ouargla forming the southernmost city of their territory.[10][22][24] They briefly extended their authority further to the Oued Mya.[26][27]
In the 11th century, the Hammadids came under increasing pressure from the Banu Hilal, who had settled in the Plains of Constantine and increasingly threatened Qal'at Bani Hammad.
An-Nasir corresponded with Pope Gregory VII and expanded commercial opportunities for Italian traders in Béjaïa. The city since flourished as a trading port and a prominent intellectual centre where even Abu Madyan and the Andalusian Shaykh Abu Ali Hassan bin Ali Muhammad taught.
Decline
In 1103–1104 the Hammadids defeated the
The last dynastic emir was
Yahya tried to establish good relations with the Fatimids in the early 1140s, but ultimately he recognized the Abbasids instead and minted coins in
In 1145, Abd al-Mu'min conquered Tlemcen and Oran. In 1151, he marched against the Hammadids. The Almohads took Algiers in 1152 and then captured Béjaïa later the same year, crushing Hammadid forces at the gates of the city.[11] This marked a major military triumph for Abd al-Mu'min.[33] Yahya fled to Constantine but surrendered several months later.[23] He died in comfortable exile in Salé, Morocco, in 1163.[11][23] Abd al-Mu'min enslaved the women and children of Hammadid loyalists who had fought against him, but did not sack Béjaïa because the city had willingly surrendered.[33]
Some 30 years after the collapse of the Hammadids, the dynasty had a brief revival in 1184, when 'Ali ibn Ghaniya—a member of the Banu Ghaniya branch of the Almoravid dynasty, which had established a corsair kingdom in the Balearic Islands—seized control of Béjaïa, recruited a mixed force of "dispossessed Hammadids, Sanhaja Berbers, and Hilalian tribes" opposed to Almohad rule, and quickly captured Algiers, Miliana, Ashir, and al Qal'a, with the goal of establishing a new Almoravid polity in the Maghreb.[11] Less than a year later, the Almohad had recaptured all the towns.[11] The Banu Ghaniya did retain, through the end of the Almohad period, some influence in Tripolitania, southern Tunisia, and the Algerian plains, where Hammadid loyalists numbered among their allies.[11]
Territories
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The Hammadid domain stretched across the entirety of the Central Maghreb, comprising the northern expanse of contemporary
It was under the reign of
Administration
The governmental structure represented an
Initially, the Hammadid emirs personally oversaw the administration of the emirate, later delegating this responsibility to
Regarding the administration of the kingdom's territories, most
Art and architecture
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Architecture
Hammadid emirs constructed five palaces, most of which are now destroyed. The
Ibn Hamdis wrote two different poems describing one of the Hammadid palaces which he described having interior courts of marble that looked as if they had been carpeted with crystal and he observed that the grounds looked as if they were strewn with fine pearls.[51] His description mentions that the palace had a pool that was bordered by marble lions with water streaming from their mouths, these lions were likely similar to that of the Alhambra.[51]
In the Qal'at Beni Hammad fragments of stucco were discovered from the Qasr al-Salam and the Qasr al-Manar which may be the oldest fragments of muqarnas in the Western Islamic world, dating back to the 11th or 12th century.[50][53]: 133 According to Lucien Golvin the fragments of the muqarnas semi-dome at the Qasr al-Salam are the oldest documented remains of a true muqarnas vault in the Islamic world.[54] However, other scholars of Islamic architecture have questioned or rejected the dating of these fragments or their identification as true muqarnas.[55][50][56]: 93
Furthermore, the Qal'at buildings are considered to be documented antecedents and precursors to certain developments in Western Islamic art in the 12th century.[50] Plaster capitals that were found at the Qal'at were composed of smooth leaves recurved in their upper part are considered to be an antecedent to the common Almoravid and Almohad forms which are seen in the Great Mosque of Tlemcen or in Tinmel.[50] The framework of a marble basin and a grey marble fragment document the use of multifoil arches with spiral-form impost decoration. The use of this motif at the Qal'at subsequently spread during the times of the Almoravids and became universal in Almohad buildings.[50] The square rooms surrounded by rampant barrel vaults in the Qasr al-Manar have been compared to the Almohad minarets and the Torre Pisana in Palermo which it predates. The Hammadid palaces are also noted to contain the first or one of the first documented use of shadirwan.[57]
Art
The excavations in the Qal'at Beni Hammad also discovered the first reference corpus of Islamic ceramics.[52][verification needed] The production of ceramics in Al-Andalus during the taifa and Almoravid periods reflect a strong and direct Hammadid influence.[51] The technique of luster-painting on pottery was passed from al Qal-at to Béjaïa to Malaga and black painted and incised earthenware objects as well as bronze sculptures from the Zirids most likely influenced similar objects in Andalusia.[51] Ceramic architectural decorations had never played such a large role in the Islamic world up until the Hammadids and from there it subsequently spread to Al-Andalus and Morocco where it became a hallmark for the architecture of these countries and it also spread throughout Europe.[58]
In Béjaïa drawings of a facade of two palaces with ground plans by one of the Hammadids have been preserved and provide an insight into palatial architecture of the time period of the Hammadids. The first palace consisted of a huge domed hall flanked by smaller domed towers and chambers while the second palace called al-Kukab which was said to have been located where the present day Bordj Moussa is currently situated. al-Kukab consisted of a large centred hall with a gabled roof flanked by side aisles and two small towers.[63]
The Great Mosque of Constantine was originally constructed by the Hammadids in the 12th century and was built on the ruins of a Roman temple.[citation needed]
List of rulers
The following is a list of Hammadid rulers, starting at Hammadid independence from the Zirids in 1015 and ending with the Almohad conquest in 1152:[64]
Hammadid Emirs | |
Emir | Reign |
---|---|
ʿHammad ibn Buluggin | 1015 – 1028 |
Qaid ibn Hammad ibn Buluggin | 1028 – 1054 |
Muhsin ibn Qaid | 1054 – 1055 |
Buluggin ibn Muhammad ibn Hammad | 1055 – 1062 |
An-Nasir ibn Alnas | 1062 – 1088 |
Al-Mansur ibn al-Nasir | 1088 – 1105 |
Badis ibn Mansur | 1105 |
ʿAbd al-Aziz ibn Mansur | 1105 – 1121 |
Yahya ibn Abd al-Aziz | 1121 – 1152 |
End of the Emirate |
See also
- List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
Notes
- ^ Allegiance varied from period to period. See article for details.
References
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