Hangzhou dialect
Hangzhou | |
---|---|
杭州話, ɦaŋ-tsei-ɦa | |
Pronunciation | [ɦãtseiɦa] |
Native to | People's Republic of China |
Region | Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China |
Native speakers | (1.2 million cited 1987)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
ISO 639-6 | hgou |
Glottolog | hang1257 |
Linguasphere | 79-AAA-dbd |
The Hangzhou dialect (
The Hangzhou dialect is of immense interest to Chinese historical phonologists and dialectologists because phonologically, it exhibits extensive similarities with the other Wu dialects; however, grammatically and lexically, it shows many Mandarin tendencies.[2] Although the Hangzhou dialect has the basic characteristics of the Wu language, several waves of migration from the north, represented by the southward relocation of the ruling centre of Song dynasty, have caused the local language system to undergo great changes and gradually take on a special character in Jiangnan region.[3]
The Hangzhou dialect is classified as a "developing" language, with a rating of 5 on the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS), meaning it is still in vigorous use, but its written form are neither sustainable, nor widespread.[4]
Classification
The Hangzhou dialect is traditionally classified under Wu Chinese,[5] although nowadays many linguists believe that Hangzhounese is a Mandarin language.
Richard VanNess Simmons, a professor of Chinese at
Geographic distribution
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2008) |
It stretches from yuhang xiasha in the east to the Qiangtang River in the south. A growing number of Hangzhounese speakers is emerging overseas in
The Hangzhou dialect is mainly spoken in the urban area in
Phonology
Vowels[11]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i y | ï ÿ | u |
ö | o | ||
Mid | e | ||
Low | œ | ô | |
a |
Initials
Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Alveolo-palatal
|
Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal
|
m | n
|
ɲ | ŋ | ||
Plosive | tenuis | p | t
|
k | ʔ | |
aspirated
|
pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |||
voiced | b | d
|
ɡ | |||
Affricate
|
tenuis | ts | tɕ | |||
aspirated
|
tsʰ | tɕʰ | ||||
voiced | dz | dʑ | ||||
Fricative
|
voiceless | f | s | ɕ | h | |
voiced | v | z | ɦ | |||
Lateral | l
|
Finals
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unrounded
|
Rounded
| |||
Close | /i/ | /y/ | /u/ | |
Close-mid | /e/ | /o/ | ||
Open-mid | /ɛ/ | /ə/ | /ɔ/ | |
Open | /a/ |
Coda | Open | Nasal | Glottal stop | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medial | ∅ | j | w~ʮ | ∅ | j | w~ʮ | ∅ | j | w~ʮ | |
Nucleus | i | i | iɲ | jɛʔ | ||||||
y | y | yɲ | ɥɛʔ | |||||||
u | u | |||||||||
e | ei | wei | ||||||||
o | ou | jo | wo~ʮo | oŋ | joŋ | oʔ | joʔ | |||
ɛ | ɛ | jɛ | wɛ~ʮɛ | |||||||
ə | ən | wən~ʮən | ||||||||
ɔ | ɔ | jɔ | ||||||||
a | a | ja | wa~ʮa | ã | jã | wã~ʮã | aʔ | waʔ~ʮaʔ |
- Syllabic continuants: [z̩] [z̩ʷ] [m̩] [ŋ̩] [l̩]
Notes:
- The Hangzhou dialect has a rare "apical glide" [ʮ] which is an allophone of /w/ after sibilant initials.
- /j/ is pronounced [ɥ] before rounded vowels.
- Contrast can be found to justify most of these vowels as distinct phonemes in Hangzhou dialect. /i, y/ and /ï, ÿ/, however, are in complementary distribution. /ï/ and /ÿ/ are only found following sibilants /ts, ts', dz, s/ and /z/, where /i/ and /y/ does not.
The
Phonological features
Contrast
In HZD, bilabial fricatives [ɸ] and [β] are allophone of bilabial fricatives /f/ and /v/ after [u].[14]
Character | IPA | Gloss |
---|---|---|
符 | [βu334] | symbol |
付 | [ɸu213] | pay |
Vowels /y/ and /ʏ/ are contrastive, representing different characters with different meaning.[15]
Character | IPA | Gloss |
---|---|---|
流 | [lʏ13] | moving of liquid |
虑 | [ly13] | concerns |
Glottalization of initial nasals and laterals
Some initial nasals and laterals are glottalized.[14]
Character | IPA | Gloss |
---|---|---|
缕 | [ʔlɪ53] | thin line |
你 | [ʔni53] | you |
我 | [ʔŋo13] | I |
奶 | [ʔnE53] | grandmother |
Syllable Patterns and Tones
In Hangzhou dialect (hereafter: HZD), phonetic symbol is divided into onsets and rhymes using onset-rhyme model. Onsets are simple and not mandatory, vowels can appear initially if [m], [n] and [əl] appear in the rhyme. HZD does not allow codas, but nasals are permitted at the end of the syllable, if they are part of the complex nucleus.[16]
The old Hangzhou dialect has 53 rhymes.
Rhymes in old HZD | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ɿ | ə | ɑ | ɛ | ɔ | o | ø | ei |
i | m̩ | iɑ | iɛ | iɔ | iø | ||
u | n̩ | uɑ | uɛ | uo | ui | ||
ɥ | əl | ɥɑ | ɥɛ | ɥei | |||
y | |||||||
en | ɑŋ | oŋ | ɑʔ | əʔ | oʔ | ||
ɛ̃ | in | iɑŋ | ioŋ | iɑʔ | iəʔ | ioʔ | |
iɛ̃ | uõ | un | uɑŋ | uɑʔ | uoʔ | ||
ɥõ | ɥen | ɥɑŋ | ɥɑʔ | ɥəʔ | |||
yõ | yn | yəʔ |
The Hangzhou tonal system is similar to that of the Suzhou dialect, in that some words with shàng tone in Middle Chinese have merged with the yīn qù tone. Since the tone split dating from Middle Chinese still depends on the voicing of the initial consonant, these constitute just three phonemic tones: pin, shang, and qu. (Ru syllables are phonemically toneless.)
Tone number | Tone name | Tone letters | Description |
---|---|---|---|
1 | yin ping (陰平) | ˧˨˧ (323) | mid dipping |
2 | yang ping (陽平) | ˨˩˨ (212) | low dipping |
3 | shang (上) | ˥˩ (51) | falling |
4 | yin qu (陰去) | ˧˦ (334) | mid rising |
5 | yang qu (陽去) | ˩˧ (113) | low rising |
6 | yin ru (陰入) | ˥ʔ (5) | high checked |
7 | yang ru (陽入) | ˩˨ʔ (12) | low checked |
In HZD, the tones will change not only because of the nearby tones, but also due to the phrase structures.[16]
Vocabulary
Category | Hangzhou Dielect | Characters | Translation |
---|---|---|---|
Time | gemore | 箇卯 | now |
deimore | 头卯 | just now | |
yalidei | 夜里头 | at night | |
rizong | 日中 | at noon | |
relidei | 日里头 | in the day | |
zaogedei | 早间头 | in the morning | |
yadaobian | 夜到边 | in the evening | |
Family
(Grandparents' generation) |
agong | 阿公 | mother's father |
abo | 阿婆 | mother's mother | |
diadia | 爷爷 | father's father | |
nene | 奶奶 | father's mother | |
popo | 婆婆 | grandfather's sister | |
xiaodiadia | 小爷爷 | grandfather's sister's husband | |
Family
(Parents' generation) |
aba/baba | 阿爸/爸爸 | father |
muma/mama | 姆妈/妈妈 | mother | |
bobo | 伯伯 | father's brother | |
xiaoboubou | 小伯伯 | father's younger brother | |
damuma | 大姆妈 | wife of father's oldest brother | |
senniang | 婶娘 | wife of father's little brother | |
ayi/gugu | 阿姨/姑姑 | father's sister | |
guvu | 姑夫 | father's sister's husband | |
niangjiu/ajiu/jiujiu | 娘舅/阿舅/舅舅 | mother's brother | |
jiumu | 舅妈 | wife of mother's brother | |
zangren | 丈人 | wife's father | |
zangmuniang | 丈母娘 | wife's mother | |
yiniang | 姨娘 | mother's sister | |
ganyi | 干姨 | mother's sister's husband | |
Family
(Own generation) |
agou | 阿哥 | elder brother |
adi | 阿弟 | little brother | |
ajie | 阿姐 | elder sister | |
amei | 阿妹 | little sister | |
biaogou/biaodi | 表哥/表弟 | male older/younger cousin who does not share surname | |
biaojie/biaomei | 表姐/表妹 | female older/younger cousin who does not share surname | |
danggou/dangdi | 堂哥/堂弟 | male older/younger cousin who shares the same surname | |
dangjie/dangmei | 堂姐/堂妹 | female older/younger cousin who shares the same surname | |
Family
(Child's generation) |
xiaoya'er | 小伢儿 | child |
Prepositions | tong | 同 | to (as in 对 in Mandarin) |
History
The most important event to have impacted Hangzhou's dialect was the city's establishment as
Further influence by Mandarin occurred after the overthrow of the
Because of the frequent commerce and intercourse between Hangzhou and Shaoxing, the Hangzhou dialect is also influenced by the Shaoxing dialect.
In recent years, with the standardization of Mandarin, the vitality of the Hangzhou dialect is decreasing.[4] As Kandrysawtz concluded, the Hangzhou dialect is spoken in fewer places and by fewer people, especially the younger generation.[4] Some people also hold the attitude that the Hangzhou dialect is not appropriate in official occasions.[4]
See also
References
- ^ Sinolect.org
- ^ Simmons (1995).
- ^ "杭州市文化广电旅游局 Hangzhou Dialect". wgly.hangzhou.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ^ a b c d Kandrysawtz, Kai (December 2017). The Vitality of the Hangzhou Dialect of Mandarin (PDF) (Report). Vol. 55. p. 3.
- ^ Li, Rong (2012). 中國語言地圖集.
- ISBN 90-272-4785-4. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
Had Chao developed a syllabary for the Jiang-Huai Mandarin dialects with a diagnostic power and representativeness comparable to that of his Wu Syllabary, and had he placed Hangzhou in that context, he most surely would have discovered
- ^ Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Inc. Internet Database Service (2007). Linguistics and language behavior abstracts: LLBA., Volume 41, Issue 4. Sociological Abstracts, Inc. p. 1541. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
We point out that in fact this stratum is an old literary layer in Minnan dialects. We find it also exists in Hakka-gan dialects, the Hangzhou dialect. South East Mandarins, & Jianghuai Mandarins extensively. In Sino-annamite. there are
(the University of Michigan) - ^ University of California, Berkeley. Project on Linguistic Analysis (2007). Journal of Chinese linguistics, Volume 35. Project on Linguistic Analysis. p. 97. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
We find it also exists in Hakka-gan dialects, Hangzhou dialect, South East Mandarins, Jianghuai Mandarins extensively. In Sino-annamite, there are some similarities to Minnan dialects. Basing on our new findings, we believe that in Song
- ISBN 978-0-19-530980-5. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
For example, many Mandarin dialects have more than four tones. Hangzhou has no fewer than seven, such that it was previously classified as a Wu dialect (Simmons 1992; Baxter 2000, 106–8). In the Jiang-Huai region five-tone dialects are not uncommon, with six-tone ones reported on the Northern/Central boundary (Norman 1988, 194). These represent a retention of one of the original four tones of Middle Chinese (the rù tone), as distinguished from the more common Mandarin trait of having lost this tone while collapsing the two-way register distinction between the three others into a four-tone contrast not contingent upon register
- ^ Cao, Zhiyun (2006). "浙江省的汉语方言". 方言. 3: 255–263 – via ixueshu.
- ^ Simmons, Richard VanNess (12 June 1992). The Hangzhou Dialect (Thesis). p. 55.
- S2CID 52187066, archived from the original(PDF) on 2019-05-17, retrieved 2019-05-17
- ^ Simmons, Richard VanNess (1992). The Hangzhou dialect (Thesis).
- ^ .
- .
- ^ a b Hao, Sheng. An Introduction to Hangzhou Dialect (PDF) (Report). p. 4.
- Boltz, William G. (2000–2001). "Notes on Richard VanNess Simmons: Chinese Dialect Classification" (PDF). Oriens Extremus. 42.
- Qián, Nǎiróng 錢乃榮 (1992). 當代吳語研究 Dāngdài Wúyǔ yánjiū [Contemporary Wu linguistics studies]. Shanghai: 上海敎育出版社 Shànghǎi jiàoyù chūbǎnshè. ISBN 7-5320-2355-9.
- Simmons, Richard VanNess (1995). "Distinguishing characteristics of the Hangzhou dialect" (PDF). New Asia Academic Bulletin. 11: 383–398.
- Simmons, Richard VanNess (1999). Chinese Dialect Classification: A comparative approach to Harngjou, Old Jintarn, and Common Northern Wu. John Benjamins. ISBN 978-90-272-3694-4.