Handley Page H.P.54 Harrow

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H.P.54 Harrow
Harrow of No. 115 Squadron
Role Heavy bomber
Manufacturer Handley Page
Designer G. V. Lachmann
First flight 10 October 1936
Introduction 1937
Retired 1945
Primary users Royal Air Force
Royal Navy
Royal Canadian Air Force
Produced 1936–1937
Number built 100

The Handley Page H.P.54 Harrow was a

Second World War
, although not as a bomber.

The Harrow was developed during the 1930s as a derivative of the

steam-based cabin heating, and variable-pitch propellers, the performance of the Harrow did not match that of contemporary bombers such as the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley
.

On 14 August 1936, the Air Ministry ordered one hundred Harrows for the RAF. While the

air ambulance. It participated in several major actions, including an unorthodox defensive role for The Blitz in the winter of 1940–1941 and Operation Market Garden
in September 1944. Limited numbers served through to the conclusion of the conflict, the RAF withdrew the Harrow in May 1945.

Development

Background

The H.P. 54 Harrow was the production version of the earlier

Specification C.26/31, which sought a new bomber-transport aircraft. Handley Page had intended to offer the preceding H.P.51, before opting for the H.P.54 at the last minute as it was viewed as a superior offering to fulfil the requirement.[2]

Recognising that production of existing bombers, such as the

Specification B.29/35 was written around the Harrow as a 'stop-gap'; it was directed to be suitable for rapid production despite its performance not being equal to front-line peers. The use of the aircraft as bomber was emphasised by B.29/35 over that of its transport capability, although this was retained as a secondary role.[3]

To fulfil the specification, which sought the Harrow as a heavy bomber, the design had to be reworked, largely in terms of its structure.

automotive factories were adopted, which included a sub-assembly flow system and priority being placed on a high standard of practical training.[4] On 14 August 1936, months before the first Harrow flew, the Air Ministry opted to place a production order for one hundred aircraft.[5] The Fleet Air Arm also placed its own order for another hundred but Handley Page found that it lacked the production capacity to supply them.[6] Quantity production of the Harrow commenced shortly after production of the Handley Page Heyford biplane came to an end.[7]

Into flight

On 10 October 1936, the first Harrow performed the type's maiden flight from Radlett.[6] Service trials of the type commenced at RAF Martlesham Heath twenty days later using this same aircraft. During January 1937, the second Harrow, which differed from the first by its fitting of the improved Bristol Pegasus XX radial engine, along with prototype Habbart-F.N. turrets, arrived for armament trials.[7] In March 1937, following the forced landings of seven Heyfords in bad weather, it was ordered that improved navigator positions be adopted on all bombers wherever feasible, leading to urgent modifications being performed on all Harrows. To speed deliveries, and to allow time to get the hydraulically powered turrets working properly, early production units were delivered to training squadrons without their turrets.[7]

The Harrow was typically furnished with several

gun sight, while the weight of the guns was balanced by the gunner. Bomb-airming was performed using the nose turret, which incorporated a flat optical panel.[8] Early on, the nose and dorsal turrets were each armed with a Lewis gun, while the tail turret had two. In later service, these guns were typically replaced by Vickers K machine guns. The Harrow could carry a maximum bomb load of 3,000 lb (1,400 kg), which was stowed in a bay directly underneath the floor of the cabin; it was also capable of carrying a 2,000 lb (910 kg) bomb.[9] The majority of Harrows were powered by a pair of Bristol Pegasus XX radial engines, capable of producing up to 925 hp (690 kW).[6]

Operational history

On 13 January 1937, the first Harrow was delivered to 214 Squadron at RAF Scampton.[7] Early examples, powered by the Bristol Pegasus X engine, were called Harrow Mk.I, while those powered by the more powerful Pegasus XX engine were named Harrow Mk.II. By the end of 1937, all one hundred aircraft had been delivered to a total of five RAF bomber squadrons.[6][10] Despite the presence of cabin heating, which used the exhaust head of onboard steam boilers, the Harrow gained a reputation amongst air crews of being a cold and draughty aircraft, which was largely attributed to the design of its turrets.[11]

Two of No. 214 Squadron's new Harrows from RAF Feltwell collided in mid-air over Wissington, Norfolk and crashed with the loss of five airmen on 29 April 1937. It was reported that a wing-tip of one aircraft contacted the tail of the other, one falling into a field and bursting into flames, and the other crashing into the River Wissey.[12]

air ambulance
fittings installed c. 1943.

As the delivery of more modern bombers, such as the Vickers Wellington proceeded, the Harrow was withdrawn from front line bomber squadrons by the end of 1939, having never performed any combat missions in this capacity. Perhaps its most prominent use during this brief period was a series of public formation flights performed over various British cities to mark Empire Air Day in May 1938; the Harrow was also put on stand-by during the Munich Crisis of 1938.[13]

Although relegated as a night bomber, the Harrow operated throughout the Second World War as a transport and trainer.

VE Day.[11][16]

As a transport, the Harrow was routinely used to convey equipment and personnel between domestic military bases across Britain, as well as to continental airfields prior to the

Unternehmen Bodenplatte, the German attack on Allied airfields in north-west Europe, on 1 January 1945, leaving only five Harrows intact. These were retired on 25 May 1945.[11][18]

The Harrow also served in a novel operational role at the height of

Douglas Havocs in the LAM role was cancelled.[20] Seven Harrows were also used by 782 Naval Air Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm as transports from June 1941 to July 1943, being used to carry engines and spare parts as well as passengers.[21][22]

The Harrow was used as an aerial tanker for

Flight Refuelling Limited, which installed the refuelling apparatus along with additional fuel tanks, after which the company conducted a series of trials.[23] Proving to be sufficiently capable, these aircraft were routinely used to refuel Short Empire Flying boats, enabling them to conduct the long-distance flights needed for transatlantic services. For this purpose, two Harrows were stationed at Gander, Newfoundland while the third was based at Foynes, Ireland. During 1940, the two aircraft based at Gander were pressed into service with the Royal Canadian Air Force.[23]

Variants

Harrow Mk.I
Powered by two 830 hp (620 kW) Bristol Pegasus X engines, 19 built.
Harrow Mk.II
Powered by two 925 hp (690 kW) Pegasus XX engines, 81 built.

Operators

Harrows of No. 214 Squadron at RAF Feltwell, circa 1938
Medical orderlies loading stretcher cases into a Harrow air ambulance of No. 271 Squadron at RAF Hendon, Middlesex, circa 1943
 Canada
 United Kingdom

Specifications (Harrow II)

Handley Page Harrow 3-view drawing from L'Aerophile August 1937

Data from The British Bomber since 1914[6]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 5
  • Capacity: 20 fully equipped soldiers[16] or 12 stretcher cases (used as transport)
  • Length: 82 ft 2 in (25.04 m)
  • Wingspan: 88 ft 5 in (26.95 m)
  • Height: 19 ft 5 in (5.92 m)
  • Wing area: 1,090 sq ft (101 m2)
  • Empty weight: 13,600 lb (6,169 kg)
  • Gross weight: 23,000 lb (10,433 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Bristol Pegasus XX nine-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 925 hp (690 kW) each for take-off
  • Propellers: 3-bladed variable-pitch propellers

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 200 mph (320 km/h, 170 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 163 mph (262 km/h, 142 kn)
  • Range: 1,260 mi (2,030 km, 1,090 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 22,800 ft (6,900 m)
  • Rate of climb: 710 ft/min (3.6 m/s)
  • Wing loading: 21.1 lb/sq ft (103 kg/m2)
  • Power/mass: 0.0804 hp/lb (0.1322 kW/kg)

Armament

  • Guns: 4 × 0.303 in (7.7 mm)
    Lewis Guns
  • Bombs: Up to 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) of bombs internally.

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Citations

  1. ^ Barnes 1987, pp. 347–351.
  2. ^ a b c Barnes 1976, p. 372.
  3. ^ a b Barnes 1976, pp. 372-373.
  4. ^ a b Barnes 1976, p. 373.
  5. ^ Barnes 1987, p. 372.
  6. ^ a b c d e Lewis 1980, pp. 270–271.
  7. ^ a b c d Barnes 1976, p. 374.
  8. ^ Barnes 1976, pp. 373-374.
  9. ^ Lumsden and Heffernan Aeroplane Monthly January 1986, pp. 4–7.
  10. ^ Barnes 1976, pp. 374-375.
  11. ^ a b c d e Mason 1994, pp. 301–302.
  12. ^ "Five Men killed in Feltwell R.A.F. Tragedy". Lynn Advertiser. No. 4081, Vol.XCVI. King's Lynn. 30 April 1937. p. 9. Retrieved 15 April 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  13. ^ Barnes 1976, p. 375.
  14. ^ Barnes 1976, pp. 378-379.
  15. ^ a b Thetford 1957, pp. 248–249.
  16. ^ a b Thetford 1957, p. 499.
  17. ^ Barnes 1976, p. 378.
  18. ^ a b c d Mondey 1994, pp. 125–126.
  19. ^ Barnes 1976, p. 379.
  20. ^ Price 1978, pp. 152–153
  21. ^ a b Sturtivant and Ballance 1994, pp. 104–105
  22. ^ Sturtivant and Burrow 1995, p. 292
  23. ^ a b Barnes 1976, p. 376.
  24. ^ a b c Jefford 1988, p. 37.
  25. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 48.
  26. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 52.
  27. ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 71.
  28. ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 82.

Bibliography

External links

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