Haplogroup E-M2

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"E3a" redirects here. For other uses, see E3A.
Haplogroup E-M2 (former E3a / E1b1a)
Interpolated frequency distribution.[1]
Possible time of origin39,200 years BP[2]
Coalescence age16,300 years BP[2]
Possible place of originWest Africa[3][4] or Central Africa[3][4]
AncestorE-V38
DescendantsE-Z5994, E-V43
Defining mutationsM2, DYS271/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189.1, P293.1

Haplogroup E-M2, also known as E1b1a1-M2, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-M2 is primarily distributed within Africa followed by West Asia. More specifically, E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of the African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa, and the Middle East. E-M2 has several subclades, but many of these subhaplogroups are included in either E-L485 or E-U175. E-M2 is especially common among indigenous Africans who speak Niger-Congo languages, and was spread to Southern Africa and East Africa through the Bantu expansion.

Origins

The discovery of two SNPs (V38 and V100) by Trombetta et al. (2011) significantly redefined the E-V38 phylogenetic tree. This led the authors to suggest that

sickle cell mutation, which likely originated during the Green Sahara period.[4]

Ancient DNA

Within Africa

Further information: Genetic history of Africa

Botswana

At Xaro, in

L3e1a2, and another carried haplogroups E1b1b1b2b (E-M293, E-CTS10880) and L0k1a2.[13][14]

At Taukome, in Botswana, an individual, dated to the Early Iron Age (1100 BP), carried haplogroups E1b1a1 (E-M2, E-Z1123) and L0d3b1.[13][14]

Democratic Republic of Congo

At Kindoki, in the

L1c3a1b, another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-PF1620), and the last carried haplogroups R1b1 (R-P25 1, R-M415) and L0a1b1a1.[13][14]

Egypt

Hawass et al. (2012) determined that the

haplogroup E1b1a.[16]

Kenya

At Deloraine Farm, in

L5b1.[17][18] Numerous individuals carrying various subclades of haplogroup E-M2 were found in the Lamu Archipelago and Taita Taveta. The individuals largely originate from the 1500s and 1600s CE, though dating extends into the 1800s and 1900s.[19]

Tanzania

At

L3e2b.[19]

At Lindi, in Tanzania, an individual, dated between 1511 cal CE and 1664 cal CE, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a3a1d~ and L0a1a2.[19]

Outside of Africa

Further information: Genetic history of the African diaspora

France

E1b1a1a1a1c2c (CTS3274) was found in 2020 in a Middle Neolithic sample from Noyen-sur-Seine.[20] This is the earliest example of E1b1a found anywhere in the world.

Iran

E1b1a1a1c2b1 (aka Z6005) in Mesolithic Iran (12,000 to 8,000 BC)

Mexico

At a San Jose de los Naturales Royal Hospital burial site, in

Mexico City, Mexico, three enslaved individuals of West African and Southern African ancestry carrying haplogroup E-M2, dated between 1436 CE and 1626 CE, were found.[21] Human leukocyte antigen alleles further confirm that the individuals were of Sub-Saharan African origin.[22]

Portugal

At Cabeço da Amoreira, in

shell middens between the 16th century CE and the 18th century CE.[23]

Saint Helena

In

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.[24][30][31] Consequently, due to this study on the freed Africans of Saint Helena, among other studies, greater genetic insights have been made into the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and its effects on the demographics of Africa.[32]

Spain

In

haplogroup L2e1,[34][35] as well as estimated to date between 1500 CE and 1600 CE, were both found to be of West African (i.e., Gambian) and Iberian descent.[33]

United States of America

At

L3d2.[36]

At Catoctin Furnace African American Cemetery, in Catoctin Furnace, Maryland, there were 27 African Americans found who were dated between 1774 CE and 1850 CE.[37][38]

At an Anson Street burial site, in Charleston, South Carolina, there were 18 African Americans found who were dated to the 18th century CE.[39]

Medical DNA

Sickle Cell

Amid the

Arabia.[40] West Africans bearing the Senegal sickle cell haplotype[43][40] may have migrated into Mauritania (77% modern rate of occurrence) and Senegal (100%); they may also have migrated across the Sahara, into North Africa, and from North Africa, into Southern Europe, Turkey, and a region near northern Iraq and southern Turkey.[43] Some may have migrated into and introduced the Senegal and Benin sickle cell haplotypes into Basra, Iraq, where both occur equally.[43] West Africans bearing the Benin sickle cell haplotype, may have migrated into the northern region of Iraq (69.5%), Jordan (80%), Lebanon (73%), Oman (52.1%), and Egypt (80.8%).[43]

Distribution

E-M2's frequency and diversity are highest in West Africa. Within Africa, E-M2 displays a west-to-east as well as a south-to-north clinal distribution. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.[44]

Incidence of E-M2
Population group frequency References
Bamileke
 96%-100% [44][45]
Ewe 97% [11]
Ga
 97% [11]
Hutu 94.2% [44]
Yoruba 93.1% [46]
Tutsi 80% [44]
Fante 84% [11]
Mandinka 79%–87% [10][11]
Ovambo 82% [11]
Senegalese 81% [47]
Ganda
 77% [11]
Bijagós 76% [10]
Balanta 73% [10]
Fula 73% [10]
Kikuyu 73% [11]
Herero 71% [11]
Nalú 71% [10]

Populations in

Eastern Africa and Madagascar
have tested at more moderate frequencies.

Incidence of E-M2
Population group frequency References
Tuareg from Tânout, Niger 44.4% (8/18 subjects) [48]
Comorian Shirazi 41% [49]
Tuareg from Gorom-Gorom, Burkina Faso 16.6% (3/18) [48]
Tuareg from Gossi, Mali 9.1% (1/9) [48]
Cape Verdeans
 15.9% (32/201) [50]
Maasai 15.4% (4/26) [11]
Luo
 66% (6/9) [11]
Iraqw 11.11% (1/9) [11]
Comoros 23.46% (69/294) [49]
Merina people (also called Highlanders) 44% (4/9) [51]
Antandroy 69.6% (32/46) [51]
Antanosy 48.9% (23/47) [51]
Antaisaka 37.5% (3/8) [51]

E-M2 is found at low to moderate frequencies in North Africa, and Northeast Africa. Some of the lineages found in these areas are possibly due to the Bantu expansion or other migrations.[44][52] However, the discovery in 2011 of the E-M2 marker that predates E-M2 has led Trombetta et al. to suggest that E-M2 may have originated in East Africa.[5] In Eritrea and most of Ethiopia (excluding the Anuak), E-V38 is usually found in the form of E-M329, which is autochthonous, while E-M2 generally indicates Bantu migratory origins.[53][54][55]

Incidence of E-M2
Population group frequency References
Tuareg from Al Awaynat and Tahala, Libya 46.5% (20/43)[a] [56]
Oran, Algeria 8.6% (8/93) [57]
Berbers
, southern and north-central Morocco		 9.5% (6/63) 5.8% (4/69) [58][b][59]
Moroccan Arabs 6.8% (3/44) 1.9% (1/54) [58][59]
Saharawis
 3.5% (1/29) [58]
Egyptians 1.4% (2/147), 0% (0/73), 8.33% (3/36) [44][60][61]
Tunisians 1.4% (2/148) [61]
Sudanese (may include Hausa migrants) 0.9% (4/445) [62]
Bantu minorities
)		 1.5% (3/201) [52]

Outside of Africa, E-M2 has been found at low frequencies. The clade has been found at low frequencies in West Asia. A few isolated occurrences of E-M2 have also been observed among populations in Southern Europe, such as Croatia, Malta, Spain and Portugal.[63][64][65][66]

Incidence of E-M2 in Asia
Population group frequency References
Bahrain 8.6% (46/562)

[67]

Saudi Arabians
 6.6% (11/157)

[68]

Omanis 6.6% (8/121) [44]
Emiratis 5.5% (9/164) [69]
Yemenis 4.8% (3/62) [69]
Cypriots 3.2% (2/62) [66]
Southern Iranians 1.7% (2/117) [70]
Jordanians
 1.4% (2/139) [71]
Sri Lanka 1.4% (9/638) [72]
Aeolian Islands, Italy 1.2% (1/81) [73]

The

African Americans.[74] It has also been observed in a number of populations in Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America
among people of African descent.

Incidence of E-M2 in populations of the Americas
Population group frequency References
Americans 7.7–7.9%[c] [74]
Cubans 9.8% (13/132) [75]
Dominicans 5.69% (2/26) [76]
Puerto Ricans 19.23% (5/26) [76]
Nicaraguans 5.5% (9/165) [77]
Several populations of Colombians 6.18% (69/1116) [78]
Alagoas, Brazil 4.45% (11/247) [79]
Bahia, Brazil 19% (19/100) [80]
Bahamians 58.63% (251/428) [81]

Subclades

E1b1a1

African spatial distribution of haplogroup E3a-M2. Rosa et al. (2007)

E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. Whilst E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86.[47] In other words, as one moves to West Africa from western Central Africa, the less subclade E1b1a1f is found. Cruciani et al. (2002) states: "A possible explanation might be that haplotype 24 chromosomes [E-M2*] were already present across the Sudanese belt when the M191 mutation, which defines haplotype 22, arose in central western Africa. Only then would a later demic expansion have brought haplotype 22 chromosomes from central western to western Africa, giving rise to the opposite clinal distributions of haplotypes 22 and 24."[45]

E1b1a1a1

E1b1a1a1 is commonly defined by M180/P88. The basal subclade is quite regularly observed in M2+ samples.

E1b1a1a1a

E1b1a1a1a is defined by marker M58. 5% (2/37) of the town

Hutus in Rwanda tested positive for M58.[44] Three South Africans tested positive for this marker.[12] One Carioca from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil tested positive for the M58 SNP.[82]
The place of origin and age is unreported.

E1b1a1a1b

E1b1a1a1b is defined by M116.2, a private marker. A single carrier was found in Mali.[12][d]

E1b1a1a1c

E1b1a1a1c is defined by private marker M149. This marker was found in a single South African.[12]

E1b1a1a1d

E1b1a1a1d is defined by a private marker M155. It is known from a single carrier in Mali.[12]

E1b1a1a1e

E1b1a1a1e is defined by markers M10, M66, M156 and M195. Wairak people in Tanzania tested 4.6% (2/43) positive for E-M10.[44] E-M10 was found in a single person of the Lissongo group in the Central African Republic and two members in a "Mixed" population from the Adamawa region.[12]

E1b1a1a1f

E1b1a1a1f is defined by L485. The basal node E-L485* appears to be somewhat uncommon but has not been sufficiently tested in large populations. The ancestral L485 SNP (along with several of its subclades) was very recently discovered. Some of these SNPs have little or no published population data and/or have yet to receive nomenclature recognition by the YCC.

  • E1b1a1a1f1 is defined by marker L514. This SNP is currently without population study data outside of the 1000 Genomes Project.
  • E1b1a1a1f1a (YCC E1b1a7) is defined by marker M191/P86. Filippo et al. (2011) studied a number of African populations that were E-M2 positive and found the basal E-M191/P86 (without E-P252/U174) in a population of
    African American men tested positive for M191.[74]
Veeramah et al. (2010) studies of the recombining portions of M191 positive Y chromosomes suggest that this lineage has "diffusely spread with multiple high frequency haplotypes implying a longer evolutionary period since this haplogroup arose".[84] The subclade E1b1a1a1f1a appears to express opposite clinal distributions to E1b1a1* in the West African Savanna region. Haplogroup E1b1a1a1f1a (E-M191) has a frequency of 23% in Cameroon (where it represents 42% of haplotypes carrying the DYS271 mutation or E-M2), 13% in Burkina Faso (16% of haplotypes carrying the M2/DYS271 mutation) and only 1% in Senegal.[47] Similarly, while E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86.[47] In other words, as one moves to West Africa from western Central Africa, the less subclade E1b1a1f is found. "A possible explanation might be that haplotype 24 chromosomes [E-M2*] were already present across the Sudanese belt when the M191 mutation, which defines haplotype 22, arose in central western Africa. Only then would a later demic expansion have brought haplotype 22 chromosomes from central western to western Africa, giving rise to the opposite clinal distributions of haplotypes 22 and 24."[45]
  • E1b1a1a1f1b is defined by markers L515, L516, L517, and M263.2. This subclade was found by the researchers of Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project using data from the commercial bioinformatics company 23andMe.[87]

E1b1a1a1g

E1b1a1a1g (YCC E1b1a8) is defined by marker U175. The basal E-U175* is extremely rare. Montano et al. (2011) only found one out of 505 tested African subjects who was U175 positive but negative for U209.[9] Brucato et al. found similarly low frequencies of basal E-U175* in subjects in the Ivory Coast and Benin. Veeramah et al. (2010) found U175 in tested Annang (45.3%), Ibibio (37%), Efik (33.3%), and Igbo (25.3%) but did not test for U209.[84]

The supposed "Bantu haplotype" found in E-U175 carriers is "present at appreciable frequencies in other Niger–Congo languages speaking peoples as far west as Guinea-Bissau".[84] This is the modal haplotype of STR markers that is common in carriers of E-U175.[e]

E-U175 haplotype DYS19 DYS388 DYS390 DYS391 DYS392 DYS393
15 12 21 10 11 13

E1b1a1a1g has several subclades.

  • E1b1a1a1g1 (YCC E1b1a8a) is defined by U209. It is the most prominent subclade of U175. This subclade has very high frequencies of over fifty percentages in Cameroonian populations of Bassa and Bakaka, possibly indicating place of origin. However, E-U209 is widely found at lower frequencies in West and Central African countries surrounding Cameroon and Gabon.[9] Brucato et al. (2010) found the SNP in a populations of Ahizi (in Ivory Coast) 38.8% (19/49), Yacouba (Ivory Coast) 27.5% (11/40), and Beninese 6.5% (5/77) respectively.[88]
  • E1b1a1a1g1a (YCC E1b1a8a1) is defined by U290. The Montano et al. (2011) study of U290 showed a lower frequency in Nigeria (11.7%) and western Central Africa than basal node U209. The highest population frequency rate in that study was 57.7% (15/26) in Ewondo in Cameroon.[9] 32.5% (27/83) of African American men tested by Sims et al. (2007) were positive for this SNP.[74]
  • E1b1a1a1g1a2 is defined by Z1725. This marker has been observed by The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium in Yoruba Nigerians and Luhya Kenyans.[86]
  • E1b1a1a1g1c (YCC E1b1a4) is defined by M154. A
    Bamilike population tested 31.3% (15/48) for the marker. Bakaka speakers from Cameroon tested 8%.[45] An Ovimbundu test population found this SNP at 14% (14/100).[89] Members of this subclade have also been found in South Africa.[90][85]
  • E1b1a1a1g1d is defined by V39. Trombetta et al. first published this SNP in 2011 but gave little population data about it.[5] It is only known to have been found in an African population.

E1b1a1a1h

E1b1a1a1h is defined by markers P268 and P269. It was first reported in a person from the

Gambia.[91]

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
E-P29
 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E* E E E E E E E E E E
E-M33
 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E1* E1 E1a E1a E1 E1 E1a E1a E1a E1a E1a
E-M44 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E1a E1a E1a1 E1a1 E1a E1a E1a1 E1a1 E1a1 E1a1 E1a1
E-M75
 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E2a E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2
E-M54 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E2b E2b E2b E2b1 - - - - - - -
E-P2
 25 III 4 14 Eu3 H2 B E3* E3 E1b E1b1 E3 E3 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1
E-M2
 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a* E3a E1b1 E1b1a E3a E3a E1b1a E1b1a E1b1a E1b1a1 E1b1a1
E-M58 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a1 E3a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E3a1 E3a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1a1a E1b1a1a1a
E-M116.2 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a2 E3a2 E1b1a2 E1b1a2 E3a2 E3a2 E1b1a2 E1b1a2 E1ba12 removed removed
E-M149 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a3 E3a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E3a3 E3a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a1a1c E1b1a1a1c
E-M154 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a4 E3a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E3a4 E3a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a1a1g1c E1b1a1a1g1c
E-M155 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a5 E3a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E3a5 E3a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a1a1d E1b1a1a1d
E-M10 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a6 E3a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E3a6 E3a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a1a1e E1b1a1a1e
E-M35
 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b* E3b E1b1b1 E1b1b1 E3b1 E3b1 E1b1b1 E1b1b1 E1b1b1 removed removed
E-M78
 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b1* E3b1 E1b1b1a E1b1b1a1 E3b1a E3b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a1 E1b1b1a1
E-M148 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b1a E3b1a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a1c1 E3b1a3a E3b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a1c1 E1b1b1a1c1
E-M81 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2* E3b2 E1b1b1b E1b1b1b1 E3b1b E3b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a
E-M107 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2a E3b2a E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a E3b1b1 E3b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a E1b1b1b1a1
E-M165 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2b E3b2b E1b1b1b2 E1b1b1b1b1 E3b1b2 E3b1b2 E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b1a2a
E-M123
 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b3* E3b3 E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E3b1c E3b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1b2a
E-M34 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b3a* E3b3a E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E3b1c1 E3b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1b2a1
E-M136 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3ba1 E3b3a1 E1b1b1c1a E1b1b1c1a1 E3b1c1a E3b1c1a E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1b2a1a1

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) 2008 Tree,[91] the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup E Tree,[7] and subsequent published research.

    • E1b1a1 (DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, V95, Z1101, Z1107, Z1116, Z1120, Z1122, Z1123, Z1124, Z1125, Z1127, Z1130, Z1133)[f]
      • E1b1a1a (L576)
        • E1b1a1a1 (L86.1, L88.3, M180/P88, PAGES00066, P182, Z1111, Z1112)
          • E1b1a1a1a (M58, PAGES00027)
          • E1b1a1a1b (M116.2)
          • E1b1a1a1c (M149)
          • E1b1a1a1d (M155)
          • E1b1a1a1e (M10, M66, M156, M195)
          • E1b1a1a1f (L485)
            • E1b1a1a1f1 (L514)
              • E1b1a1a1f1a (M191/P86, P253/U247, U186, Z1712)
                • E1b1a1a1f1a1 (P252/U174)
                  • E1b1a1a1f1a1a (P9.2)
                  • E1b1a1a1f1a1b (P115)
                  • E1b1a1a1f1a1c (P116)
                    • E1b1a1a1f1a1c1 (P113)
                  • E1b1a1a1f1a1d (Z1704)
                  • (L372)
              • E1b1a1a1f1b (L515, L516, L517, M263.2)
                • E1b1a1a1f1b1 (Z1893)
                  • (Z1894)
          • E1b1a1a1g (U175)
            • E1b1a1a1g1 (L220.3, L652, P277, P278.1, U209, M4254, M4230, CTS4921/M4243/V3224)
              • E1b1a1a1g1a (U290)
                • E1b1a1a1g1a1 (U181)
                  • E1b1a1a1g1a1a (L97)
                • E1b1a1a1g1a2 (Z1725)
              • E1b1a1a1g1b (P59)
              • E1b1a1a1g1c (M154)
              • E1b1a1a1g1d (V39)
          • E1b1a1a1h (P268, P269)

See also

Wikiquote has quotations related to Haplogroup E-M2.

Genetics

Y-DNA E subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

Notes

  1. ^ All were positive for U175.
  2. ^ The publication refers to E-V38 as H22.
  3. ^ E-M2 is approximately 7.7–7.9% of total US male population.
  4. ^ The publication transposes M116.2 with M116.1 in Table 1.
  5. ^ The YCAII STR marker value of 19–19 is also usually indicative of U175.
  6. ^ DYS271/M2/SY81, P1/PN1, P189, P293, and M291 appear to form E1b1a1*. L576 forms a subclade immediately after the previously mentioned SNPs. L576 gave rise to a deeper subclade of M180/P88, P182, L88.3, L86, and PAGES0006. From this subclade, all the major subclades (i.e. E-U175 and E-L485) of E1b1a evolved. The exact position of V43 and V95 within these three subclades and E1b1a1a1b (M116.2), E1b1a1a1c (M149), and E1b1a1a1d (M155) remains uncertain.

References

  1. PMID 29433568.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  2. ^ a b "E-M2 YTree".
  3. ^
    PMID 26108492
    .
  4. ^
    PMID 29526279
    .
  5. ^
    PMID 21253605
    .
  6. ^ "E-V43 YTree".
  7. ^ a b International Society of Genetic Genealogy (3 February 2010). "Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades – 2010". Retrieved 17 December 2010.
  8. ^ Adams, Jonathan. "Africa During the Last 150,000 Years". Archived from the original on 1 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
  9. ^
    S2CID 9951365
    .
  10. ^
    PMID 17662131
    .
  11. ^
    PMID 15856073
    .
  12. ^
    S2CID 9441236
    .
  13. ^
    S2CID 219604401
    .
  14. ^
    S2CID 219604401
    .
  15. ^
    S2CID 206896841
    .
  16. S2CID 222824170
    .
  17. S2CID 171092468
    .
  18. S2CID 171092468
    .
  19. ^
    S2CID 250534036
    .
  20. PMC 7293694
    .
  21. S2CID 216662049
    .
  22. S2CID 244549408
    .
  23. S2CID 247045502
    .
  24. ^
    S2CID 261620937
    .
  25. ^ Isable, Kendra Briana (August 2021). "Contributing to the Discussion: The Health of Enslaved Africans Through the Lens of Bioarchaeology". California State University, Northridge. p. 34.
  26. S2CID 229301497
    .
  27. S2CID 89162808
    .
  28. S2CID 261620937
    .
  29. S2CID 195796747
    .
  30. S2CID 207780165
    .
  31. S2CID 207896705
    .
  32. S2CID 224962523
    .
  33. ^
    S2CID 78094214
    .
  34. ^
    S2CID 78094214
    .
  35. ^
    S2CID 78094214
    .
  36. S2CID 258767664
    .
  37. S2CID 260440898
    .
  38. S2CID 260440898
    .
  39. S2CID 255568252
    .
  40. ^
    S2CID 4636822
    .
  41. ^
    S2CID 231640941
    .
  42. S2CID 73503158
    .
  43. ^
    S2CID 216082225. Archived from the original
    on 3 June 2023.
  44. ^
    PMID 14973781
    .
  45. ^
    PMID 11910562
    .
  46. PMID 16255080
    .
  47. ^
    PMID 11719903
    .
  48. ^
    PMID 20234393
    .
  49. ^
    PMID 20700146
    .
  50. S2CID 63381583
    .
  51. ^
    PMID 19535740
    .
  52. ^
    PMID 15756297
    .
  53. PMID 28068531
    .
  54. ^ Plaster et al. Y-DNA E subclades
  55. ^ Plaster CA (2011-09-28). Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia. discovery.ucl.ac.uk (Doctoral). Retrieved 2018-06-27.
  56. PMID 21312181
    .
  57. S2CID 11556974
    .
  58. ^
    PMID 11254456
    .
  59. ^
    PMID 15042509
    .
  60. PMID 10053017
    .
  61. ^
    PMID 15202071
    .
  62. PMID 18618658
    .
  63. S2CID 18011987
    .
  64. S2CID 25536759
    .
  65. PMID 15280900
    .
  66. ^
    PMID 19061982
    .
  67. PMID 32588126.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
    )
  68. PMID 19772609
    .
  69. ^
    PMID 17928816
    .
  70. S2CID 7017701
    .
  71. PMID 12927131
    .
  72. PMID 17047675
    .
  73. S2CID 10763736
    .
  74. ^
    S2CID 34556775
    .
  75. PMID 18644108
    .
  76. ^
    PMID 20445096
    .
  77. PMID 20721944
    .
  78. PMID 20734436
    .
  79. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.166
    .
  80. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.07.010
    .
  81. ^ Tanya M Simms 2011, The Peopling of the Bahamas: A Phylogeographical Perspective pg. 194
  82. ^
    PMID 17427922
    .
  83. ^
    PMID 21109585
    .
  84. ^
    PMID 20356404
    .
  85. ^
    PMID 21092339
    .
  86. ^ a b Abecasis GR, Altshuler D, Auton A, Brooks LD, Durbin RM, Gibbs RA, Hurles ME, McVean GA (October 2010). "A map of human genome variation from population-scale sequencing". Nature. 467 (7319): 1061–73.
    PMID 20981092
    .
  87. ^ Reynolds D, Squecco A. "Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison". Retrieved 1 August 2011.
  88. PMID 20958967
    .
  89. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2011.09.046
    .
  90. S2CID 12893406
    .
  91. ^
    PMID 18385274
    .

Sources for conversion tables

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_E-M2&oldid=1220657375"