Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup A | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 270,000 BP,.) |
Haplogroup A is a
Origin
Though there are terminological challenges to define it as a haplogroup, haplogroup A has come to mean "the foundational haplogroup" (viz. of
Bearers of haplogroup A (i.e. absence of the defining mutation of haplogroup BT) have been found in Southern Africa's hunter-gatherer inhabited areas, especially among the San people. In addition, the most basal mitochondrial DNA L0 lineages are also largely restricted to the San. However, the A lineages of Southern Africa are sub-clades of A lineages found in other parts of Africa, suggesting that A sub-haplogroups arrived in Southern Africa from elsewhere.[9]
The two most basal lineages of haplogroup A, A0 and A1 (prior to the announcement of the discovery of
Haplogroup A1b1b2 has been found among ancient fossils excavated at Balito Bay in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, which have been dated to around 2149-1831 BP (2/2; 100%).[12]
Distribution
By definition of haplogroup A as "non-
The clade achieves its highest modern frequencies in the
The clade has also been observed at notable frequencies in certain populations in
Africa | ||
Study population | Freq. (in %) | |
[20] | Tsumkwe San (Namibia) | 66% |
[20] | Nama (Namibia) | 64 |
[22] | Dinka (Sudan)
|
62 |
[22] | Shilluk (Sudan) | 53 |
[22] | Nuba (Sudan)
|
46 |
[23] | Khoisan | 44 |
[24][25] | Ethiopian Jews
|
41 |
[20][24] | !Kung /Sekele
|
~40 |
[22] | Borgu (Sudan) | 35 |
[22] | Nuer (Sudan) | 33 |
[22] | Fur (Sudan) | 31 |
[20] | Maasai (Kenya) | 27 |
[26] | Nara (Eritrea) | 20 |
[22] | Masalit (Sudan) | 19 |
[27] | Ethiopians | 14 |
[20] | Bantu (Kenya) | 14 |
[22] | Mandara (Cameroon) | 14 |
[24] | Hausa (Sudan) | 13 |
[24] | Khwe (South Africa)
|
12 |
[20] | Fulbe (Cameroon) | 12 |
[28] | Dama (Namibia) | 11 |
[26] | Oromo (Ethiopia) | 10 |
[20] | Kunama (Eritrea) | 10 |
[27] | South Semitic (Ethiopia)
|
10 |
Arabs (Egypt) | 3 |
In a composite sample of 3551 African men, Haplogroup A had a frequency of 5.4%.
North America
1 African American Male out of Lacrosse, WI USA, Moses, Ramon, A00, A00-AF8
Africa
North Africa
In North Africa, haplogroup A is largely absent. Its subclade A1 has been observed at trace frequencies among Moroccans.
Upper Nile
Haplogroup A3b2-M13 is common among the Southern Sudanese (53%),[22] especially the Dinka Sudanese (61.5%).[30] Haplogroup A3b2-M13 also has been observed in another sample of a South Sudanese population at a frequency of 45% (18/40), including 1/40 A3b2a-M171.[23]
Further downstream around the Nile valley, the subclade A3b2 has also been observed at very low frequencies in a sample of Egyptian males (3%).
West Africa
Eight male individuals from
Central Africa
Haplogroup A3b2-M13 has been observed in populations of northern Cameroon (2/9 = 22%
Haplogroup A-M91(xA1a-M31, A2-M6/M14/P3/P4, A3-M32) has been observed in the
Without testing for any subclade, haplogroup A Y-DNA has been observed in samples of several populations of
East Africa
African Great Lakes
Bantus in Kenya (14%, Luis et al. 2004) and Iraqw in Tanzania (3/43 = 7.0% (Luis et al. 2004) to 1/6 = 17% (Knight et al. 2003)).
Horn of Africa
Haplogroup A is found at low to moderate frequencies in the Horn of Africa. The clade is observed at highest frequencies among the 41% of a sample of the Beta Israel, occurring among 41% of one sample from this population (Cruciani et al. 2002). Elsewhere in the region, haplogroup A has been reported in 14.6% (7/48) of an Amhara sample,[28] 10.3% (8/78) of an Oromo sample,[28] and 13.6% (12/88) of another sample from Ethiopia.[23]
Southern Africa
One 2005 study has found haplogroup A in samples of various Khoisan-speaking tribes with frequency ranging from 10% to 70%.[20] This particular haplogroup was not found in a sample of the
Asia
In Asia, haplogroup A has been observed at low frequencies in Asia Minor and the Middle East among Aegean Turks, Palestinians, Jordanians, Yemenites.[32]
Europe
A3a2 (A-M13; formerly A3b2), has been observed at very low frequencies in some Mediterranean islands. Without testing for any subclade, haplogroup A has been found in a sample of Greeks from
Subclades
A00 (A00-AF6)
Mendez et al. (2013) announced the discovery of a previously unknown haplogroup, for which they proposed the designator "A00".
Researchers later found A00 was possessed by 11 Mbo males of Western Cameroon (Bantu) (out of a sample of 174 (6.32%).[39] Subsequent research suggested that the overall rate of A00 was even higher among the Mbo, i.e. 9.3% (8 of 86) were later found to fall within A00b (A-A4987).
Further research in 2015 indicates that the modern population with the highest concentration of A00 is the Bangwa (or Nweh), a Yemba-speaking group of Cameroon (Grassfields Bantu): 27 of 67 (40.3%) samples were positive for A00a (L1149). One Bangwa individual did not fit into either A00a or A00b.[40]
Geneticists sequenced genome-wide DNA data from four people buried at the site of
A0 (A-V148)
The haplogroup names "A-V148" and "A-CTS2809/L991" refer to the exact same haplogroup.
A0 is found only in Bakola Pygmies (South Cameroon) at 8.3% and Berbers from Algeria at 1.5%.[10] Also found in Ghana.[11][failed verification]
A1a (A-M31)
The subclade A1a (M31) has been found in approximately 2.8% (8/282) of a pool of seven samples of various ethnic groups in
In 2007, seven men from Yorkshire, England sharing the unusual surname Revis were identified as being from the A1a (M31) subclade. It was discovered that these men had a common male-line ancestor from the 18th century, but no previous information about African ancestry was known.[29]
In 2023, Lacrosse, WI, 1 Male, A1a-M31, Moses, Ramon.[43]
A1b1a1a (A-M6)
The subclade A1b1a1a (M6; formerly A2 and A1b1a1a-M6) is typically found among Khoisan peoples. The authors of one study have reported finding haplogroup A-M6(xA-P28) in 28% (8/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San and 16% (5/32) of a sample of
A1b1b (A-M32)
The clade A1b1b (M32; formerly A3) contains the most populous branches of haplogroup A and is mainly found in
A1b1b1 (A-M28)
The subclade (appropriately considered as a distinct haplogroup) A1b1b1 (M28; formerly A3a) has only been rarely observed in the
A1b1b2a (A-M51)
The subclade A1b1b2a (M51; formerly A3b1) occurs most frequently among Khoisan peoples (6/11 = 55%
A1b1b2b (A-M13)
The subclade A1b1b2b (M13; formerly A3b2) is primarily distributed among Nilotic populations in East Africa and northern Cameroon. It is different from the A subclades that are found in the Khoisan samples and only remotely related to them (it is actually only one of many subclades within haplogroup A). This finding suggests an ancient divergence.
In
In Ethiopia, one study has reported finding haplogroup A-M13 in 14.6% (7/48) of a sample of Amhara and 10.3% (8/78) of a sample of Oromo.[28] Another study has reported finding haplogroup A3b2b-M118 in 6.8% (6/88) and haplogroup A3b2*-M13(xA3b2a-M171, A3b2b-M118) in 5.7% (5/88) of a mixed sample of Ethiopians, amounting to a total of 12.5% (11/88) A3b2-M13.[23]
Haplogroup A-M13 also has been observed occasionally outside of Central and Eastern Africa, as in the
Haplogroup A-M13 has been found among three Neolithic period fossils excavated from the Kadruka site in Sudan.[49]
Haplogroup A-M13 was also found in a male victim of the Mt. Vesuvius eruption in Pompeii.[50]
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
Initial sequencing of the human Y-chromosome had suggested that first split in the Y-Chromosome family tree occurred with the mutations that separated
A major shift in the understanding of the Y-DNA tree came with the publication of (Cruciani 2011). While the SNP marker M91 had been regarded as a key to identifying haplogroup BT, it was realised that the region surrounding M91 was a mutational hotspot, which is prone to recurrent back-mutations. Moreover, the 8T stretch of Haplogroup A represented the ancestral state of M91, and the 9T of haplogroup BT a derived state, which arose following the insertion of 1T. This explained why subclades A1b and A1a, the deepest branches of Haplogroup A, both possessed the 8T stretch. Similarly, the P97 marker, which was also used to identify haplogroup A, possessed the ancestral state in haplogroup A, but a derived state in haplogroup BT.[10] Ultimately the tendency of M91 to back-mutate and (hence) its unreliability, led to M91 being discarded as a defining SNP by ISOGG in 2016.[52] Conversely, P97 has been retained as a defining marker of Haplogroup BT.
YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A-M31 | 7 | I | 1A | 1 | – | H1 | A | A1 | A1 | A1 | A1a | A1 | A1 | A1a | A1a | A1a | A1a | A1a |
A-M6 | 27 | I | 2 | 3 | – | H1 | A | A2* | A2 | A2 | A2 | A2 | A2 | A2 | A2 | A2 | A2 | A1b1a1a |
A-M114 | 27 | I | 2 | 3 | – | H1 | A | A2a | A2a | A2a | A2a | A2a | A2a | A2a | A2a | A2a | A2a | A1b1a1a1a |
A-P28 | 27 | I | 2 | 4 | – | H1 | A | A2b | A2b | A2b | A2b | A2b | A2b | A2b | A2b | A2b | A2b | A1b1a1a1b |
A-M32 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | A3 | A3 | A3 | A3 | A3 | A3 | A3 | A3 | A3 | A1b1b |
A-M28 | 7 | I | 1A | 1 | – | H1 | A | A3a | A3a | A3a | A3a | A3a | A3a | A3a | A3a | A3a | A3a | A1b1b1 |
A-M51 | 7 | I | 1A | 1 | – | H1 | A | A3b1 | A3b1 | A3b1 | A3b1 | A3b1 | A3b1 | A3b1 | A3b1 | A3b1 | A3b1 | A1b1b2a |
A-M13 | 7 | I | 1A | 2 | Eu1 | H1 | A | A3b2* | A3b2 | A3b2 | A3b2 | A3b2 | A3b2 | A3b2 | A3b2 | A3b2 | A3b2 | A1b1b2b |
A-M171 | 7 | I | 1A | 2 | Eu1 | H1 | A | A3b2a | A3b2a | A3b2a | A3b2a | A3b2a | A3b2a | A3b2a | A3b2a | A3b2a | A3b2a | removed |
A-M118 | 7 | I | 1A | 2 | Eu1 | H1 | A | A3b2b | A3b2b | A3b2b | A3b2b | A3b2b | A3b2b | A3b2b | A3b2b | A3b2b | A3b2b | A1b1b2b1 |
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Phylogenetic trees
The above phylogenetic tree is based on the
and subsequent published research.Y-chromosomal Adam
A00 (AF6/L1284)
- A00a (L1149, FGC25576, FGC26292, FGC26293, FGC27741)
- A00b (A4987/YP3666, A4981, A4982/YP2683, A4984/YP2995, A4985/YP3292, A4986, A4988/YP3731)
A0-T (L1085)
- A0 (CTS2809/L991) formerly A1b
- A1 (P305) formerly A1a-T, A0 and A1b
- A1a (M31)
- A1b (P108) formerly A2-T
- A1b1 (L419/PF712)
- A1b1a (L602, V50, V82, V198, V224)
- A1b1a1 (M14) formerly A2
- A1b1a1a (M6)
- A1b1a1a1 (P28) formerly A1b1a1a1b and A2b
- A1b1a1a (M6)
- A1b1a1 (M14) formerly A2
- A1b1b (M32) formerly A3
- A1b1b1 (M28) formerly A3a
- A1b1b2 (L427)
- A1b1b2a (M51/Page42) formerly A3b1
- A1b1b2a1 (P291)
- A1b1b2b (M13/PF1374) formerly A3b2
- A1b1b2b1 (M118)
- A1b1b2a (M51/Page42) formerly A3b1
- A1b1a (L602, V50, V82, V198, V224)
- BT(M91)
- A1b1 (L419/PF712)
See also
- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
- Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
- Y-DNA A subclades
References
- human Y-MRCA(see there); including the A00 lineage, Karmin et al. (2015) and Trombetta et al. (2015) estimate ages of 254,000 and 291,000 ybp, respectively.
- PMID 25770088. "we date the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) in Africa at 254 (95% CI 192–307) kya and detect a cluster of major non-African founder haplogroups in a narrow time interval at 47–52 kya, consistent with a rapid initial colonization model of Eurasia and Oceania after the out-of-Africa bottleneck. In contrast to demographic reconstructions based on mtDNA, we infer a second strong bottleneck in Y-chromosome lineages dating to the last 10 ky. We hypothesize that this bottleneck is caused by cultural changes affecting variance of reproductive success among males."
- PMID 27058445.
- PMID 31969706.
- PMID 26226630.
- ^ "A00 YTree".
- ^
According to Cruciani et al. 2011, the most basal lineages have been detected in Northwest and Central Africa, suggesting plausibility for the Y-MRCA living in the general region of North-Central Africa". In a sample of 2204 African Y-chromosomes, 8 chromosomes belonged to either haplogroup A1b or A1a. Haplogroup A1a was identified in two Moroccan Berbers, one Fulbe and one Tuareg people from Niger. Haplogroup A1b was identified in three Bakola pygmies from Southern Cameroon and one Algerian Berber. Cruciani, Fulvio; Trombetta, Beniamino; Massaia, Andrea; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Sellitto, Daniele; Scozzari, Rosaria (2011). "A Revised Root for the Human Y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 88 (6): 814–8.PMID 21601174. Scozzari et al. (2012) agreed with a plausible placement in "the north-western quadrant of the African continent" for the emergence of the A1b haplogroup: "the hypothesis of an origin in the north-western quadrant of the African continent for the A1b haplogroup, and, together with recent findings of ancient Y-lineages in central-western Africa, provide new evidence regarding the geographical origin of human MSY diversity". Scozzari R; Massaia A; D'Atanasio E; Myres NM; Perego UA; et al. (2012). Caramelli, David (ed.). "Molecular Dissection of the Basal Clades in the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e49170.PMID 23145109.
- PMID 25770088.
- PMID 21478374.
- ^ PMID 21601174.
- ^ PMID 23145109.
- PMID 28971970.
- PMID 23908239. Cruciani et al. (2011) estimated 142 kya.
- ^ PMID 25770088.
- ^ PMID 26226630.
- ^ PMID 19772609.
- ^ a b International Society of Genetic Genealogy. "Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree".
- ^ PMID 19369595.
- ^ PMID 17662131.
- ^ PMID 15856073.
- S2CID 9441236.
- ^ PMID 18618658.
- ^ S2CID 12893406.
- ^ PMID 11910562.
- ^ S2CID 1571356.
- ^ PMID 20051990.
- ^ PMID 14973781.
- ^ PMID 11719903.
- ^ PMID 17245408.
News article: "Yorkshire clan linked to Africa". BBC News. 2007-01-24. Retrieved 2007-01-27. - ^ 16/26, Hassan et al. 2008
- S2CID 11190055.
- ^ PMID 12927125.
- S2CID 3229760.
- S2CID 25536759.
- PMID 23453668.
- PMID 23453668.
- ^
At first, via Mendez et al. (2013), this was announced as "extremely ancient" (95% confidence interval 237–581 kya for the age of the Y-MRCAincluding the lineage of this postulated haplogroup).
- slave born in the United States between ca. 1819–1827, lived in York County, South Carolina. See FamilyTreeDNA, Haplogroup A chart
- ^ Mendez et al. (2013), p. 455. Quote: "Upon searching a large pan-African database consisting of 5,648 samples from ten countries [...] we identified 11 Y chromosomes that were invariant and identical to the A00 chromosome at five of the six Y-STRs (2 of the 11 chromosomes carried DYS19-16, whereas the others carried DYS19-15). These 11 chromosomes were all found in a sample of 174 (~6.3%) Mbo individuals from western Cameroon (Figure 2). Seven of these Mbo chromosomes were available for further testing, and the genotypes were found to be identical at 37 of 39 SNPs known to be derived on the A00 chromosome (i.e., two of these genotyped SNPs were ancestral in the Mbo samples)".
- ^ Which of Cameroon's peoples have members of haplogroup A00? // experiment.com update of funded research (Schrack/Fomine Forka) available online[self-published source?] Quotes: We can now clearly see that with 40% A00, the Bangwa represent the epicentre of A00 in this region, and very possibly in the world. As I shared in the last Lab Note, we found that so far there are two main subgroups of A00, defined by different Y-SNP mutations, which, naturally, divide along ethnic lines: A00a among the Bangwa, and A00b among the Mbo. We also found the one Bangwa sample which didn't belong to either subgroup.".
- ^ Lipson Mark et al. Ancient Human DNA from Shum Laka (Cameroon) in the Context of African Population History // SAA 2019
- S2CID 63381583.
- ^ 23andme raw data
- ^ Hisham Y. Hassan et al. (2008). "Southern Sudanese" includes 26 Dinka, 15 Shilluk, and 12 Nuer. "Western Sudanese" includes 26 Borgu, 32 Masalit, and 32 Fur. "Northern Sudanese" includes 39 Nubians, 42 Beja, 33 Copts, 50 Gaalien, 28 Meseria, and 24 Arakien.
- S2CID 10763736.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - PMID 11573163.
- PMID 11073453.
- PMID 16142507.
- ^ Yousif, Hisham; Eltayeb, Muntaser (July 2009). Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan (Thesis).
- PMID 35618734.
- PMID 18385274.
- ^ ISOGG, 2016, Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2016. (Access: 29 August 2017.)
- ^ Krahn, Thomas. "YCC Tree". FTDNA. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26.
Bibliography
- Mendez FL, Krahn T, Schrack B, et al. (March 2013). "An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 92 (3): 454–9.
- "Y-Haplogroup A Phylogenetic Tree". March 2013. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2013. (chart highlighting new branches added to the A phylotree in March 2013)
Sources for conversion tables
- Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–443. PMID 11170891.
- Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–1203. PMID 11420360.
- Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62, PMID 10904265
- Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. PMID 11313742.
- Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628. PMID 11481588.
- Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science, 290 (5494): 1155–9, PMID 11073453
- Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–1724. PMID 10577926.
- Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. S2CID 12893406.
External links
- Family Tree DNA — Y-Haplogroup A Project
- African Haplogroup project at FTDNA
- Spread of Haplogroup A, from National Geographic