Haplogroup B-M60

Haplogroup B
Haplogroup B
	BT
Descendants	Primary: B1 (M236), B2 (M182), B3 (L1387);; Subclades of the above include: Hazara (Afghanistan) 5,1%,

Haplogroup B (M60) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup common to paternal lineages in Africa. It is a primary branch of the haplogroup BT.

B (M60) is common in parts of Africa, especially the tropical forests of West-Central Africa. It was the ancestral haplogroup of not only modern

Hadzabe from Tanzania, who often have been considered, in large part because of some typological features of their language, to be a remnant of Khoisan

people in East Africa.

Distribution

According to one study of the Y-DNA of populations in

Northern Sudanese (but only among Copts and Nubians), and 2.2% (2/90) of Western Sudanese.^[7] According to another study, haplogroup B is found in approximately 15% of Sudanese males, including 12.5% (5/40) B2a1a1a1 (M109/M152) and 2.5% (1/40) B-M60(xM146, M150, M112).^[9]

In

Malagasy males, including 6% (2/35) B-M60(xB2b-50f2(P)) and 3% (1/35) B2b-50f2(P).^[14]

Family Tree DNA shows a significant number of persons of Haplogroup B-M60 (B-M181) claiming origins from the Arabian Peninsula (dominantly Saudi Arabia, but also in Kuwait, Bahrain, Yemen, Qatar, Iraq, United Arab Emirates, and Oman).^[15] Sampling bias does not allow for meaningful percentages, but the presence of the haplogroup is solidly attested.

In

Hormozgan Province in Iran, haplogroup B-M60 has been found in 8.2% of a sample of 49 Qeshmi people, and in 2.3% of a sample of 131 Bandari people.^[16]

In

Hazara males.^[17]

In United Kingdom, haplogroup B-M60(xM218) has been found by FTDNA in 1 individual.

Subclades

B-M236

Haplogroup B-M236 has been found in 4% (2/48) of a sample of

Bamileke males from southern Cameroon.^[8]

B-M146

Haplogroup B-M146 has been found in 2% (1/49) of a sample of Mossi males from Burkina Faso^[8] and in 2% (1/44) of a sample of unspecified ethnic affiliation from Mali.^[9]

B-M182

Haplogroup B-M182 has been found in 6% (3/47) of a sample of

Bakola males from southern Cameroon,^[4] 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama males from Namibia,^[4] and 3% (1/31) of a sample of Biaka males from Central African Republic.^[4] The vast majority of Family Tree DNA participants in Haplogroup B-M60 test positive for B-M182, with three-fourths of those participants claiming countries of the Arabian Peninsula as their ancestral land of origin,^[15]

attesting to its presence in that area also.

B-M150

Haplogroup B-M150 has been found in 8% (1/12) of a sample of

Mbuti males from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.^[8]

Haplogroup B-M150(xM152) has been observed in 11% (5/47) of a sample of Mbuti from Democratic Republic of the Congo, 11% (1/9) of a sample of

Luo from Kenya, 7% (4/55) of a sample of Dogon from Mali, 6% (1/18) of a sample of Baka from Central African Republic, and 2% (1/42) of a sample of Kikuyu and Kamba from Kenya.^[4]

Haplogroup B-M150(xM109/M152, M108.1) has been found in 3% (1/37) of a sample from Central Africa, 2% (1/44) of a sample from Mali, and 1% (1/88) of a sample from Ethiopia.[9]

Without testing for any downstream mutation, haplogroup B-M150 has been found in 33.3% (8/24) of a sample of

Obamba from Gabon,^[3] 4.2% (2/48) of a sample of Benga from Gabon,^[3] 3.8% (2/53) of a sample of Kota from Gabon,^[3] 2.8% (1/36) of a sample of Ndumu from Gabon,^[3] 2.1% (1/47) of a sample of Galoa from Gabon,^[3] 2.0% (1/50) of a sample of Akele from Gabon,^[3] 1.7% (1/60) of a sample of Fang from Gabon,^[3] 1.5% (1/68) of a sample of Sandawe from Tanzania,^[6] 1.4% (1/72) of a sample from Qatar,^[18] and 0.64% (1/157) of a sample from Saudi Arabia.^[19]

B-M218

Haplogroup B-M218 has been found in 17% (20/118) of a mixed sample of

Nilotic ethnic groups of Karamojong, Jie and Dodos from Karamoja region in Uganda.^[20] This haplogroup has also been found by FTDNA in 1 individual from Qatar, 3 individuals from Saudi Arabia,^[21] 1 individual from Syria, 1 individual from Tunisia, 1 individual from United Kingdom

.

B-M109

Haplogroup B2a1a1a1 (M109, M152, P32), previously B2a1a is the most commonly observed subclade of haplogroup B.

In

Bakola males from southern Cameroon,^[4] 4% (1/28) of Mandara males from northern Cameroon,^[4] and 3% (1/31)^[4] to 5% (1/20)^[8] of Biaka males from Central African Republic

.

In

Luo males from Kenya,^[4] 8% (2/26) of Maasai males from Kenya,^[4] and 4.5% (4/88) of a sample of Ethiopians.^[9]

In

Sotho–Tswana males from South Africa,^[4] 14% (4/29) of Zulu males from South Africa,^[4] 13% (7/53) of an ethnically mixed sample of non-Khoisan Southern Africans,^[9] 10% (5/49) of Shona males from Zimbabwe,^[4] and 5% (4/80) of Xhosa males from South Africa.^[4]

In North Africa, haplogroup B2a1a1a1 Y-DNA has been found in 12.5% (5/40) of Sudanese^[9] and 2% (2/92) of Egyptians.^[4]

In Eurasia, B2a1a1a1 (B-M109) has been found in 3% (3/117) of a sample of Iranians from southern Iran^[22] and 2% (2/88) of a sample from Pakistan and India.^[9]

B-G1

Haplogroup B-G1 (G1) has been found in Uganda in Nilotic speaking populations.^[23]

B-M108.1

Haplogroup B-M108.1 (M108.1) has been found in 3% (3/88) of a sample from Ethiopia.^[9]

B-M43

Haplogroup B-M43 (M43, P111) has been found in 7% (3/44) of a sample from Mali.^[9]

B-M112

Haplogroup B-M112 (M112, M192, 50f2(P)) has been found mainly among

Juu (Northern Khoisan) populations in Southern Africa, and the Hadzabe

in East Africa. It also has been found occasionally in samples of groups who neighbor the aforementioned populations.

Specifically, haplogroup B2b has been observed in 67% (12/18) of a sample of Baka from Central African Republic,

Malagasy,^[14] 1.4% (1/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda,^[11] 1.4% (1/72) of a sample from Qatar,^[18] and 1.3% (2/157) of a sample from Saudi Arabia.^[19]

B-P6

Haplogroup B-P6 has been found in Khoisan populations of Namibia, including 24% (7/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San and 3% (1/32) of a sample of !Kung/Sekele.[4]

B-M115

Haplogroup B-M115 has been found in 8% (1/12) of a sample of

Mbuti from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.^[8]

B-M30

Haplogroup B-M30 has been found in 22% (2/9) of a mixed sample of speakers of Central Sudanic and Saharan languages from northern Cameroon and in 5% (1/20) of a sample of Biaka from Central African Republic.^[8]

B-M108.2

Haplogroup B-M108.2 has been found in 25% (1/4) of a very small sample of Lissongo from Central African Republic.^[8]

B-P7

Haplogroup B-P7 has been observed most frequently in samples of some populations of

pygmies from Central Africa: 67% (12/18) Baka from Central African Republic,^[4] 45% (14/31) Biaka from Central African Republic,^[4] 21% (10/47) Mbuti from Democratic Republic of the Congo.^[4] This haplogroup also has been found in an Iraqw (South Cushitic) individual from Tanzania (1/9 = 11%) and in some samples of Khoisan from Namibia (2/32 = 6% !Kung/Sekele, 2/29 = 7% Tsumkwe San).^[4]

B-MSY2.1

Haplogroup B-MSY2.1 has been found in 20% (4/20) of a sample of Biaka from Central African Republic.^[8]

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012
B-M60	2	II	1B	5	-	H1	B	B*	B	B	B	B	B	B	B	B	B	B
B-M146	2	II	1B	5	-	H1	B	B1	B1	B1a	B1a	B1a	B1a	B1a	B1a	B1a	B1a	B1a
B-M182	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	B2	B2	B2	B2	B2	B2	B2	B2	B2	B2
B-M150	2	II	1B	5	-	H1	B	B2a*	B2a	B2a	B2a	B2a	B2a	B2a	B2a	B2a	B2a	B2a
B-M109	2	II	1B	5	-	H1	B	B2a1	B2a1	B2a1a	B2a1a	B2a1a	B2a1a	B2a1a	B2a1a	B2a1a	B2a1a	B2a1a
B-M108.1	2	II	1B	5	-	H1	B	B2a2*	B2a2	B2a2	B2a2	B2a2	B2a2	B2a2	B2a2	B2a2	removed	removed
B-M43	2	II	1B	5	-	H1	B	B2a2a	B2a2a	B2a2a	B2a2a	B2a2a	B2a2a	B2a2a	B2a2a	B2a2a	B2a2a	B2a2a
B-M112	6	II	1B	6	-	H1	B	B2b*	B2b	B2b	B2b	B2b	B2b	B2b	B2b	B2b	B2b	B2b
B-P6	6	II	1B	7	-	H1	B	B2b1	B2b1	B2b1	B2b1	B2b1	B2b1	B2b1	B2b1	B2b1	B2b1	B2b1
B-M115	6	II	1B	6	-	H1	B	B2b2	B2b2	B2b2	B2b2	B2b2	B2b2	B2b2	B2b2	B2b2	B2b2	B2b2
B-M30	6	II	1B	6	-	H1	B	B2b3*	B2b3	B2b3	B2b3	B2b3	B2b3	B2b3	B2b3	B2b3	B2b3	B2b3
B-M108.2	6	II	1B	6	-	H1	B	B2b3a	B2b3a	B2b3a	B2b3a	B2b3a	B2b3a	B2b3a	B2b3a	B2b3a	removed	removed
B-P7	6	II	1B	8	-	H1	B	B2b4*	B2b4	B2b4	B2b4	B2b4	B2b4	B2b4	B2b4	B2b4	removed	removed
B-P8	6	II	1B	10	-	H1	B	B2b4a	B2b4a	B2b4a	B2b4a	B2b4a	B2b4a	B2b4a	B2b4a	B2b4a	removed	removed
B-M211	6	II	1B	9	-	H1	B	B2b4b	B2b4b	B2b4b	B2b4b	B2b4b	B2b4b	B2b4b	B2b4b	B2b4b	B2b4b	B2b4b

Original research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
β Underhill 2000
γ Hammer 2001
δ Karafet 2001
ε Semino 2000
ζ Su 1999
η Capelli 2001

Phylogenetic trees

The phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree^[24] and subsequent published research.

B
- B-M60 (M60, M181, P85, P90)
  - B-M236 (M236, M288)
    - B-M236 (M236)
  - B-M182 (M182)
    - B-M150 (M150)
      - B-M218 (M218)
        B-M109 (M109, M152, P32)
        
        B-G1 (G1)
      - B-M108.1 (M108.1)
        B-P111 (P111, M43)
    - B-M112 (M112, M192, 50f2(P))
      - B-P6 (P6)
      - B-M115 (M115, M169)
      - B-M30 (M30, M129)
        B-M108.2 (M108.2)
      - B-P7 (P7)
        B-P8 (P8, P70)
        
        B-MSY2.1 (MSY2.1, M211)
    - B-P112 (P112)

References

PMID 25770088
.

PMID 21601174
.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Gemma Berniell-Lee, Francesc Calafell, Elena Bosch et al., "Genetic and demographic implications of the Bantu expansion: insights from human paternal lineages," Molecular Biology and Evolution Advance Access published April 15, 2009

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret et al., "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes," European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 867–876. (cf. Appendix A: Y Chromosome Haplotype Frequencies)

^
S2CID 52862939
.

^
PMID 17656633
.

^
PMID 18618658
. Retrieved 11 October 2017.

^
PMID 11910562
.

^
S2CID 12893406
.

^ Fulvio Cruciani, Beniamino Trombetta, Daniele Sellitto et al., "Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages," European Journal of Human Genetics (2010), 1–8

^
PMID 14973781
.

^ ^a ^b Viola Grugni, Vincenza Battaglia, Baharak Hooshiar Kashani, Silvia Parolo, Nadia Al-Zahery, et al. "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East : New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians" (2012)

^ Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, et al. "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events" (2012)

^
PMID 15793703
.

^ ^a ^b Family Tree DNA public haplotree, Haplogroup B-M181

^ Viola Grugni, Vincenza Battaglia, Baharak Hooshiar Kashani, Silvia Parolo, Nadia Al-Zahery, et al. "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East : New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians", 2012

^ Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, et al. "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events", 2012

^
PMID 17928816
.

^
PMID 19772609
.

S2CID 23503728
.

^ Middle East DNA Project

S2CID 7017701
.

S2CID 23503728
.

PMID 18385274
.

Sources for conversion tables

Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–443.
PMID 11170891
.

Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–1203.
PMID 11420360
.

Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62,
PMID 10904265

Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104.
PMID 11313742
.

Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628.
PMID 11481588
.

Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science, 290 (5494): 1155–9,
PMID 11073453

Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–1724.
PMID 10577926
.

Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361.
S2CID 12893406
.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup B of Y-DNA.

African Haplogroup project at FTDNA

Y-Chromosome B Haplogroup Project at FTDNA

Spread of Haplogroup B, from National Geographic

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_B-M60&oldid=1187877928"

[vanOven2014-25] S2CID 23291764
.

[ISOGG2015-26] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

[A0-T-27] Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

[A1-28] Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

[LT-29] Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

[K2-30] Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

[K2a-31] PMID 27111036
. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".

[K2b-32] Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

[K2e-33] Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).

[K-M2313-34] K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)

[K2b1-35] Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

[P-36] Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

[S-37] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

[M-38] Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

[1] PMID 25770088
.

[pmid21601174-2] PMID 21601174
.

[BerniellLee2009-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Gemma Berniell-Lee, Francesc Calafell, Elena Bosch et al., "Genetic and demographic implications of the Bantu expansion: insights from human paternal lineages," Molecular Biology and Evolution Advance Access published April 15, 2009

[Wood2005-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret et al., "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes," European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 867–876. (cf. Appendix A: Y Chromosome Haplotype Frequencies)

[Knight2003-5] 
S2CID 52862939
.

[Tishkoff2007-6] 
PMID 17656633
.

[Hassan2008-7] 
PMID 18618658
. Retrieved 11 October 2017.

[Cruciani2002-8] 
PMID 11910562
.

[Underhill2000-9] 
S2CID 12893406
.

[Cruciani2010-10] Fulvio Cruciani, Beniamino Trombetta, Daniele Sellitto et al., "Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages," European Journal of Human Genetics (2010), 1–8

[Luis2004-11] 
PMID 14973781
.

[Grugni2012-12] Viola Grugni, Vincenza Battaglia, Baharak Hooshiar Kashani, Silvia Parolo, Nadia Al-Zahery, et al. "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East : New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians" (2012)

[Haber2012-13] Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, et al. "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events" (2012)

[Hurles2005-14] 
PMID 15793703
.

[FTDNA-M181-15] Family Tree DNA public haplotree, Haplogroup B-M181

[16] Viola Grugni, Vincenza Battaglia, Baharak Hooshiar Kashani, Silvia Parolo, Nadia Al-Zahery, et al. "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East : New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians", 2012

[17] Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, et al. "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events", 2012

[Cadenas2008-18] 
PMID 17928816
.

[AbuAmero2009-19] 
PMID 19772609
.

[20] S2CID 23503728
.

[21] Middle East DNA Project

[Regueiro2006-22] S2CID 7017701
.

[Gomes-23] S2CID 23503728
.

[Karafet-24] PMID 18385274
.

[13]

[7]

[9]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[8]

[4]

[3]

[6]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[11]

[24]

[χ 1]

[χ 2]

[χ 3]

[χ 4]

[χ 5]

[χ 6]

[χ 7]

[χ 8]

[χ 9]

[χ 10]

[χ 11]

[χ 12]

[χ 13]

[χ 14]