Hani language
Hani | |
---|---|
Haqniqdoq | |
Native to | Laos, Myanmar, South China, Vietnam |
Ethnicity | Hani |
Native speakers | 770,000 (2007–2019)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | hni |
Glottolog | hani1248 |
The Hani language (Hani: Haqniqdoq or xa31 ɲi31;
Distribution
In China, Hani is spoken mostly in areas to the east of the
Edmondson (2002) reports that the Hani of Vietnam are distributed in two provinces of northwestern Vietnam where two distinct dialects are found, one east of
Phonology
Hani has three main tones and two types of short vowels.
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | (Alveolo-) palatal |
Velar | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | plain | sibilant | ||||
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | pʲ | t
|
ts | tɕ | k |
aspirated | pʰ | pʰʲ | tʰ | tsʰ | tɕʰ | kʰ | |
voiced | b | bʲ | d
|
dz | dʑ | ɡ | |
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ɕ | x | ||
voiced | z | ɣ | |||||
Nasal | m | mʲ | n
|
ȵ
|
ŋ | ||
Approximant | l
|
j |
Vowels
Vowel length in Hani is also distinctive.[2]
Front | Central | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
High
|
i | ɯ | u | ||
Mid | e | ø | ɤ | o | |
ɔ | |||||
Low
|
a | ||||
Syllabic | ɹ̩ |
Front | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Diphthong | Close | ue | ||
Mid | ie | iɤ | iɔ | |
Open | ia | ua |
Orthography
Oral tradition tells of an ancient written script for Hani but says it was lost when the Hani migrated from
.Consonants in Hani orthography are pronounced the same as in
Hani | IPA |
---|---|
hh | ɣ |
ss | z |
The vowels in Hani orthography are as follows.[3] After vowels, -v is used to mark tense vowels.
Hani | IPA |
---|---|
a | a |
ao | ɔ |
e | ɤ |
ee | ɯ |
ei | e |
i | i |
o | o |
u | u |
yu | ø |
ii | ɨ |
There are four tones, which are marked by letters at the ends of words, or not at all for the mid-level [33].[3] Numerical Chao tones are provided below.
Hani | IPA |
---|---|
l | [55] (high level) |
(none) | [33] (mid level) |
q | [31] (low falling) |
f | [24] (rising) |
Sample text
Hani | English |
---|---|
Aqsol liq yoqdeivq yoqpyuq bo, meeqyaovq ssolnei colpyuq qiq kov dei. Davqtavcolssaq neenyuq bel neema meeq ya siq, laongaoq meilnaol nadul meil e gaq ssol hhyul hha bavqduv nia. | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
See also
Notes
- ^ Hani at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- ^ Li & Wang (1986), pp. 3–16.
- ^ a b c Zhang (1998).
References
- Edmondson, Jerold A. (2002). "The Central and Southern Loloish Languages of Vietnam". In Chew, Patrick (ed.). Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Tibeto-Burman and Southeast Asian Linguistics. Berkeley Linguistics Society. pp. 1–13. .
- Li, Yongsui 李永燧; Wang, Ersong 王尔松 (1986). Hāníyǔ jiǎnzhì 哈尼语简志 [A Sketch of the Hani Language] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
- Tạ Văn Thông, Lê Đông (2001). Tiếng Hà Nhì (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản văn hóa dân tộc.
- Yang, Shihua 杨世华; Bai, Bibo 白碧波 (2003). Yùxī Hānízú wénhuà yánjiū 玉溪哈尼族文化研究 [A Study of the Culture of the Hani People of Yuxi City] (in Chinese). Kunming shi: Yunnan minzu chubanshe. ISBN 7-5367-2652-X.
- Zhang, Peizhi 张佩芝 (1998). Hāníyǔ Hā-Yǎ fāngyán tǔyǔ cíhuì duìzhào 哈尼语哈雅方言土语词汇对照 [Comparative Vocabulary Lists of the Ha-Ya Dialects of the Hani Language] (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan minzu chubanshe.
External links
- Hani language recordings at GlobalRecordings.net
- Hani–Japanese wordlist with comparison with related languages (in Japanese)