Haplogroup B (mtDNA)
Haplogroup B | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 50,000 YBP |
Possible place of origin | South Asia |
Ancestor | R11'B |
Descendants | B4, B5, B7 |
Defining mutations | 8281-8289d[1] |
In
Origin
Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Eurasian haplogroup R.
The greatest variety of haplogroup B is in China. It is therefore likely that it underwent its earliest diversification in mainland
Distribution
Basal B was found in Upper Paleolithic Tianyuan man.[3]
Haplogroup B is now most common among populations native to Southeast Asia,[4] as well as speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages and Austronesian languages.
A subclade of B4b (which is sometimes labeled B2) is one of five haplogroups found among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, C, D, and X.
Because the
Although haplogroup B in general has been found in many Siberian population samples, the subclade that is phylogenetically closest to American B2, namely B4b1, has been found mainly in populations of southern China and Southeast Asia, especially
Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup B
Population | Frequency | Count | Source | Subtypes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Carolinian (Saipan) | 1.000 | 17 | [citation needed] | B4a1a1a=15, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=2 |
Hawaiians | 0.994 | 160 | [17] | B4a1a1, B4a1a1a1, B4a1a1a3 |
Mengla, Yunnan ) |
0.600 | 10 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=3, B4a=1, B4e=1, B4f=1 |
Mengla, Yunnan ) |
0.481 | 27 | [citation needed] | B4a=7, B4b1=5, B5a=1 |
Liannan, Guangdong ) |
0.429 | 35 | [citation needed] | B5a=7, B4e=3, B4b1=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=1, B(xB4, B5)=1 |
Filipino |
0.422 | 64 | [11] | B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=8, B5b=7, B4b1=6, B4c1b=4, B4a1a1=1, B5a=1 |
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) | 0.390 | 41 | [citation needed] | B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=6, B4a=3 |
Jianghua, Hunan ) |
0.375 | 24 | [citation needed] | B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2 |
Bình Thuận, Vietnam ) |
0.369 | 168 | [18] | B5a=27, B4c2=18, B4c1b2=3, B4h=3, B4a1(xB4a1a)=2, B4g=2, B5b2a=2, B4a(xB4a1)=1, B4a1a=1, B4b1=1, B4c1b(xB4c1b2)=1, B5b1=1 |
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.368 | 19 | [citation needed] | B5a=3, B4a=2, B4b1=1, B4e=1 |
Filipino (Luzon ) |
0.367 | 177 | [11] | B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=20, B5b=18, B4b1=13, B4c1b=10, B5a=2, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B7=1 |
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) | 0.333 | 39 | [citation needed] | B5a=8, B4a=5 |
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou ) |
0.321 | 28 | [citation needed] | B4a=6, B5a=2, B4c=1 |
Kinh (Vietnamese) |
0.317 | 139 | [citation needed] | B4=24, B5=19, B6=1 |
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) | 0.313 | 32 | [citation needed] | B4a=5, B5a=3, B4e=2 |
Malipo, Yunnan ) |
0.300 | 40 | [citation needed] | B5a=5, B4a=3, B4e=2, B4b1=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1 |
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan ) |
0.293 | 41 | [citation needed] | B5a=4, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=4, B4a=3, B4(xB4a)=1 |
) | 0.280 | 25 | [citation needed] | B4a=5, B5a=2 |
Filipino (Visayas ) |
0.277 | 112 | [11] | B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=11, B4b1=8, B4c1b=7, B5b=5 |
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.269 | 26 | [citation needed] | B4a=3, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B4f=1 |
Laos | 0.262 | 214 | [8] | B5a=26, B4g=7, B4c2=6, B4a'g*=3, B4a1*=3, B4b1a2a=2, B4e=2, B4*=1, B4a1b=1, B4b1*=1, B4b1a1'2*=1, B4c1b=1, B5b=1, B6=1 |
Fuchuan, Guangxi ) |
0.258 | 31 | [citation needed] | B4a=4, B5a=3, B4b1=1 |
Simao, Yunnan ) |
0.250 | 32 | [citation needed] | B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3 |
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.250 | 32 | [citation needed] | B5a=4, B4a=2, B4f=1, B5b=1 |
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan ) |
0.250 | 16 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1, B5a=1 |
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) | 0.244 | 45 | [citation needed] | B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3, B5a=3 |
Filipino (Mindanao ) |
0.243 | 70 | [11] | B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=7, B4b1=5, B5b=3, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B4a1a1=1 |
Fuchuan, Guangxi ) |
0.238 | 42 | [citation needed] | B4a=3, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1 |
Han (Taiwan) | 0.234 | 111 | [citation needed] | B4+C16261T+G16129A!=6, B5a1=3, B4+C16261T=2, B4b1a2=2, B4b1b'c=2, B4c1b2a(xB4c1b2a2)=2, B4g=2, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=1, B4a4=1, B4b1a3=1, B4c1b+A16335G=1, B4c1c=1, B5b(xB5b2a)=1, B5b2a=1 |
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.226 | 31 | [citation needed] | B4a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4b=1, B5a=1 |
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan ) |
0.211 | 19 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=1, B5a=1 |
Han (Taipei, Taiwan) | 0.209 | 91 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4f)=13, B5=6 |
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.206 | 102 | [citation needed] | B4a=5, B4b1=5, B5a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c, B4e, B4f, B4g)=3, B5b=2, B4c=1 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.204 | 103 | [6] | B4=13, B5=8 |
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian) | 0.200 | 55 | [citation needed] | B5=6, B4=5 |
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan ) |
0.200 | 15 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1 |
Han (Southern California) | 0.192 | 390 | [citation needed] | B=75 |
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan ) |
0.190 | 21 | [citation needed] | B4a=2, B4(xB4a)=1, B5b=1 |
Southwest China ; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou) |
0.190 | 137 | [citation needed] | B4b'd=9, B4a=6, B5a=4, B4c=3, B(xB4a, B4b'd, B4c, B5a, B5b, B6)=2, B5b=1, B6=1 |
Tujia (western Hunan) | 0.188 | 64 | [citation needed] | B4a=5, B5b=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2 |
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) | 0.184 | 103 | [citation needed] | B5a=6, B4a=5, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B4e=1, B4f=1, B5b=1 |
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan ) |
0.182 | 33 | [citation needed] | B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1, B5b=1 |
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.182 | 11 | [citation needed] | B4a=1, B4b1=1 |
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea) | 0.180 | 261 | [citation needed] | B(xB5)=32, B5=15 |
Han (Taiwan) | 0.179 | 1117 | [citation needed] | B=200 |
CHD (Han from Denver, Colorado) | 0.178 | 73 | [citation needed] | B4=12, B5=1 |
Hui (Xinjiang) | 0.178 | 45 | [citation needed] | B4a=4, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B6=1 |
Shuangbai, Yunnan ) |
0.175 | 40 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a, B4b1)=5, B4a=1, B4b1=1 |
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) | 0.172 | 29 | [citation needed] | B4b=3, B5a=2 |
Thailand | 0.171 | 105 | [citation needed] | B(xB5a1)=13, B5a1=5 |
Zhongdian, Yunnan ) |
0.171 | 35 | [citation needed] | B5a=4, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2 |
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan ) |
0.160 | 50 | [citation needed] | B4a=4, B(xB4, B5)=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5a=1 |
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) | 0.156 | 160 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4f)=15, B5=10 |
Evenk Autonomous Banner ) |
0.156 | 45 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a, B4b)=4, B4a=3 |
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital) | 0.155 | 633 | [citation needed] | B=98 |
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) | 0.150 | 20 | [citation needed] | B4b=1, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=1, B6=1 |
Ulan Bator ) |
0.149 | 47 | [6] | B4=5, B5=2 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.148 | 203 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4f)=24, B5=6 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.146 | 185 | [10] | B4a=11, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=7, B4b1=4, B5a=2, B5b=2, B4c=1 |
Vietnamese | 0.143 | 42 | [10] | B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=3, B4a=1, B4b(xB4b1)=1, B5a=1 |
Okinawa | 0.141 | 326 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4f)=28, B4f=10, B5=8 |
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University) | 0.140 | 121 | [citation needed] | B4=14, B5=3 |
JPT ( Tokyo ) |
0.136 | 118 | [citation needed] | B4=11, B5=5 |
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) | 0.133 | 30 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2 |
Hokkaidō ) |
0.129 | 217 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4f)=18, B4f=5, B5=5 |
Japanese (Tōkai) | 0.124 | 282 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4f)=26, B5=9 |
Japanese (Gifu) | 0.121 | 1617 | [citation needed] | B=196 |
Negidal | 0.121 | 33 | [14] | B5b2=4 |
Japanese (Tōhoku) | 0.119 | 336 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4f)=24, B5=15, B4f=1 |
Korean (northern China) | 0.118 | 51 | [10] | B4a=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1 |
Telengit (Altai Republic ) |
0.113 | 71 | [6] | B4=8 |
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan ) |
0.111 | 18 | [citation needed] | B4a=1, B5a=1 |
Nyingchi, Tibet ) |
0.111 | 54 | [citation needed] | B4a=5, B5b=1 |
Kyūshū ) |
0.109 | 256 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4f)=19, B5=8, B4f=1 |
Japanese | 0.109 | 211 | [citation needed] | B4b1=14, B5b=4, B5a=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1 |
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.106 | 47 | [citation needed] | B4b=4, B5b=1 |
Korean (Arun Banner) | 0.104 | 48 | [citation needed] | B4b=2, B5b=2, B4(xB4a, B4b)=1 |
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.104 | 48 | [citation needed] | B4b=3, B4a=1, B5a=1 |
Han (Beijing) | 0.100 | 40 | [10] | B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2 |
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) | 0.100 | 30 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3 |
Thai | 0.100 | 40 | [10] | B5a=3, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1 |
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) | 0.097 | 31 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B(xB4, B5)=1 |
Japanese (Miyazaki) | 0.090 | 100 | [15] | B4b1a1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=2, B5b=2 |
Khakassian (Khakassia ) |
0.088 | 57 | [6] | B4=5 |
Han (Xinjiang) | 0.085 | 47 | [citation needed] | B5a=2, B4b1=1, B5b=1 |
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash, Kyrgyzstan) | 0.085 | 47 | [citation needed] | B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1 |
Ulan Bator ) |
0.085 | 47 | [10] | B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1, B5b=1 |
Tuvan | 0.084 | 95 | [14] | B4a1c2=4, B5=2, B4(xB4a1c2, B4b1a, B4d1a)=1, B4b1a=1 |
Nyingchi, Tibet ) |
0.083 | 24 | [citation needed] | B=2 |
Barghut (Hulunbuir) | 0.081 | 149 | [16] | B4c1a2(xB4c1a2a)=4, B4f1=2, B5b(xB5b2)=2, B4c1a2a=1, B4b1a3a1a=1, B4d1=1, B5b2=1 |
Chamorro (85 Guam, 14 Saipan, & 6 Rota) | 0.076 | 105 | [citation needed] | B4a1a1a=7, B4b1=1 |
Manchurian |
0.075 | 40 | [10] | B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1 |
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) |
0.075 | 40 | [citation needed] | B=3 |
Almaty Province, Kazakhstan ) |
0.073 | 55 | [citation needed] | B5a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1 |
Buryat | 0.071 | 126 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a, B4b)=5, B5b=2, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1, B4b=1 |
Khamnigan (Buryatia) | 0.071 | 99 | [6] | B4=5, B5=2 |
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.063 | 16 | [citation needed] | B=1 |
Persian (eastern Iran ) |
0.061 | 82 | [6] | B4=4, B5=1 |
Nogai (Dagestan ) |
0.061 | 33 | [citation needed] | B=2 |
Nagchu, Tibet ) |
0.057 | 35 | [citation needed] | B=2 |
Almaty Province, Kazakhstan ) |
0.055 | 55 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1, B5b=1 |
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan) | 0.054 | 37 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1 |
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) | 0.053 | 133 | [citation needed] | B5a=7 |
Uzbek (Xinjiang) | 0.052 | 58 | [citation needed] | B4b1=2, B4c=1 |
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 20 | [citation needed] | B=1 |
Filipino (Palawan ) |
0.050 | 20 | [citation needed] | B4a1a=1 |
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) |
0.050 | 20 | [citation needed] | B=1 |
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) |
0.050 | 20 | [citation needed] | B=1 |
Shor (Kemerovo Oblast) | 0.049 | 82 | [6] | B4=4 |
Va (Simao, Yunnan) | 0.045 | 22 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a)=1 |
Altai Kizhi |
0.044 | 90 | [6] | B4=3, B5=1 |
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) | 0.044 | 68 | [citation needed] | B5a=2, B4b1=1 |
Tofalar | 0.043 | 46 | [14] | B4a1c2=2 |
Kyrgyz (Bakay-Ata, Kyrgyzstan) | 0.042 | 48 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B5b=1 |
Tubalar |
0.042 | 72 | [14] | B4b1a=3 |
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai) | 0.041 | 73 | [6] | B4=3 |
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic) | 0.041 | 98 | [16] | B5b2=3, B4c1b=1 |
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsky, Irkutsk Oblast) | 0.040 | 25 | [14] | B4d1a=1 |
Kazakh (Xinjiang) | 0.038 | 53 | [citation needed] | B4a=2 |
Teleut (Kemerovo Oblast ) |
0.038 | 53 | [6] | B4=2 |
Kalmyk (Kalmykia ) |
0.036 | 110 | [6] | B4=3, B5=1 |
Chamdo, Tibet ) |
0.034 | 29 | [citation needed] | B4a=1 |
Buryat (Buryatia) | 0.034 | 295 | [6] | B4=9, B5=1 |
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan) | 0.029 | 35 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1 |
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) | 0.028 | 36 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1 |
Gengma, Yunnan ) |
0.028 | 36 | [citation needed] | B5a=1 |
Yakut (Yakutia) | 0.028 | 36 | [6] | B4=1 |
Tharu (Morang, Nepal) | 0.025 | 40 | [citation needed] | B5a=1 |
Deqin, Yunnan ) |
0.025 | 40 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1 |
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner) | 0.023 | 44 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4a, B4b)=1 |
Uyghur (Xinjiang) | 0.021 | 47 | [citation needed] | B(xB4, B5, B6)=1 |
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang) | 0.020 | 49 | [citation needed] | B4b1=1 |
Ainu | 0.020 | 51 | [citation needed] | B4f1=1 |
Tuvinian (Tuva ) |
0.019 | 105 | [6] | B4=2 |
Tibetan (Qinghai) | 0.018 | 56 | [citation needed] | B4a=1 |
Karachay-Cherkessia ) |
0.015 | 206 | [citation needed] | B=3 |
Shannan, Tibet ) |
0.014 | 74 | [citation needed] | B4a=1 |
Yakut | 0.012 | 423 | [citation needed] | B4(xB4b1)=3 B4b1=1 B5b2=1 |
Bashkir | 0.009 | 221 | [citation needed] | B=2 |
Chukchi (Anadyr) | 0.000 | 15 | [6] | – |
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) |
0.000 | 16 | [citation needed] | – |
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | [citation needed] | – |
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | [citation needed] | – |
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | [citation needed] | – |
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | [citation needed] | – |
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | [citation needed] | – |
) | 0.000 | 24 | [citation needed] | – |
Nganasan | 0.000 | 24 | [14] | – |
Diqing, Yunnan ) |
0.000 | 24 | [citation needed] | – |
Kurd (northwestern Iran ) |
0.000 | 25 | [6] | – |
Andhra Pradesh (tribal) | 0.000 | 29 | [citation needed] | – |
Shigatse, Tibet ) |
0.000 | 29 | [citation needed] | – |
Batak (Palawan) | 0.000 | 31 | [citation needed] | – |
Ket | 0.000 | 38 | [14] | – |
Tajik (Tajikistan ) |
0.000 | 44 | [6] | – |
Lhasa, Tibet ) |
0.000 | 44 | [citation needed] | – |
Evenk (Buryatia) | 0.000 | 45 | [6] | – |
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk Krai) | 0.000 | 46 | [14] | – |
Itelmen | 0.000 | 47 | [14] | – |
Chuvash | 0.000 | 55 | [citation needed] | – |
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) | 0.000 | 56 | [14] | – |
Komi-Zyryans |
0.000 | 62 | [citation needed] | – |
Mansi | 0.000 | 63 | [citation needed] | – |
Chukchi | 0.000 | 66 | [14] | – |
Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tuguro-Chumikan ) |
0.000 | 71 | [14] | – |
Tatar (Aznakayevo ) |
0.000 | 71 | [citation needed] | – |
Komi-Permyaks |
0.000 | 74 | [citation needed] | – |
Siberian Eskimo |
0.000 | 79 | [14] | – |
Ulchi | 0.000 | 87 | [14] | – |
Mansi | 0.000 | 98 | [14] | – |
Udmurt | 0.000 | 101 | [citation needed] | – |
Mordvinian | 0.000 | 102 | [citation needed] | – |
Khanty |
0.000 | 106 | [citation needed] | – |
Yakut | 0.000 | 117 | [citation needed] | – |
Tatar (Buinsk ) |
0.000 | 126 | [citation needed] | – |
Mari | 0.000 | 136 | [citation needed] | – |
Koryak | 0.000 | 155 | [14] | – |
Tatar |
0.000 | 228 | [citation needed] | – |
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.
- B'R11'R24
- B4'5 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, Paleolithic remains from Tianyuan Cave), the Philippines (Ivatan)
- B4
- B4-T16217C* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan
- B4a'g'h'i'k'm (B4-C16261T)
- B4-C16261T* – Thailand (Uyghur), Korea
- B4a – Korea, Han Chinese (Denver), Tujia, Uyghur, Borneo (Bidayuh[20])
- B4a1 (TMRCA 22,900 [95% CI 18,200 <-> 28,400] ybp[21])
- B4a1a (TMRCA 9,700 [95% CI 9,000 <-> 10,500] ybp[21])
- B4a1a* – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea (Trobriand Islands), Ireland
- B4a1a1 (A14022G, A16247G) – (TMRCA 7,000 [95% CI 6,600 <-> 7,500] ybp[21]) Vanuatu (Port Olry), Papua New Guinea (Siwai of Bougainville)[22] the Polynesian motif,[23][24][25][26] or "PM" (though sometimes referred to as its immediate precursor)
- B4a1a1a (16247) – (TMRCA 5,400 [95% CI 4,900 <-> 5,900] ybp[21]) Vanuatu (Banks and Torres), Cook Islands (also sometimes referred to as "the Polynesian motif")
- B4a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
- B4a1a1a1a – Solomon Islands (Savo)
- B4a1a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Isabel)
- B4a1a1a1b – Solomon Islands (Gela, Simbo)
- B4a1a1a1c – Papua New Guinea (Nasioi and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
- B4a1a1a1d – Tonga
- B4a1a1a1a – Solomon Islands (Savo)
- B4a1a1a2 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island)
- B4a1a1a2a – Solomon Islands (Malaita)
- B4a1a1a2b – Papua New Guinea (Buin of Bougainville)
- B4a1a1a3 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Makira)
- B4a1a1a4 – Papua New Guinea (South Coast), Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
- B4a1a1a5 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Ontong Java)
- B4a1a1a6 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Vella Lavella)
- B4a1a1a7 – Solomon Islands (Bellona)
- B4a1a1a8 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Fiji
- B4a1a1a9 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia)
- B4a1a1a10 – Solomon Islands (Savo, Ranongga)
- B4a1a1a11 – Solomon Islands (Simbo)
- B4a1a1a11a – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Vanuatu (Banks and Torres)
- B4a1a1a11b – Solomon Islands (Bellona), Cook Islands
- B4a1a1a12 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Savo)
- B4a1a1a13 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Samoa
- B4a1a1a14 – Papua New Guinea (Buka)
- B4a1a1a15 – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
- B4a1a1a16 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Tonga
- B4a1a1a17 – Papua New Guinea (Buka, Siwai of Bougainville)
- B4a1a1a18 – Cook Islands
- B4a1a1a19 – Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island, Anem of New Britain)
- B4a1a1a20 – Tuvalu
- B4a1a1a21 – Solomon Islands (Malaita), Samoa
- B4a1a1a22 – Niue, Samoa
- B4a1a1a23 – Papua New Guinea (Torau of Bougainville), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Vella Lavella, Shortlands)
- B4a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
- B4a1a1b – Madagascar (Mikea, Merina) (Malagasy motif – a Polynesian motif found only among the Malagasypeople)
- B4a1a1c – Cook Islands
- B4a1a1d – Solomon Islands (Isabel), Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
- B4a1a1e – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
- B4a1a1f – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
- B4a1a1g – Solomon Islands (Russell, Malaita)
- B4a1a1h – Solomon Islands (Bellona, Rennell)
- B4a1a1i – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Savo)
- B4a1a1j – Solomon Islands (Russell, Guadalcanal)
- B4a1a1k – Tonga, Samoa
- B4a1a1k1 – Tonga, Samoa
- B4a1a1m – Tonga, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
- B4a1a1m1 – Cook Islands, Tuvalu
- B4a1a1n – Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz), Cook Islands
- B4a1a1o – Papua New Guinea (Madang), Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Samoa
- B4a1a1p – Solomon Islands (Gela)
- B4a1a1q – Indonesia (West New Guinea), Solomon Islands (Choiseul)
- B4a1a1r – Cook Islands
- B4a1a1s – Papua New Guinea (Torau and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
- B4a1a1t – Samoa, Cook Islands
- B4a1a1u – Fiji, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
- B4a1a1v – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
- B4a1a1w – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
- B4a1a1x – Tuvalu, Micronesia (Majuro Atoll)
- B4a1a1y – Solomon Islands (Vella Lavella)
- B4a1a1z – Papua New Guinea (Nakanai of New Britain)
- B4a1a1aa – Bougainville (Torau, etc.)
- B4a1a1ab – Solomon Islands (Ontong Java), Samoa
- B4a1a1ac – Solomon Islands (Kolombangara), Tuvalu
- B4a1a1ad – Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
- B4a1a1ae – Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
- B4a1a1af – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
- B4a1a1a (16247) – (TMRCA 5,400 [95% CI 4,900 <-> 5,900] ybp[21]) Vanuatu (Banks and Torres), Cook Islands (also sometimes referred to as "the Polynesian motif")
- B4a1a2 – Taiwan (Amis)
- B4a1a3 – Taiwan (Ami)
- B4a1a3a – Taiwan (Siraya)
- B4a1a3a1 – Philippines (Ivatan), Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu), Spain, USA
- B4a1a3a1a – Taiwan (Amis)
- B4a1a3a1 – Philippines (Ivatan), Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu), Spain, USA
- B4a1a3a – Taiwan (Siraya)
- B4a1a4 – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
- B4a1a5 – Philippines, Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu)
- B4a1a5a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ivatan)
- B4a1a6 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao)
- B4a1a6a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ibaloi)
- B4a1a7 – Taiwan (Amis)
- B4a1b'e (TMRCA 20,000 [95% CI 15,300 <-> 25,700] ybp[21])
- B4a1c (TMRCA 20,200 [95% CI 15,600 <-> 25,700] ybp) – India, China (Tay), Korea, Japan
- B4a1c1 (TMRCA 17,400 [95% CI 10,700 <-> 26,600] ybp) – Japan
- B4a1c1a (TMRCA 13,800 [95% CI 8,200 <-> 21,800] ybp) – Japan, Korea, China
- B4a1c1a1 – Japan, Korea
- B4a1c1a (TMRCA 13,800 [95% CI 8,200 <-> 21,800] ybp) – Japan, Korea, China
- B4a1c2'4'5 (TMRCA 17,100 [95% CI 11,800 <-> 23,900] ybp) – Vietnam (Cờ Lao)
- B4a1c2 – Tuvan, Tofalar
- B4a1c4 (TMRCA 13,400 [95% CI 11,000 <-> 16,300] ybp) – China (Hulun Buir, Dai), Vietnam (Dao, Hà Nhì, Si La, Kinh, Nùng), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Lao Isan in four provinces of Northeast Thailand, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province[19])
- B4a1c5 – China (Fujian), Taiwan (Hakka)
- B4a1c3 (TMRCA 16,100 [95% CI 10,100 <-> 24,500] ybp[21])
- B4a1c1 (TMRCA 17,400 [95% CI 10,700 <-> 26,600] ybp) – Japan
- B4a1d – Vietnam
- B4a1a (TMRCA 9,700 [95% CI 9,000 <-> 10,500] ybp[21])
- B4a2 – Japan
- B4a2a – Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra, Banjarmasin), Philippines, Taiwan (Makatao, Hakka)
- B4a2a1 – Orchid Island (Yami), Philippines (Ivatan)
- B4a2a2 – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiat)
- B4a2a3 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Hakka)
- B4a2b – China (Han from Beijing)
- B4a2b1 – China, Jamaica
- B4a2b1a – Japan
- B4a2b1 – China, Jamaica
- B4a2a – Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra, Banjarmasin), Philippines, Taiwan (Makatao, Hakka)
- B4a3 – Tibet (Nagqu), Japan
- B4a4 – Ladakh, Northern Areas of Pakistan (Balti), Singapore, China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Korea, Russia, Germany
- B4a4a - Yakut, Yukaghir
- B4a4b - China
- B4a4c - Thailand
- B4a4c1 - Naxi, Uyghur
- B4a4d - China
- B4a4e - China
- B4a4e1 - China, Taiwan
- B4a4f - Japan
- B4a4f1 - China
- B4a5 – China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Vietnam (H'Mông, Dao, Cờ Lao)
- B4a1 (TMRCA 22,900 [95% CI 18,200 <-> 28,400] ybp[21])
- B4g
- B4g1 – Thailand
- B4g1a – Thailand (, etc.)
- B4g1b – Han Chinese (Beijing, Denver)
- B4g2 – Orchid Island (Tao), China (Han from Hunan), Vietnam (Cờ Lao, Dao, Si La), Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province,[19] Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province,[19] Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province,[19] Htin in Phayao Province[19])
- B4g1 – Thailand
- B4h – China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand (Phuan in Sukhothai Province[19])
- B4i – China
- B4i1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
- B4k – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
- B4m – Korea, China, Taiwan (Minnan), Vietnam
- B4-C16261T* – Thailand (
- B4b'd'e'j – Vietnam, Laos
- B4b – Canada
- B2 – Quechua, Guarani, Coreguaje, Waunana, Katuena, Ache, Gaviao, Xavante, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, USA (Yaqui, Hispanics, etc.), Dominican Republic
- B2a – Northwestern Canada (Tsimshian), Mexico (Chihuahua)
- B2a1 – USA (Jemez in New Mexico, Hispanics, etc.), Mexico
- B2a1a – USA (Hispanics)
- B2a1a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua)
- B2a1b – Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Hispanic)
- B2a1a – USA (Hispanics)
- B2a2 – USA (New Mexico, Colorado, Mexican)
- B2a3 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango), USA (Mexican)
- B2a4
- B2a4a – Mexico (Sinaloa)
- B2a4a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Durango)
- B2a4a – Mexico (Sinaloa)
- B2a5 – Pima, USA (Arizona, Utah, California)
- B2a1 – USA (Jemez in New Mexico, Hispanics, etc.), Mexico
- B2b – Cayapa, Pomo, Xavante, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina
- B2b1 – Venezuela, Ecuador (Shuar of Gualaceo)
- B2b2 – Bolivia (Beni), Argentina (Criollo of Gran Chaco), USA (Hispanic)
- B2b2a – Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Cochabamba)
- B2b3 – Yanomama
- B2b3a – Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Kayapo
- B2b4 – USA (Mexican)
- B2c – Ecuador, USA (Hispanic), ancient Canada,[30] modern Canada[31]
- B2c1 – Mexico (Mixe), USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
- B2c1a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
- B2c1b – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
- B2c1c – USA (Mexican)
- B2c2 – USA (Mexican)
- B2c2a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
- B2c2b – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
- B2c1 – Mexico (Mixe), USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
- B2d – Nicaragua (Chinandega), Ngöbe/Guaymi, Wayuu, Colombia, USA (Hispanic in New Jersey)
- B2e – Colombia, Argentina, Waiwai
- B2f – USA (Mexican)
- B2g
- B2g1 – Mexico, USA (Yaqui, Mexican, Hispanic)
- B2g2
- B2h – Ache
- B2i
- B2i1 – Kayapo
- B2i2 – Chile
- B2i2a – Mapuche
- B2i2a1 – Chile
- B2i2a1a – Chile, Argentina
- B2i2a1b – Chile
- B2i2a1 – Chile
- B2i2b – Chile
- B2i2b1 – Chile
- B2i2a – Mapuche
- B2j
- B2k – Venezuela, USA (Mexican)
- B2l – Venezuela, Ecuador
- B2m
- B2n
- B2o – Colombia, Mexico (Maya), USA (Hispanic in Arizona)
- B2o1 – Ecuador, Bolivia
- B2o1a – Colombia, Bolivia, Peru
- B2o1 – Ecuador, Bolivia
- B2p – USA (Mexican)
- B2q – Ecuador, USA (Mexican)
- B2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
- B2s – USA (Mexican)
- B2t – Guatemala (Maya, la Tinta)
- B2u
- B2v
- B2w
- B2x
- B2y – South America (Andes), Peru
- B2y1 – USA
- B2a – Northwestern Canada (Tsimshian), Mexico (Chihuahua)
- B4b1
- B4b1* – Thailand (Phuan in Phrae Province),[19] Korea, Japan
- B4b1a
- B4b1a* – China, Tubalar,[14] Philippines, Indonesia
- B4b1a-G207A (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 11,200 <-> 19,400] ybp[21]) – Japan
- B4b1a1 (TMRCA 3,000 [95% CI 2,100 <-> 4,200] ybp[21]) – Japan
- B4b1a1a – Japan, Korea
- B4b1a1b – Japan
- B4b1a1c – Japan, Korea
- B4b1a2 (TMRCA 11,900 [95% CI 10,300 <-> 13,600] ybp[21]) – Japan, Korea, China (Fujian), Taiwan, Philippines (Aeta of Bataan, etc.), Indonesia, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[19]), India
- B4b1a2a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Tai Dam in Loei Province, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province[19]), Vietnam (Gelao), China (Han from Zhanjiang), Korea, Japan
- B4b1a2b – Taiwan (Ami)
- B4b1a2b1 – Philippines (Maranao, Manobo)
- B4b1a2b2 – Taiwan (Bunun, Makatao)
- B4b1a2c – Philippines (Mamanwa)
- B4b1a2d – Philippines (Surigaonon)
- B4b1a2e – China (She people, etc.)
- B4b1a2f – Taiwan (Bunun, Tsou)
- B4b1a2g – Taiwan (Bunun)
- B4b1a2g1 – Taiwan (Bunun)
- B4b1a2h – Taiwan (Ami)
- B4b1a2i
- B4b1a2i* – Tuvalu, Banjar (Banjarmasin)[citation needed]
- B4b1a2i1
- B4b1a2i1*
- B4b1a2i1a
- B4b1a2i1a* – Nauru, Kiribati
- B4b1a2i1a1 – Tuvalu
- B4b1a2i1a* – Nauru, Kiribati
- B4b1a2i2 – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
- B4b1a3 (TMRCA 7,300 [95% CI 4,600 <-> 11,000] ybp[21]) – Han Chinese (Denver)
- B4b1a1 (TMRCA 3,000 [95% CI 2,100 <-> 4,200] ybp[21]) – Japan
- B4b1b'c
- B4b1b – Japan, Korean, China (Lanzhou[34]), Vietnam
- B4b1c – China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 9,800 <-> 21,700] ybp)
- B4b1c1 – Vietnam (Kinh, Tày, Nùng), Thailand, China, Japan (TMRCA 7,200 [95% CI 4,500 <-> 10.800] ybp)
- B4b1c2 – Mongol (New Barag Left Banner), China, Taiwan (Hakka), Japan (TMRCA 12,900 [95% CI 7,800 <-> 20,100] ybp)
- B4b1c1 – Vietnam (Kinh,
- B2 – Quechua, Guarani, Coreguaje, Waunana, Katuena, Ache, Gaviao, Xavante, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, USA (Yaqui, Hispanics, etc.), Dominican Republic
- B4d
- B4d1'2'3
- B4d1'2'3* – Russia (Buryat[14]), China (Oroqen,[32] Tibetan from Tingri, etc.), Korea
- B4d1 – China (Miao, Daur from Qiqihar, Korean from Antu County, Han from Fengcheng, Lanzhou,[34] Jiangsu, etc.), Taiwan, Japan (Chiba), conqueror period Hungary (three specimens from the Karos-III site)[35]
- B4d1a – Han Chinese (Denver), Barghut (Hulun Buir)[16]
- B4d2 – China (Han from Qingdao)
- B4d3 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
- B4d3a – China, Italy (TMRCA 8,300 [95% CI 4,700 <-> 13,500] ybp)
- B4d3a1 – Japan (Aichi, Ibaraki, etc.), Korea[36]
- B4d3a – China, Italy (TMRCA 8,300 [95% CI 4,700 <-> 13,500] ybp)
- B4d4 – Japan (Chiba, etc.)
- B4d1'2'3
- B4e – Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi, Sukhothai, and Phrae provinces,[19] Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province[19]), Laos (Lao in Vientiane[19]), Vietnam (La Hủ), China, Japan (Tokyo)
- B4j – Buryat, Khamnigan[16]
- B4b – Canada
- B4c – Thailand, Indonesia
- B4c1
- B4c1a'b
- B4c1a – China (Shandong, Lanzhou,[34] Deng people, Sarikoli in Tashkurgan), Vietnam (La Hủ) (TMRCA 18,000 [95% CI 12,600 <-> 25,000] ybp[21])
- B4c1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi), Korea (South Jeolla[21]) (TMRCA 12,000 [95% CI 8,300 <-> 16,700] ybp[21])
- B4c1a1a – Japan (Chiba, Aichi), Korea
- B4c1a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo), Korea
- B4c1a1a1a – Japan (Aichi, etc.)
- B4c1a1a2 – Japan (Aichi)
- B4c1a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo), Korea
- B4c1a1b – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea[36]
- B4c1a1c – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
- B4c1a1a – Japan (Chiba, Aichi), Korea
- B4c1a2 – Barghut,[16] Buryat, Yakut (TMRCA 11,700 [95% CI 6,000 <-> 20,600] ybp[21])
- B4c1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi), Korea (South Jeolla[21]) (TMRCA 12,000 [95% CI 8,300 <-> 16,700] ybp[21])
- B4c1b - Japan (Aichi), Vietnam (Kinh), Thailand
- B4c1b1
- B4c1b1* – Japan (Tokyo), Korea, USA
- B4c1b1a – Japan (Tokyo)
- B4c1b-A16335G
- B4c1b-C5246A/T14502C/G16310A
- B4c1b2 - Poland
- B4c1b2a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[19]), China (Han from Fengcheng, Lanzhou,[34] etc.), Kazakh (Altai[16])
- B4c1b2a1 – China (Zhejiang, etc.), Uyghur, Japan
- B4c1b2a2 – Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Philippines (Ivatan), South Africa, China
- B4c1b2a2a – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
- B4c1b2a2b – Philippines (Ivatan)
- B4c1b2b – Taiwan (Minnan), Han Chinese (Denver)
- B4c1b2c – China, Han Chinese (Denver), Taiwan, Vietnam (), Hazara (Pakistan)
- B4c1b2c1 – China (Han from Beijing), Taiwan (Minnan), Japan
- B4c1b2c2 – China, Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Vietnam (Kinh, La Hủ), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province[19])
- B4c1b2a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[19]), China (Han from Fengcheng, Lanzhou,[34] etc.), Kazakh (Altai[16])
- B4c1b3
- B4c1b1
- B4c1a – China (Shandong, Lanzhou,[34] Deng people, Sarikoli in Tashkurgan), Vietnam (La Hủ) (TMRCA 18,000 [95% CI 12,600 <-> 25,000] ybp[21])
- B4c1c
- B4c1a'b
- B4c2
- B4c3
- B4c1
- B4f – Japan (Japanese, Ryukyuan, Ainu, late 3–4th century AD (early Kofun period) Yokohama[41])
- B5
- B5* – China
- B5a – Thailand (Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province[19]), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Philippines (Agta of Iriga)
- B5a1 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan from Chaiyaphum Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province[19]), Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Vietnam, China
- B5a1a – Cambodia, Vietnam (Kinh, Gelao), Laos,[19] Thailand,[19] Indonesia (Besemah and Kutaradja of Sumatra), China, Uyghur, Taiwan (Minnan), Philippines, India
- B5a1a1 – Nicobar Islands
- B5a1b – China (Han from Wuhan), Philippines, Iran[42]
- B5a1b1 – Cambodia (Jarai), Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand (Bru from Sakon Nakhon Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province, Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Saek from Nakhon Phanom Province[19]), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang and Vientiane[19]), China, Korea
- B5a1c – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand (Kaleun from Nakhon Phanom Province[19]), Guyana
- B5a1c1 – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang[19])
- B5a1c1a – Han Chinese
- B5a1c1a1 – China (Han from Hunan, etc.)
- B5a1c1a – Han Chinese
- B5a1c2 – China (Han)
- B5a1c1 – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang[19])
- B5a1d – China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra)
- B5a1a – Cambodia, Vietnam (Kinh, Gelao), Laos,[19] Thailand,[19] Indonesia (Besemah and Kutaradja of Sumatra), China, Uyghur, Taiwan (Minnan), Philippines, India
- B5a2 – China (Han from Hunan)
- B5a2a
- B5a2a1
- B5a2a1a – China
- B5a2a1b – Korea, Japan (Tokyo, Chiba)
- B5a2a2
- B5a2a2* – China
- B5a2a2a
- B5a2a2a1 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai)
- B5a2a2a2 – Taiwan (Saisiyat, Rukai)
- B5a2a2b
- B5a2a2b1 – Philippines (Ivatan)
- B5a2a2b1a – Taiwan (Bunun)
- B5a2a2b2 – Taiwan (Makatao)
- B5a2a2b1 – Philippines (Ivatan)
- B5a2a1
- B5a2a
- B5a1 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan from Chaiyaphum Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province[19]), Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Vietnam, China
- B5b – Korea,[36] China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz
- B5b1 – China, Tibet, Buryat (Inner Mongolia), Korea, Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Thailand (Suay from Surin Province[19]), Cambodia (Lao), Vietnam, Singapore
- B5b1a – China, Thailand (Shan from Mae Hong Son Province[19])
- B5b1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
- B5b1a2 – Japan (Tokyo)
- B5b1a2a – Japan (Chiba, Tokyo)
- B5b1c – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Santa Cruz), Malaysia (Jawa, Batek), Singapore, Yemen
- B5b1c1 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao, Ibaloi, Kankanaey)
- B5b1c1a – Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, Kalangoya, Ibaloi, Abaknon)
- B5b1c1 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao, Ibaloi, Kankanaey)
- B5b1a – China, Thailand (Shan from Mae Hong Son Province[19])
- B5b2 – Russia (Russian old settler in Pokhosk Village of Sakha Republic, Ulchi,[43] Altaian Kazakh[16]), China (Han, Uyghur, Barghut[16]), Japan, Philippines
- B5b3
- B5b3a – Japan (Aichi, early 11th century AD (Heian period) Yokohama,[41] etc.), Korea, China
- B5b3b – Japan
- B5b4 – China, Altai Kizhi
- B5b5 – Taiwan (Hakka), Han Chinese (Denver)
- B5b1 – China, Tibet, Buryat (Inner Mongolia), Korea, Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Thailand (Suay from Surin Province[19]), Cambodia (Lao), Vietnam, Singapore
- B4
- R11'B6
- R11 – China (Han from Beijing)
- B6
- B6a – China (Han from Tai'an), Thailand (Htin in Phayao Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Sukhothai Province, Mon in Ratchaburi Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province[19])
- B6a1 – China, Thailand (Blang in Chiang Rai Province[19]), Philippines
- B6a1a – Myanmar, Thailand (Lawa and Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province[19]), Malaysia (Temuan)
- B6a1 – China, Thailand (
- B6a – China (Han from Tai'an), Thailand (Htin in Phayao Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Sukhothai Province, Mon in Ratchaburi Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province[19])
- R24 – Philippines (Mamanwa)
- R24a – Philippines
- B4'5 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, Paleolithic remains from Tianyuan Cave), the Philippines (Ivatan)
Popular culture
In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Ina.
See also
- Genealogical DNA test
- Genetic genealogy
- Human mitochondrial genetics
- Population genetics
- Indigenous Amerindian genetics
Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L )
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L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L1
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L2
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L3
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L4
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L5
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L6
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M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CZ
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D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W
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X | Y
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C | Z | B | F | R0
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pre-JT | P | U
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HV
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JT
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K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
H | V | J | T |
References
- ^ S2CID 27566749.
- ^ Yong-Gang Yao et al. 2001, Phylogeographic Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese Am J Hum Genet. 2002 March; 70(3): 635–651
- ^ "Downloadable genotypes of present-day and ancient DNA data (compiled from published papers) | David Reich Lab". reich.hms.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-11-02. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
- ^ Haplogroup B.
- PMID 18313026. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
- ^ PMID 17924343.
- PMID 21970613.
- ^ a b Martin Bodner, Bettina Zimmermann, Alexander Röck, Anita Kloss-Brandstätter, David Horst, Basil Horst, Sourideth Sengchanh, Torpong Sanguansermsri, Jürgen Horst, Tanja Krämer, Peter M Schneider, and Walther Parson, "Southeast Asian diversity: first insights into the complex mtDNA structure of Laos." BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011), 11:49. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/49
- ^ Theodore G Schurr and Douglas C Wallace, "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in Southeast Asian populations", Human Biology, June 2002.
- ^ PMID 19148289.
- ^ a b c d e Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo et al., "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?" Mol. Biol. Evol. 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215
- ^ Min-Sheng Peng, Jun-Dong He, Hai-Xin Liu, and Ya-Ping Zhang, "Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders – a perspective from mitochondrial DNA," BMC Evol Biol. 2011; 11: 46. Published online 2011 February 15. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-46
- PMID 19414523.
- ^ PMID 15638829.
- ^ a b Taketo Uchiyama, Rinnosuke Hisazumi, Kenshi Shimizu et al., "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture," 『法科学技術』houkagaku gijutsu, 12(1), 83–96 (2007)
- ^ PMID 22363811.
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- ^ PMID 20513740.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Silvia Ghirotto, Andrea Brunelli, and Mark Stoneking, "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages." Hum Genet 2016 DOI 10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y.
- ^ PMID 22729749.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai YFull MTree 1.01.5539
- PMID 21295281.
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- ISBN 9780198041085.
- S2CID 43844521. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
- ^ PMID 29367746.
- ^ Omer Gokcumen, Matthew C. Dulik, Athma A. Pai, et al. (2008), "Genetic Variation in the Enigmatic Altaian Kazakhs of South-Central Russia: Insights into Turkic Population History." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 136:278–293 (2008). DOI 10.1002/ajpa.20802.
- PMID 28158897.
- PMID 29033326.
- ^ GenBank Accession number: OR817967.1
- ^ bioRxiv 10.1101/001792.
- ^ Duggan AT, Whitten M, Wiebe V, Crawford M, Butthof A, et al. (2013), "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers." PLoS ONE 8(12): e83570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570
- ^ a b c d Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, et al., "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." Mol Genet Genomics 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0.
- ^ Endre Neparáczki, Klaudia Kocsy, Gábor Endre Tóth, et al., "Revising mtDNA haplotypes of the ancient Hungarian conquerors with next generation sequencing." PLoS One 2017; 12(4): e0174886.
- ^ a b c d e Pham VH, Nguyen VL, Jung HE, Cho YS, Shin JG. "The frequency of the known mitochondrial variants associated with drug-induced toxicity in a Korean population." BMC Med Genomics. 2022 Jan 3;15(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s12920-021-01153-0. PMID: 34980117; PMCID: PMC8722126.
- ^ a b Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." Electrophoresis (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151.
- ^ a b Ingman,M. and Gyllensten,U., "Mitochondrial genome variation and evolutionary history of Australian and New Guinean aborigines." Genome Res. 13 (7), 1600-1606 (2003).
- ^ Ingman,M., Kaessmann,H., Paabo,S., and Gyllensten,U., "Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans." Nature 408 (6813), 708-713 (2000).
- PMID 24607387.
- ^ a b Ryohei TAKAHASHI, Ryoko KOIBUCHI, Fumiko SAEKI, Yasuo HAGIHARA, Minoru YONEDA, Noboru ADACHI, and Takashi NARA, "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the human skeletons excavated from the Shomyoji shell midden site, Kanagawa, Japan." Anthropological Science Vol. 127(1), 65–72, 2019. DOI: 10.1537/ase.190307
- ^ Source: 23andme
- ^ Rem I. Sukernik, Natalia V. Volodko, Ilya O. Mazunin, Nikolai P. Eltsov, Stanislav V. Dryomov, and Elena B. Starikovskaya, "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Tubalar, Even, and Ulchi: Contribution to Prehistory of Native Siberians and Their Affinities to Native Americans." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 148:123–138 (2012). DOI 10.1002/ajpa.22050
- ^ a b MtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
- ^ Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Chang Sun, et al. (2003), "Phylogeny of East Asian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages Inferred from Complete Sequences." Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73:671–676, 2003.
- ^ Longli Kang, Hong-Xiang Zheng, Menghan Zhang, et al. (2016), "MtDNA analysis reveals enriched pathogenic mutations in Tibetan highlanders." Scientific Reports | 6:31083 | DOI: 10.1038/srep31083.
- ^ Duong,N.T., Macholdt,E., Ton,N.D., et al., "Complete human mtDNA genome sequences from Vietnam and the phylogeography of Mainland Southeast Asia." Sci Rep 8 (1), 11651 (2018).
- ^ Jia Liu, Li-Dong Wang, Yan-Bo Sun, et al. (2012), "Deciphering the Signature of Selective Constraints on Cancerous Mitochondrial Genome." Mol. Biol. Evol. 29(4):1255–1261. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr290
- PMID 22517755.
External links
- General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
- Haplogroup B
- Spread of Haplogroup B, from National Geographic
- Ina
- Spread of Haplogroup B, from
- Tianyuan, mtDNA B and the formation of Far Eastern peoples